https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/191383177ab330a2342954e2f10ef2db.pdf 826ca70c34377a52738ec894ea7073ca PDF Text Text Part III IDAHO �N. Weis > “ ^he high country of Idaho is endowed with nature’s fulj/^t measure. Tall mountains, big trees, rushing waters^ and /^ep blue skies are combined in beautiful proportion, beauty is seldom found without a touch of adversity. Of adversities, logging trucks and narrow roads are two of Idaho’s most challenging. hazards are invariably encountered together. -1- The two Although Leesburg, Idaho �N, Weis roads are of noted solidarity* they appear to be thoroughly flexible when viewed through this observer’s phobia. The road shrinks to fractional width whenever a logging truck approaches. The narrow portion of the road seemingly travels ahead of the vehicle, accompanied by a shock wave of fear and despair. Even the boldest seek shelter, or lacking that will huddle precariously at road's edge. I had been in Idaho for less than an hour when a logging truck put me in the ditch. It was on the well-traveled Salmon River Road, north of Salmon The logger insisted on the and west of North Pork. middle of the road. That gave me an option on the ditch, which I quickly assumed. Later I learned that a logger had dropped his rig into the river a few days earlier. The driver had been over-courteous, and his right wheels, too close to the edge, broke down the fill at the river's edge. The truck flipped and rolled into the white waters of the Salmon River. Other drivers quite naturally decided thereafter to use the center half of the road. One of the foresters at the Indianola Ranger Station indicated that I was not the only victim. A number of tourists had reported similar encounters. ^2- Leesburg, Idaho �N. Weis The ranger advised, "Just pull over, close your eyes, and think thin." He also advised that the back road into Leesburg was presently used by loggers. I decided to take a longer but more relaxing route, Leesburg* is reached most pleasantly by going south of the town of Salmon for about five miles on U.S. Highway 93, then turning west on the Williams Creek Road. Fourteen miles up this steep, all-weather road is Williams Greek Summit. Beyond the ^ummlt, the road parallels Moccasin Creek, reaching downstream eight miles to its junction with Napias Creek, A right turn here leads you seven hard miles up Napias I Creek to Leesburg, The road is narrow and rocky, changing to a badly rutted dirt surface for the last few miles. 'Just past the crossing of Gamp Creek, the road angles to the right and enters a large grassy The main street meadow. ^Mainsj^eet — two ruts with grass between — stretches eastward std across the flat, flanked on the north by perhaps a dozen log structures. Fewery but more impressive buildings line the south side of the road. Ahead, the aspens close the road to a narrow path, and dark green pines stretch up the the slope, topping out at^skyline. A Leesburg, Idaho Idaho, for map Information, �The first building on the north side is a small, low^double-walled log cabin, probably used as a cooler or powder house. Toward the middle of town is a long, extensively sway^^backed log store, its low^wide walls bulging and bending as the collapsing roof spends its weight. Nearby a ridgepole slants nakedly, the few remaining roof boards clinging momentarily. Across the street, a low-ceilinged two-story log store stands roofless and in near ruin, its gable end leaning^ as if nodding in sleep. Two of the cabins along the overgrown street are occupied. Although often told, the story of Leesburg can withstand yet another try, especially in the light of some "new” Information uncovered at the Lemhi Museum in Salmon, Prospectors in northern Montana had heard the rumor of a stream of gold high up in the southwest hills. Five miners, following directions given them by friendly Indians, worked their way up the Nez Perce Indian Trail, over the ^ivide, across several drainages, to the high slopes overlooking the present Site of Leesburg. The sediments of the many tributary streams were panned, and on August 12, 1866, gold-rich gravels were found. The five miners named the stream "Napias," after the Indian word for Jgold.'^ -4- Leesburg, Idaho �N. Weis Word, leaked out, and by summer’s end three thousand miners had filed as many claims along seven miles of stream, A town sprang up, named for General Robert E. Lee, populated mainly by southerners. Not to be outdone, the northerners established Grantsville about a half mile up'Hstream on Naplas Creek, -.,—1 Grantsville has been erroneously located one mile west of Leesburg, placing it high on a timbered hillside, an unlikely home for gold-hungry placer miners. The two towns soon grew into one, and the entire town went by the name favored by the majority. In I870 there were more than one hundred businesses located on the main street of Leesburg, floors^-|| Most of the stores had dirt few of the finer establishments sported cowhide carpets. By 187^ the town was nearly deserted and the Chinese moved in to scour the sands for riches overP* looked. Five years later, the Chinese were massacred. The total number killed is not known, but one survived to report the tragic event. The Indians were blamed, but later evidence indicated it may have been the work of an outlaw gang. The gold was gone by 19^0, Even the last— C ditch hydraulijkers had given up. Sixteen million -5- Leesburg, Idaho �N. Weis dollars^ worth of gold had been panned and sluiced from the gravel bars of Naplas Creek. The population soon dropped to less than one hundred. In 19^^ It fell to two, then dropped from two to zero. In 1969 (Leesburg’s centennial year) two young bearded men chose to reoccupy the long-«deserted town. Squatter’s rights seem adequate, and their quasl-legal status bothers them little. They look and act as If they belong In Leesburg, and their presence Is a beneficial deter^nt to the eroslonary effects of eager souvenir hunters. -6- Leesburg, Idaho �N. Weis COBALT ( BLACKBIRD), IDAHO "Do not fall to visit Cobalt. old, but it sure is dead." It isn’t very- The same advice came from a number of people in Salmon. Notable among them was the curator of the town’s historical museum. Good maps are quite indispenslble here. The Forest Service roads are poorly and confusingly marked. The Leesburg and Blackbird Mountain, Idaho, 15 minute topographic maps are excellent help; however, the Salmon National Forest Map (free) would be an adequate although less detailed navigational aid. From the Leesburg turnoff,* at the junction of Moccasin and Naples jfreeks, a good gravel road continues downstream about three miles to the point where Panther Creek enters from the south. The left*hand road reaches up the west bank of Panther Greek three miles to a narrow flat, totally occupied by the newly deserted town of Cobalt. Cobalt, once called Blackbird, is in mint condition. Nothing has been moved and there have been no disastrous fires. More than one hundred buildings line the streets, standing white and clean. Except for padlocks and shutters, the town appears alive and healthy. Cobalt has been deserted since 1959, when the mine closed. “7“ V *See Leesburg, Idaho, Once there were 450 Cobalt, Idaho �N. Weis company employees and a population 2,000. 