https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/d5e4649825008b8800d8d43237252b0c.pdf 0f9693f49b5772fc5af01df8f7d9fb98 PDF Text Text �other Books by the Author; •<5 *55 All About Grizzly Bears \ /o Z.f All About the White-Tailed Deer �GHOST TOWNS OF^HE NORTHWEST Known and Unknown f.'. By Norman D, Weis Photographs and Maps by the Author �International Standard Book Number 0-87004-201-7 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 75-I37768 lithographed] and bound in the United States of America by The CAXTON PRINTERS, Ltd Caldwell, Idaho 113876 83605 �N. Weis (Dedication) To J. M. �N. Weis \ PREFAGB ------ -^hQst tQMns are quiet places. nothing moves about. Little or This characteristic is faith­ fully preserved — in fact enhanced -- through the process of still photography. Mediocre scenes of deserted buildings seem to gain quality through the developing process. Imposing remains, backed by puffy clouds, become near classics. It is the stillness of ghost towns that appeals to the maker of pictures. This book is a collection of photographs, with a little history, adventure^and humor sandwiched randomly between. The historical accounts Included are as accurate as the reference sources available, and as reliable as the individuals interviewed. In the belief that history need not be tedious or boring, I have attempted to slip the facts in painlessly — in some cases almost subliminally. in place quite by accident. The humor fell Old-timers remembered first the tall tales, then the fact, and often the facts were hilarious. Prone to stupid mistakes, and -1- �N. Weis suffering from a mild case of "foot in mouth disease," I contributed my own share of misunderstandings and embarassing moments. A writer may quite accidentally mislead his readers by extolling the past glories of a particular ghost town while excluding any mention of its present remains. Numerous old photos complete the illusion, and the reader is convinced that the town is worth at least a week”'end visit. Too often I have traveled more than one hundred miles to explore such welldescribed sites, only to find that a dam built forty years ago put it under eighty feet of water, or that a bowling alley had been built on its bulldozed remains and it in turn had burned to the ground. For this reason the photographs in this book are accurate renditions of present remains. A few old photos have been Included, but they are clearly labeled as such. Between ten and fifteen ghost towns from each of the five northwest states were chosen to be treated in this book. Included. Some well-known favorites were At these sites, the effort was primarily on a new approach to a well-known story, or an elabora­ tion on some new aspect freshly uncovered. A concerted effort was made to search out some "unknowns" in each state — towns that have had -2- �N. Weis little or no mention in print. A large part of the text is devoted, to the search for these sites and their subsequent exploration. That is where the adventure comes in. The effort, of course, was not all mine, and I am privileged to thank those whose assistance was so willingly given. Suggestions concerning the text, solicited of Mike Herblson and Marie Stewart, were of great help. Wilhelm Ossa and Joe Stewart gave valuable advice on the selection of photographs. Senator Gale McGee^of Wyoming was Instrumental in procuring the topographic maps vital to the search for "unknown" sites. There were many who offered help and hospitality along the way, and to them I have expressed my appreciation in the text. Here are some folk^not otherwise mentioned, who deserve my thanks: Mr. Antonloll^of Butte, Montana, owner of Kirkville, Montana. The unnamed old-timer at Galena, Idaho, who shared with me a very welcome pot of coffee on a rainy afternoon. Gale Ontko of the Bureau of Land Management, Prineville, Oregon. -3- �N. Weis Mr. and Mrs. Paul Corbalej^of Blewett, Washington. John Meek^of Boulder, Colorado Mr. and Mrs. Moerer^of Atlantic City, Wyoming. The personnel of the State Archives, Museum^ and Libraries of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. The U. S. Weather Bureau employees^of Bozeman, Montana, who gave me access to satellite photos and helped me determine how to escape the cloud-hiding smoke of forest fires drifting down from Canada and Alaska. Numerous mine engineers, hoist operators, muckers, and prospectors, especially the old hand I met In /Jorthern Idaho W proudly showed me his three peanut-butter jars full of gold nuggets. -4- �N. Weis Lastly, for adding a little spice to life, I would like to thank the two eighty-»year— old citizens of a once "booming town in southern Wyoming, who, insulted at my suggestion that their town was nearly a ghost, stood up as one and challenged me to a fight! �ILLUS IK ATIONS �N. Weis INTRODUCTION /X ■ ’For several years the exact definition of the term "ghost town” has eluded me. A ghost town should, of course, display only a shadow of its former glory. Ideally it would be completely deserted full of twc/^nd three-»story false-fronted buildings, all of them completely furnished and undisturbed. The town should appear as if the entire population had gone to a funeral and failed to return. To top it off, a tumbleweed should blow down the dusty main street, bouncing in rhythm with the banging of loose shutters and the screech of unolled hinges. But that’s not the way it is. Perhaps such a perfect example awaits discovery, but I fear that I shall never find it. I’ve seen the tumbleweed, but the buildings were mere heaps of rubble. The rattling shutters were there^too, but the buildings were single, storied and empty of wares. buildings? Three-story false-fronted Yes, but the town was yet alive. About the closest I could come to a proper definition was that "the place excited me." Excited me enough to recommend that others travel perhaps fifty miles to see it. It is a poor definition, and �I’m happy to swap it for one proposed quite off hand by a gentleman from Spray, Oregon. I called him "The Sage from Spray^" because he had a constructive, although caustic comment to make on every subject broached. He watched as I spread maps out on the counter. He listened as I asked questions about some of the towns In the vicinity, A number of Interested folk volunteered information on this and that town, designating several as genuine ghost towns. Finally the "Sage" took issue, "Hell, I don’t see how you guys can call them places ghost towns! They’s just like any other town ’cept they ain’t hardly no one livin’ there * * ♦ Part of the fascination of ghost-^town hunting comes from the wide array of hazards involved. Bad roads are the rule, and a four-wheel*drive vehicle is a must. But four-wheel^rive is of little comfort when ruts are deep enough to let the differentials drag. With the slightest effort, one