120 of more than •Wa—th^uBand, The school had ono-hundred I, twenty pupils, fe^»^teachers and 8 grades. A long three-story recreation hall stands Idly vacant, ready once again to provide entertainment. Next to the hall a long low general store sits empty. Its display window boarded over| and Its round metal IGA sign shot full of holes, none even close to dead center. Most of the buildings are covered with white asbestos shingles^ and trimmed with green-painted woodwork. The streets are still In fine shape. Occasional manhole covers Indicate a drainage system. How Incongruous — a ghost town with manhole coverst No doubt some would argue that a town must be old to be a ghost, but the cold fact Is, the town need only be dead. From that moment on, time serves only to age the remains^ and enhance the memory. The Blackbird Lode, with Its rich deposits of gold, was responsible for the birth and subsequent death of Cobalt, Located two miles up Panther Creek, then another four miles to the right up Blackbird Greek, the buildings at the mine fill the creek’s narrow canyon. The town of Blackbird was once located here. Some of the old log cabins still squat Cobalt, Idaho �N. Weis beside the stream. One in particular sports a set of over-long ridgepoles, as If a deluxe porch had been planned but never realized. g:00 It was aAght a.m. when I drove up the canyon to look over the old site. It was foggy, and I nearly drove through the locked gate blocking the road below the mine. A doorbell-type button offered a chance at access. Shortly, a young mining engineer responded to the signal, and Invited me in for a quick tour. He explained that the mine was Indeed inactive, but that a crew was drilling test holes, attempting to locate new leads. We talked for a while about the lost veins and new strikes made at the Blackbird. Gold was found here in 1893. In pursuit of the yellow vein, nickel and copper were found. In 1901 cobalt was found in quantity, but no market existed for the metal. Prom 1913 to 1921, thirty-five thousand dollar^ worth of gold, nickel^and copper was mined. Ore was hauled to Utah for smelting. The boom arrived in 1939, with a government contract for cobalt. The new town of Cobalt was built, and tons of cobalt ore were yanked out and sold at a guaranteed price of $2.30 per pound. million pounds had been mined. By 1959, fourteen The j^ovemment contract expired that year, thejmine closed, and Cobalt lost its uy. Cobalt, Idaho �N, Weis reason for existence. The town was quickly deserted. Later the mine was sold for its junk metal, but the new owner found some copper left and brought it to the surface in *63 and ’67, The mine was then resold to the Idaho Copper Mining Company, It is their engineers that are re-evaluating the residual deposits Metals worth in excess of fifty million dollars have been taken from the tunnels of the Blackbird, For one short moment in its history, it was the world’s leader in gold production, and gold was only a sideline to the production of cobalt. Should investigation reveal new deposits, the mine and town will arise again to full life, probably rechristened for whatever metal is found, "Nickel" has a nioe ring to it — but "gold" sounds a shade richer. 1»- Cobalt, Idaho �N. Weis YELLOW JACKET, IDAHO It was raining and the light was rapidly- fading. doubtful. The route to Yellow Jacket was long and A roadside cafe looked Inviting. Perhaps someone there would have information about the roads and the extent of the remains left at Yellow^^ket. "Yes. there's an old town there — and an old mine. They called It the YJ Mine." The waitress had heard others speak of the place and was happy to pass on the information. "Someone^the other day^sald the hotel burned down." This news, the rain, and the prospect of twenty-five miles of soupy roads was reason enough to consider a change in plans. Had it not been for the chance appearance of a passing fisherman, I would have passed up one of the finest and least known ghost towns In Idaho. As the gentleman entered the cafe, the waitress called to him, "Say — didn’t that hotel at Yellow Jacket burn down last year? "No, that's Just rumor — I was down there last week, and it's still there — all five stories Five?" my voice was unnaturally loud "Well," he answered "it's three stories In son of a gun, front and five behind. It's a long 8en:/of-a«-gun, but A they never quite finished it Guess it was never used -1h Yellow Jacket, Idaho �N. Weis There’s a crew in there now — assessing the old mine." An hour later I had gathered all the Informa­ tion available from the helpful fisherman, and even received permission from the cafe owner to camp overnight at a nearby deserted trailer park. By morning the skies cleared. The gravelly soil had absorbed much of the rain, and a brisk wind was quickly evaporating the remainder. In good shape. The roads were Upstream along Panther Creek, seven miles from the cafe at the Blackbird Road Junc^on, a narrow road branches to the right. Traveling generally west. It climbs along South Pork Creek, switchbacks over the south slope of Quartzite Mountain, repeats Its contortions on the down side, joins Shovel Creek and parallels its path downstream. Fifteen miles on this road - about an hour - brings you to the Yellow Jacket Hanger Station. Three miles father, and over sixty miles from the nearest city. Is the old town of Yellow Jacket. A giant sixty-stamp mill is first in view. ' Water, conducted downhill through a twenty-four**-inch— diameter conduit, with a one-hundred^fifty-foot head, provided plenty of power to lift the sixty stamps, each in turn. Inside the mill Is a complete smithy. -/A- Yellow Jacket, Idaho �N. Weis Nearby are a number of supply sheds, and beyond these are a few old residences, and there the grassy knoll — is the hotelI on It Is indeed three stories high, its upper floor made livable by eighteen dormers. In back — the land slopes down — the imposing wooden structure was just as described, five stories high I I stopped by an old cabin that seemed lately refurbished^! to ask permission to snoop about. One of the mining engineers, recently new to the site, volunteered some information. Placer gold was found in Yellow Jacket Creek by Long Wilson in’ 1^69, but good-sized nuggets. in to stake claims. Not just fine color, Many Leesburg miners moved Later that year, Nathan Smith found the mother lode far up the hill north of camp. It was free gold in quartz, requiring only pulverizing and panning. In 1893, materials for the thirty^stamp mill were packed in by mule train. stamps were added. Later, thirty more The mill is now in disrepair, but structurally sound and capable of reactivation. During boom years, I89O to I900, the popula­ tion of Yellow Jacket approached two hundred. After 1900, mining dropped off, becoming sporadic in the twenties. In 1932 mining resumed and the prospects �looked so good that construction on the hotel was commenced. Soon prospects faltered as the veins began In desperation, the early tailings / were remllled. Mining operatlon^Jrlumped further In to pinch out. the late thirties, and ceased entirely In 1942. About one million dollars In gold had been realized from the mine. Now Its tunnels and drifts are being core drilled In search of suspected deposits of silver, lead^and copper. Several miners and their families have found temporary quarters In two of the old cabins next to the hotel. Two of the miners’ kids volunteered to con­ duct a tour of the town. seven and eleven. They told me their ages were That sounded like a good dice score so I asked If they felt lucky. Their blank stares Indicated that I was totally misunderstood. First on the agenda was a visit with the pet rabbits. The older boy explained, "^hat speckled one Is named Mr. Bunny." The younger one added, "^nd the white one Is named Whitey," The third bunny was black, so I speculated aloud that his name was Blacky. "No," replied the younger one, "we call him Hoppy because of the way he jumps,"Hl allowed that the names were Yellow Jacket, Idaho �N. Weis fitting, and congratulated the two on their originality. Communications firmly established, we proceeded with the tour. Shortly west of the hotel is a badly dilapi­ dated log and clapboard building. Its function would still be a mystery, except for the metal Pelton wheel mounted on heavy timbers at the downhill end of the Water under great pressure was forced structure. against the metal cups of the Pelton wheel, giving it tremendous rotational speed. The power developed was geared down and fed to a small stamp mill. A five-»stamp mill ,once operated in Yellow Jacket, and this little shack must have housed the works. Circling back up the hill, the boys pointed out dozens of cabins scattered along the creek and strung out along the road that heads southwest out of town. Many have been used for hunting shacks. Some are too far gone for safe operation. A number of board shacks hidden deep in the shade offered a study in diverse methods of collapse. The boys dubbed them "squashes," "leans," and "bulgers." Everywhere there were wild snowshoe rabbits. The youngsters pelted away at them with whatever rocks were handy. I mentioned the fact that their pets were Yellow Jacket, Idaho �N. Weis close relatives. Their explanation was wholly rational — "We ain’t never hit one yet,” The circle completed, we entered the hotel for a detailed inspect^^n. The basement, or first floor, was about one/thirdjas long as the hotel, and contained the heating plant, showers, and rudimentary sanitary facilities. The next floor was about two-thirds the length of the hotel and was fitted out as a recrea­ tion hall. One old pool table is still there, barren of cloth, its gray slate surface still unbroken. kitchens are at the back. The One huge wood stove has two ovens, two warmers, and room for sixteen pans or twelve The boys claimed there were seventy-five big pots. rooms, with twenty-six more on the top floor that were unfinished. A window count indicated that the estimate was only slightly exaggerated. At the front of the hotel, a wooden ladder served as fire excape. The rear portion once had a longer ladder with protective hoops. For those lodgers in the center portion, there were knotted ropes tied to bedsteads. In a hurry, you could grab the top knot and leap out the window, then slide down from knot to knot. Care had to be taken not to grab the wrong end of the rope. In such an event, the unfortunate Yellow Jacket, Idaho �N, Weis victim would reach the ground and the end of the rope at the same horrible moment. The builder of the hotel must have had a similar moment of truth when he realized that the mine was petering out Just as he was finishing the top floor. Known to few, and visited by even fewer, the town of Yellow Jacket remains remote and unchanged. Little has been written about the site. Much of Its charm Is from facts unknown and questions unanswered. Yellow Jacket, Idaho �N. Weis • * Named in 1864 for two bay horses, the proud possessions of an itinerant miner, this tiny gold placer camp was destined to become famous for its hard-rock silver deposits. The streams in the area may have been named by the same unimaginative folk tJaix christened the camp — Mud Spring, John Gulch, Birch Creek, Wood Creek, and^of course. Bayhorse Creek, All drain east­ ward three miles to the Salmon River. Recently the -1- Bayhorse, Idaho �N. Weis Salmon has been given a second more romantic name. Called the "River of No Returnp' in song and movie, the new designation was quickly adopted by Idahoans. Claims were staked on the hillsides above the site of Bayhorse during the early 187O’s. Beginning in 1877 tunnels were dug at the Riverview, Bayhorse, Pacific, Ramshom, Skylark^and Keystone claims. The Ramshorn was the prime producer. Mills and smelters were built, and silver poured forth at a rate of nearly five hundred thousand dollars per year. By I898 ten million dollars in silver and lead had been mined, milled^and poured into Ingots, Another two and a half million dollars was realized when the mines were reactivated in the 1920*s. Bayhorse is located eleven miles south of Challis on U.^, Highway 93, and three and a half miles west on a good gravel road. inoperative. The mines are currently No current reassessments are being made, but the presence of a caretaker and the heavy metal doors on the company buildings attest to the possibility of future activity. The caretaker lives in what used to be the butcher shop. The next building to the west overhead. is the old saloon, with rooms East of the care­ taker’s home is the old rock commissary. Originally a company store, this building was put to many uses. -2- Bayhorse, Idaho �N, Weis serving as post office, newspaper office, and^lastly, a powder house. It was constructed in a craftsmanlike manner of hard green rook. Generally considered rare, the green rock was apparently common in Bayhorse, for most of the company buildings are of like color and construction. Farther east and across the road is a ramshackle shed totally occupied by a vintage Chevrolet. Although all of its tires are flat, the owner -has taken the precaution of preventing theft by wrapping numerous turns of clothesline wire about the car’s body, entrapping the hood, doors^and trunk lid. A large number of slide-rock dugouts are imbedded in the hillside. Some dugouts, built on level land, are head high and well covered with ^oil. Only the sloping entrances reveal their location/1 The caretaker wasn’t too happy to discuss the history of Bayhorse. It was Saturday, and many week'^end vacationers were on their way to the Bayhorse Lakes^located five miles west of town. A number of visitors had already interupted the old-timer’s A breakfast. He answered my knock, stood guardedly in the doorway, and reluctantly answered my questions. Behind me two station wagons pulled to a dusty halt. Bayho rs e, Idaho �N. Weis Doors flew open and Bayhorse was flooded with dogs, parents, and little people. The caretaker retreated^ closing the door firmly behind him. Shortly^^ he re­ appeared, carrying a box of groceries. He quietly loaded it aboard his pickup and took off. His dog, apparently used to this procedure, met the truck a block away, sized up the vehicle’s speed, and made it over the tailgate in one well-timed running leap. Just above town, past the Bayhorse mine and mill, and across the ^reek, are six large charcoal kilns. Wood from miles around was charred in these ovens. Starved of oxygen, the wood became charcoal, which in turn was fired to high temperature in a bellows—fed furnace. The final separation of silver from its concentrate depended upon such intense heat. Two miles above the kilns, the buildings of the old Ramshorn ;Mlne cling tenaciously to the steep hillside. The Ramshom had eight tunnels located halfway up the mountain slope. Above the Ramshorn, and two thousand feet above the creek, are the four tunnels of the Skylark Mine. Connecting the two mines and a loading station at creek level, was a highcapacity tramway. A few cables still cross the sky overhead, and surviving towers can be traced up to skyline. The lower tramway station at creek level -4- Bayhorse, Idaho �N. Weis was a combination terminal tower, loading bin^ and control house. Cast-iron pulley wheels permitted the endless cable to angle downward to the tension- weighted "turn around" wheel. have been gravity powered. The tramway seems to In fact it was perhaps overpowered by gravity at times. Braking the down­ ward movement of the bucket“laden cable was probably the system's primary speed control. There are three more high—mountain mines near the old town of Bayhorse, all accessible by four wheeler shoe leather. The Bayhorse, Idaho, 7J minute topographic map shows their locations clearly -- right down to the individual switchbacks leading to each site. Two days in Bayhorse were hardly long enough to soak up the scenery. Another three to explore, two more^perhaps^to test the trout, and I would have been almost willing to face civilization. -5- Bayhors e, Idaho �N. Weis BONANZA^CIT^ IDAHO The salmon were starting their run, and the "River of No Return" was lined with fishermen. Every campground was full, from Challis to Clayton to Sunbeam, The campgrounds located along the three-mile stretch of river below Sunbeam were particularly crowded. I stopped at a favored fishing hole^densely populated with anglers, to observe the methods used and perhaps sharein the excitement that comes with the hooking of a big fish. Just below the fishermen, the river was comparatively shallow. Called "Indian Riffles," it was a good place to watch for moving salmon. Occasionally an observer would shout and point to a big one rolling in the white water, and the expectations of the fishermen above would temporarily rise. "Fish on," the man hollered, and everyone his pulled li^thejLr line^ to give the hooked fish room to run. Advice was plentiful. constituted a crowd. action. The fishermen already Now more moved in to watch the Seldom hooked deeply, most salmon manage to throw the hook on their thrashing airborne excursions. But this angler was talented. -6- He "bent" the fish over Bonanza Idaho �N. Weis at its every attempt to break the surface. men moved in with large landing nets. Soon two The fisherman led the tired salmon, flat side up, into the closest net, and the fifteen-pound beauty was lifted safely to dry land. A cheer went up, and a dozen anxious fishermen, their hopes again raised, recast their lures into the water. I resumed my trek up the river, paralleling the course of the migrating salmon. There was more excitement in the campgrounds now. A salmon had been caught, the run was on — the word was spreadingI A few minutes later I stopped at the cafe in Sunbeam for a cup of coffee. As I entered, a dozen men hurriedly paid their bills and left. One of the few remaining customers turned to me and volunteered, "Did you hear about the twenty-five pounder they caught down at Indian Riffles?" Perhaps word of the gold strikes of a century ago had spread in the same way. Seemingly, ^word covered ground faster than a man could travel. discovered Gold was, in faot,^f»«»d. at this spot where the .Yankee Pork joins the Salmon? however, the richest depoi^ts were found a few miles upstream on Yankee Fork. -7- Bonanza ', Idaho �N. Weis Heaved to the surface long ago by some gigantic /gneous belch, veins of gold-bearing ore, exposed to the air, slowly softened and eroded. Finely divided particles of the rich yellow metal traveled for miles down the turbulent waters of the Yankee Pork. Excited miners found the color and followed the trail back upstream, noting carefully the amount of gold found in each pan. If suddenly the colors (specks of gold) were lessened, it meant only that exposed veins were nearby. Somewhere above, on the right or left bank, could be found the mother lode that had spawned the yellow trace. W. A. Norton found the first rich outcropping in 1875. up $11,500 * Named-the "Charles Dickens," the lode gave V; in gold during the first month. The richness of the miney and the promise of more deposfbs in the area were reason enough to build a town. A gently sloping spot on the west bank of Yankee Pork was selected. Just eight miles north of the present site of Sunbeam, the new town was centrally located among the more promising claims. First there was'"' just a store and saloon, then in I879 a newspaper, and by 1880 a population of flj^een hundred. -8- Bonanza (Gityl Idaho �N. Weis Bonanza City* / it was called. Soon a two-r story hotel and a dance hall were constructed. Bonanza's three main streets were quickly filled with buildings. In five years the peak was reached — and the death knell -wm sounded-|when a stamp mill was built at the General Custer Mine, two miles north, A new town sprang up at its side, and Bonanza shrank as the town of Custer swelled. It has been quiet in Bonanza for the past sixty years, except for the dredging operation of the forties and early fifties. Wandering up the stream, the mammoth machine scratched out nearly two million in gold from seven miles of the Yankee Pork's bed. The dredge is still there, and now both it and the town are quiet, A dozen buildings stand vacant, some quite sound and recently in repair. One old shack at the south end of town is covered with "roll" roofing. Long thin sheets of galvanized iron are haphazardly attached to the double log roof. Winds have picked up the loose ends of some of the metal strips and rolled them up in awkward curves, * Bed ^ prings lean against an outside wall, while inside, a low^wooden^ boxed-ln area is filled with staraw,, The walls are papered with old "photogravures," some dated 1922, -9- *See Custer for map information. Bonanza (Cit:^, Idaho �N. Weis In the center of town a number of buildings stand In a neat row, connected at their fronts by a rotting wooden boardwalk. One of these structures displays evidence of laborious repair, designed to prevent the unwanted ingress of winter's Icy blast. Where the plaster chinking was cracked and loose, flattened tin cans were tacked on in windproof over­ lapping rows. Across the street a stout but windowless home displays a copper—sheeted roof. Originally a simple log structure. It has been enlarged with clapboard additions. Slanted shed roofs extend In three directions, giving the old house a dignified appearance, however accidental. To the north, an imposing peak dominates the^kyllne. Named "Bald Mountain," Its barren^ rounded top gives It the appearance of age. It seems to look down, with a compassion born of like circum­ stance, upon the elderly homes and deserted streets of Bonanza City, -10- Bonanza (GitW, Idaho �N. Weis CUSTER, IDAHO In 1876, just one year after the discovery of the Charles Dickens Lode near the site of Bonanza, three prospectors, Baxter, Dodge^and McKein, located a vein of greater promise. Named the "General Custer," it lasted about as long, and expired with the same glory as its colorful namesake. No exploratory work was needed since the vein was long, thlckjand exposed. Enough ore was in sight to warrant construction of a mill. Four years of contested claims and litigation ensued. In 1879 a California combine bought up the primary claims, including the "General Custer" and the nearby "Unknown" and started construction of a mill. The metal wheels, shafts^and stamps were hauled in by paclT^rain. The thlrty'*stamp mill completed, processing of ore commenced in 1880, from Bonanza. Mill workers and miners moved in Some eVen moved entire homes up the two-mlle stretch of nearly level road. The first year, more than one million dollars was realized from the General Custer Mine. By 1886, Custer had grown to nearly thirty-five hundred, but the inevitable bad news was quietly spreading. The ore was reducing in grade, containing less gold per ton. -11- Custer, Idaho �N. Weis The owners (or creditors) of the General Custer and the Charles Dickens unloaded their properties on some willing British buyers, who in turn capitalized the operation with a stock issue. The new company lasted until 1892, its collapse spelling the end of the first lode-mining boom. Of the thirteen million dollars in gold and silver taken from the Yankee Fork fllnes, the General Custer had been responsible for seven million dollars. Three years later, a new vein was found near the old Custer tunnels. Dubbed the "Lucky Boy," it released another million dollar^ worth of gold in nine years. As the mine deepened, the cost of hoisting out the ore rose, and in 190^ the Lucky Boy was forced to close down. The same year a new find on Jordan Greek resulted in formation of the Sunbeam Company, and subsequent construction of a new mill. Its rich ores petered out during enlargement of facilities, and in 1911 the Sunbeam Company also failed. The town of Custer, already largely depopulated, quickly became a ghost. The old schoolhouse stands lonely in a small cleaj^g at the north edge of town, its metal-coated hip-/roof offering stubborn protection. cupola are gone. The bell and Scars above the door show their -12- Custer, Idaho �N, Weis earlier presence. The slate|3oards and school seats have been removed. In their place are the tools and treasures that marked the greatness of Custer's yesterday. The old schoolhouse Is now one of the finest mlnlng.camp museums In the country. There Is an abundance of old gold rockers, wheelbarrows, hand tools, skips (ore hoist buckets), along with a variety of early household appliances. The doctor's house and the old McKensle residence stand together, the lone remnants of a row of buildings that once crowded the main street of Custer, Its porch sagging and held static by temporary supports, the old doc's house shows signs of being used later as a community store. Lettering over the porch roof Is visible, but not readable. Apparently as an afterthought, a heater and stovepipe were added, the stovepipe extending through the transom above the old double doors. The stovepipe rises high above the ridge of the roof, and Is thoughtfully capped with an old pot, effectively shutting off one means of access favored by enterprising rodents. Nothing but an ore bln Is left at the site Qf the General Custer Mill, but nearby, an old deserted home shows a hint of finery. Fancied up with embossed galvanized sheets, and papered with -13- ¥ �N. Weis Intricately patterned oilcloth, It probably was once the home of a top company official, I would have liked to explore the hillsides near Custer and Bonanza, but the maps detailing the area had disappeared. It had been windy, and I had left the truck windows open. blown away. Assuredly, the maps had Three weeks later, and some six hundred miles removed from the site, I found them crumpled and creased, cowering In the crevasse of the front seat. Belated Inspection showed a number of locations I should have visited, such as The Lucky Boy Camp, about three air miles east of Bonanza. The camp has eleven tunnels, thirteen shafts, and sixteen buildings Indicated on the map. A half mile up Jordan Creek are the tunnel? of the Charles Dickens, and four miles f|irther, the buildings of the Sunbeam and Montana /Mines. All are clearly shown on the ?! minute Sunbeam and Custer, Idaho, topographic maps, along with numerous prospect sites and unidentified deserted buildings. The road past the Sunbeam Mine follows Jordan Creek, switchbacks over Loon Creek Summit, then runs down the west fork of Mayfield Creek to the old placer camps on Loon Creek. It was over this pass, known for Its deep and treacherous snows. Custer, Idaho �N, Weis that many prospectors traveled on their quest for gold on the Yankee Pork. Some day I will travel that path, with maps firmly in hand. Custer, Idaho �N. Weis SAWTOOTH CITY, IDAHO The old log building leans heavily to the side, relying gratefully upon the strength of a sturdy pine that has grown closely by its flank, A pole is wedged against the front of the aged structure. Downward is the only direction left to this final surviving remnant of Sawtooth City, The cabin was built about 1880, when the tree alongside was yet to be se^e^ Once a busy blacksmith's shop at the east end of^maln street, its double doors were originally wide enough to admit team and wagon. The door was narrowed to normal width at the convenience of some later resident, A few more cheerless ruins are sprinkled along the main thoroughfare, their logs slanting to a peak at resistant corners. are bleached and cracked. The logs Soft to the finger, they cannot last for long. \9 Sawtooth City* is just a few miles west of U.S, Highway 93, A well-signed road exits to the west about one mile south of the Alturas Lake Road, Heading up Beaver Creek, it is Joined in two miles by a road coming in from the left. Sawtooth City's cemetery is high on a barren north of the junction. The townsite is a mile or so farther up Beaver Creek. * *See Vienna for map information* Sawtooth City, Idaho �N, Weis Sawtooth was once a lively town, with a population approaching one thousand. In 1882 its two interjecting streets held twenty-five homes, three saloons, two eating houses, three stores, a livery, an assay office, a meat market, and of course^ the sturdy log smithy. In 1879, ruby silver had been spotted in quartz outcrops by Levi Smiley, Within two years nine rich veins of the same antlmonial silver had been found and claimed. One of the more active mines was the Pilgrim, with its 1^200—foot tunnel and ores running as rich as 5000 ounces■of silver per.ton. The Silver King, two miles up Beaver Creek, was the most productive and the most persistently active. It was a small town by Itself, complete with bunkhouse and mill. Still sporadically active, the Silver King has suffered through a number of ownerships, setback^ and disasters, A fire in 1891 destroyed its shaft work, hoist house, and air and water pumps. Although the Silver King endured, its limited production was not enough to keep Sawtooth City alive. Less than ten years after it was founded, the town was deserted, and the towering peaks of the Sawtooth Range assumed silent guardianship. Sawtooth City, Idaho �N. Weis VIENNA, IDAHO Just over the hill and up Smiley Canyon, the sprawling camp called "Vienna" was a short eight miles by stage from its sister community of Sawtooth City. Relations between the two towns were strained, and at times were near the feuding point. Each had its own stage line making dally runs between the two towns. Passengers sat lightly in their seats whenever The encounters were mostly verbal, rival coaches met. punctuated with an occasional whiplash aimed at the opposition’s horses. The two towns were remarkably similar. Each had its own mill, and a nearly eqixal number of mi nag, Sawtooth City had its Silver King Mine, and Vienna had its Vienna Mine. Both were discovered by the Smiley group that explored the area in 1879. Vienna developed a year or two behind Sawtooth, but grew to several times its size. In 1882 Vienna had three stores, fourteen saloons, six eateries, a small one-man furniture factory, and a newspaper with two hundred supporters. Flagged //the Vienna Reporter,^ it sold two hundred subscriptions for $1.50 each. Within five months the editor sold out to the /Ketchum Keystone, its prime rival. Like Sawtooth, Vienna’s life was short,, and by 1914 nearly all of its two hundred buildings had been moved or -tg- Vienna, Idaho �N. Weis Only a few log structures were left tom down. undisturbed. The gravel road to Vienna Is well surfaced, but difficult to locate. Driving south Highway 93, the first road to the right, short of Smiley Creek, leads crookedly to the Vienna Road. The turnoff is about four miles i'outh of the Alturas Lake Road. The Alturas Lake, Marshal Peak and Frenchman Greek, Idaho, minute topographic maps show the routes in to Sawtooth City and Vienna, and also Indicate the locations of the many mines in the area. The elght-mile drive to the site of Vienna is of slngularfbeauty. Lined with lodgepole pines for much of the way, the road frequently breaks out into small park like openings, often occupied by mule deer. Jagged tops of the Sawtooth Range break the horizon, closing in as the valley narrows. Vienna occupies the last wide spot, just beyond the second crossing of Smiley Creek. The surviving traces of Vienna are sprinkled downstream along the north bank. Hidden among the trees are numerous old remnants of civilization, much like those of Sawtooth City. Long dead, the two cities still retain their twinship, -Zf- Vienna, Idaho �N, Weis Some cabins are built of logs hewn on all four sides. Such fancy construction is seldom found in old mining camps. One log structure has been reduced to a rectangular outline, low on the ground, with a dooryframe projecting nearly vertical. A dead tree stands nearby, its whitened limbs gnarled and randomly twisted. Shortly upstream and adjacent to the road are the foundations of an old mill. One'half mile CL farther, the road branches. The left branch leads to the old Vienna Mine, The right fork goes a short distance and dead ends at a ford that has been Inundated by a mud flow. The area above is soupy from spring water, and has caused fine sucking mud and gravel to roll slowly downhill. hazardous. In this area, even walking is A few hundred yards above the flow are the remains of the Webfoot Mine,. Appropriately named, the most reliable footing was underground. number of structures. The mine has a A few are intact — an old smithy^ and a large structure of uncertain use. The large building was once two stories high, with a full basement underneath. Too collapsed to permit full exploration, it seemed from the outside to have been a dormitory. I could find no shafts or tunnels. Vienna, Idaho �N. Weis although the building's wreckage could easily have hidden them. At the uphill end was a lean-to, and next to it a small built-in outhouse with chimney^ style vapor vent. Approximately one-half mile uphill from the Webfoot is the old Vienna shaft. Presently^ it is being reworked by the Heinecke Company. They are under contract to cut a thlrteen-hundred-foot tunnel and run twenty-five hundred feet of side drifts. Should these workings uncover the expected veins, a new mill eK'l will be built and the ore reduced to concentrate, which will be' sent outrt?~be~^««fei^ed-. Tests have shown silver lead, zinc^, and gold to be present. Past activities of the Vienna have produced over one million dollars in silver and gold. With a little luck, the Vienna may exceed the Silver King of rival Sawtooth City. The towns no longer vie for leadership, but their two leading mines carry out the feud like a pair of boxers, dead on their feet +4 but still swinging. Vienna, Idaho �N. Weis * Greyer than t^^laska Klondike I than the California Rush of •491/ Richer The elghteen-square-.^ mile area called Boise Basin, surrounding the town of Idaho City, is said to have delivered two hundred fifty A niilllon dollars in gold. So state the members of the Idaho City Historical Foundation. Other historians have estimated a lesser amount, but all agree that square mile for square mile, the placers of the ^asin were the richest found in North America, -1- Idaho City, Idaho �N. Weis Located at the junction of Mores Creek and Slk Greek, and bounded on threc/sides by the gulches named Slaughterhouse, Walla Walla, and Warm Springs, the boom town of Idaho City stretched for nearly four miles along the gold-rich streams. Established in 1862^ and named Bannock, it grew to six thousand souls the first year. In 1864 the settlement territorial legislature incorporated the^tewn, as Idaho City. For twenty years it was the largest town in the territory. Once there were over ten thousand residents (some estimates run as high as thirty thousand) in the city, half of them Oriental, The lure of new-found gold on Loon Creek caused the town to shrink a bit in the 187O’s, but hard-rock mining and dredging sustained Idaho City ^tho-"town, until 1942, when gold production was curtailed by the pdvernment. In 1968, the sign at the edge of town read pop 188, Residents claim only one hundred^twenty-two live year round in Idaho City -- and most of those are forest rangers or loggers. A few old-timers, still actively mining, add to the town’s atmosphere. Hollow footsteps resound as bearded "hard rockers" saunter down the wooden boardp' walks of Main Street. The walks are so thoroughly -2- Idaho City, Idaho �used, especially around the old courthouse, that the thick planks have "been worn thin. High spots caused hy the resistance of nails and knots have left the walk bumpy to the point that strangers find it awkward to maintain a steady course. Forty-six saloons once sold the products of Idaho City's four breweries. fancy billiard rooms. Five of the saloons had Only one of the hard liquor dispensaries has survived. Originally called the "Miners' Exchange Saloon," it has been renamed, but continues to pedate the same reliable merchandise. Saloons are generally fruitful places to gather informa tlon. Olose-lipped old-timers are often more talkative under the influence of minor amounts of "Tongue oil." I entered the old saloon intending to quaff a short salute to the rich history of Idaho City, but the maps that I had brought in with me caused a delay in plans. Before I realized it, the maps were pulled from my grasp and spread all over the bar. Miners and loggers alike were pointing out places of interest. minute maps permits even The detail present in the the most remote shack or tunnel to be located. Idaho City, Idaho, The minute topographic map covers the area surrounding the town. I mentioned I was looking for ghost towns — especially the little-known sites. -3- Idaho City, Idaho �N. Weis "There, that’s the Comeback Mine. to go there. thing. You ought They got a bunkhouse — big two-story Used to be a bunch of people living there." Another miner chimed in. one of the tunnels up there. "Yeah, we’re workin’ Come on up anytime. If we’re not around, just flip the switch at the tunnel and we’ll see the lights flicker. Be glad to show you the place." The dozen helpful map enthusiasts concluded that I should visit the Bellshazzar, the Comeback, and the Golden Age ^amps. Of course, I was reminded, Idaho City and Placerville were too big and too interesting to be l^ored. Finally, after nearly an hour, the maps were folded, and the glorious past of Idaho City was dutifully honored. The morning’s early light shone brightly on the old Idaho World Building, where the territory's leading paper was published. A big black Labrador Retriever insisted on being in every picture I took. It was a quiet and peaceful scene. so. It wasn’t always In 1863 the paper reported: ^’Several parties' were found in the streets on Tuesday morning. J Some with fractured skulls? some with-bunged eyes and swollen -faces, indicating very clearly that there Idaho City,' Idaho �N. Weis had been a muss somewhere during the night. Blood was freely sprinkled about the town on woodpiles and sidewalks. As the puddles of blood were distributed over a large district, it was impossible to locate the fight Idaho City had problems concerning adequate law enforcement. The vigilante movement which spread througlijout the West is said to have originated here. Seldom did vigilantes apprehend a culprit without quickly deciding his guilt and applying the quick justice of the rope. For those whose guilt was less than strongly_suspect, there was a sturdy jail for temporary durance. Acclaimed the first territorial penitentiary, the convincingly stout building has easily survived to the present. Although moved from its initial site, it is otherwise little changed. The walls of the twenty—by-, twenty-four stronghold are constructed of squared logs, twelve inches on a side, and lined with one-inch boards nailed every three Inches in all directions, with old-^ fashioned square nails. Inside partitions, nearly as rugged, are built of four-inch timbers sandwiched be­ tween one-inch boards. Deeply carved over one of the cell doors are the words "PRIVET ROOM." Below this sign, statements of a more ribald nature stand for all -5- Idaho City, Idaho �N. Weis to read. One dirty ditty leaves little doubt concerning one prisoner's opinion of Judge Bear's moral character. In spite of the two disastrous fires that destroyed much of the original Idaho City, there are still dozens of old buildings that are worthy of Inspection, The Masonic Hall with Its white front and covered stairway Is one of the finest. Propped on both sides and through-bolted with twenty-four—foolfe rods, It appears crippled, but well braced. Built In 1865, It looks able to function for another century. Just west of the center of town, and up the to the ' hlll^north. Boot Hill Cemetery overlooks the modern airstrip used by local smoke jumpers. Far more bodies rest atop this hill than are ever found moving along the streets below. Many of the graves are enclosed with wooden fences, elaborately constructed. They now show the sad neglect of time and the unemotional en­ croachment of nature. Massive trees grow from forgotten graves, crowding headboards ruthlessly aside, yet — In return — creating beauty from the bitter soil of death. Life races on, and the log—truck drivers still wheel their rigs downhill as If the Reaper were close behind and gaining. One driver In Idaho City took offense at my suggestion that loggers by nature were Insane and -6- Idaho City, Idaho �N. Weis bent on self-destruction. With jaw muscles tight, he explained that it took three loads a day to make a living, and that too much slowing down wore the brake shoes out. "Besides that," he stated, "I enjoy canning that old semi down the road." Then, eyebrows lowered, he turned and glared at me with his good eye, while his off eye burned a hole in the ceiling. -7- Idaho City, Idaho �N, Weis PLACERVILLE, IDAHO Grassy rolling hills, bounded by heavy stands of pine, form an Idyllic setting for the quiet town of Placerville. On the west bank of a stream carrying the unlikely name of "Woof Creek," the site overlooks the rich placer beds of Ophir Creek and Mud Plat. The Placerville, Idaho, minute ajajp Indicates that the town was Incorporated as a square, one full mile on a side. At Its largest, with a population of five thousand, the town occupied only a fraction of Its assigned area, but Its boundaries Included several placer mines which may have alleviated the tax burden. Like a small midwestern town, Placerville was planned around a city park, or plaza. The park was surrounded by business places, with residences forming the perimeter. A shy old gentleman living just off the plaza was tickled to have someone to visit with. "It's pretty lonely here," he told me, "but that's the way I like It." We looked over the surviving business places, especially the old Magnolia Saloon, once the proudest of the town's three drinking parlors. Built In I9OO, the Magnolia had a full^wldth front porch with a -8- Placervllle, Idaho �N. Weis built-in well. Like a drinking fountain might function today, the well was a popular gathering spot on hot summer days. The second floor of the saloon was finished, but never used. The old-timer watched me write down notes as he talked. He asked me not to use his name, and declined to have his picture taken. Perhaps he had a past that was better forgotten. Across the street, the Boise Basin Mercantile stood empty and tightly shuttered. "See those metal doors and them shutters? That's all that saved the old store. Had a fire here in -- must have been thirty-one, burned a lot of the town. Big forest fira^^urned up the whole town of Quartzburg over west a inile." The store had a metal roofj^ and plastered walls. I speculated that everyone fled town during the fire. "No, In fact some men stayed in the old got klnda tense when the ca'trldges next to the wall started goln’ off.’!^ The brick butcheijshop next to the mercantile survived rather accidentally. The roof burned, but the building proper was saved due to the twelve-inch layer -9- Placervllle, Idaho �N. Weis of dirt that had been placed in the celling as insulation. One store is still in operation, and has been since 18?^, twelve years after the town was founded. One can find a little bit of most anything within its dim Interior. A number of fine old homes are scattered about town, some with gingerbread eaves, others with rock wall terraces, showing past pride and recent neglect. The Emmanuel Episcopal Church displays some of the early glory with its arched shingle-covered Close Inspection shows that the shingles were eaves. patterned? 'Ih-ifour subtle ways and tacked in rows to __ ... • —■ . . - .. form a design balanced equally on the right and left. A few new vacation homes are springing up. Impertinent A-frames in shiny colors Insult the quiet dignity of the unpainted derelicts that stand magnificent in the town of Placerville. -10- Placervllle, Idaho �N. Weis GOMBBACK MINING GAMP, IDAHO Tracking down old mining camps can be exciting, rewarding^and disgusting. The road leading to the Belshazzar was gated and locked. proclaimed the dangers of trespass. Bold signs The Mayflower Mine had been bought up and converted to vacation homes. The Richland never was much, and now was even less. The Gomeback Gamp was as different as it was hard to reach. Between Idaho Glty and Placerville, at a junction called New Gentervllle, a gravel road extends northward along Grimes Greek. Three miles from the junction is the town of Gentervllle, and five miles farther, are the few remaining buildings of Pioneervllle, the first town to spring up in Boise Basin. It was known for a time Hog’em,^'aft er the early settlers that hogged the best claims. Two miles farther north at the second gulch, a "road" branches to the right. Narrow, washed out, and over*** hung with brush,y the mlle-long trail to Gomeback is best suited to jeeps and horses. At the first switchback, a small flat area is occupied by a bachelor's shack, a family residence, machine shop, chicken house, and an old shed with an excavated grease pit. At the upHiill side, mine -11Gomeback Mining Gamp, Idaho �N, Weis dumps encroach upon the already Crowded flat. Above, at the second switchback, a tunnel entrance is [capped with a combination machine and tool shed. A long covered trackw;ay braced with logs extends several hundred feet to the end of the mine dump. Recalling the Invitation offered by the miners back in Idaho City, I began a search for the light switch I was to flick as a signal of my arrival. No switch was evident, and the tunnel didn't look recently used. High above was another dump. currently used tunnel was there. Perhaps the I walked up to the "third level" and found another tunnel which also api^ared Inactive. Next to it, however, was a dilapidated two-story bunkhouse with built-in cook*^ shack. Alongside was an old miner's shack, complete with barking dog. Above were more tunnels, but no switches, and no sign of life. Louis Truger, now living in Centerville, was a part owner of the Comeback from I931 until recently. He stated that over $679,000jBi in gold had been taken from the tunnels. During 1940 and 1941, an especially rich kidney, or pocket, was uncovered. It yielded nearly $200,000488 in gold. During the heyday at the Comeback, twenty-five Comeback Minine Camp, Idaho �N. Weis people stayed on the site, leaving only on weekends to "raise a little hell” In Idaho City. The mine was found In 192^ by a logger named Louis Palnlch, who spotted rich mineralization In the «311 exposed by an uprooted tree. He took a sample and planned — If It assayed rich — to come back. It was, and he did. He also named the mine. On my way down the hill I noticed the tire tracks I had made coming up. In places, they were within Inches of the steep drop-off. Playing It safe, I crowded the brush-covered "up" side, and promptly collapsed the right mirror and sheared off the radio antenna. I don’t plan to "Comeback." If you plan to visit the site, drive a narrow vehicle and take along the Ploneervllle, minute and Garden Valley, Idaho, 15 minute topographic maps. -13- Gomeback Mining Camp, ho �N. Weis GOLDEN AGS GAMP, IDAHO Placer gold was found along Grimes Greek in 1862. Most of the early miners chose to separate the fine gold laboriously from its attendant sand and gravel. Others, spurning the assurance of a small poke, gambled for higher stakes. Somewhere upstream would be the mother lode. In classic style, the placers played out as the hard-f'ock mines were discovered and developed. The Gomeback, Missouri, Oro, and the Golden Age mines all tapped residual lodes that had enriched Grimes Greek. A man named Wells found the richest ore, just four miles north of Ploneervllle. Named the Golden Age, the claim eventually became the property of a large Spokane outfit. The ore seemed to get richer with depth, and soon two mills, a dozen homes, two bunkhouses, a recreation hall, and a two-story hotel were built. Seventy-five men worked here during the boom years of the early 1900*s. A schoolhouse was constructed nearby. Named the "Diana School," it served all the kids of the mining camp. 'A small outhouse stands behind, and above its narrow door, an overlarge sign states*fl"MAIN SNTSANGS." The G-^jTden Valley, Idaho, 15 minute map shows the locations of both the school and mining camp. -14- Golden Age Gamp, Idaho �N. Weis An eight-one-year-old former miner named A Hawkins is now the caretaker. He and his wife live in one of the residences at the camp. We toured the empty camp, carefully inspecting the larger buildings. The second story of the hotel contained the main company offices, and a large dancehall. The men were paid three dollars a day, with one dollar per day deducted for room and board. Saturday was pay^^ay, and Saturday night was for dancing. The big bosses could sit in their offices and watch benevolently over their cavorting employees. The downstairs portion of the hotel contained a dining hall, a small company store, a few rooms and a large kitchen with built-in woodshed. A huge Arcadian range filled one end of the kitchen. A flfty-,gall^n drum was adapted as a side-arm heater, with coils extending into and around the old stove. For a while the mills turned out thirty-five hundred dollars in gold per day. The deep vein made removal of ore difficult, and when the shaft went below creek level, the water flooded in. The cost of lifting and processing the ore, combined with the added expense of pumping the water, more than equaled the value of the gold. The mine shut down. Before long, both mlills and some of the camp structures burned to the ground. Golden Age Camp, Idaho �N. Weis No one knows how much gold 1| left in the hill. It is under water. Butbas Hawkins stated, "Gold doesn’t dissolve, you know," -UGolden Age WMe Camp, Idaho � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Norman Weis Manuscripts Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/</a> Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1971-1987 Description An account of the resource A collection of manuscripts by Casper College professor Norman Weis. <br /><br />This collection includes manuscripts of:<br /><em>Ghost Towns of the Northwest: Known and Unknown<br />The Starduster<br />Two-Story Outhouse<br />Helldorados<br /></em><br />Each manuscript contains written in edits by Norman Weis Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Norman Weis Language A language of the resource ENG Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Norm Weiss Manuscripts and Photographs, CCA 10.2003.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Searchable PDF Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CCA 10.2003.01_Weis_Manuscripts Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Manuscript Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <div class="element-text five columns omega"> <p><em>Ghost Towns of the Northwest: Known and Unknown </em>Idaho Draft</p> </div> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <div class="element-text five columns omega"></div> <div class="element-text five columns omega"> <p><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/</a></p> </div> Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1971 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Norman Weis Language A language of the resource ENG Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Norm Weiss Manuscripts and Photographs, CCA 10.2003.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CCA 10.2003.01_Weis_GhostTowns_DraftManuscript_Idaho Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Searchable PDF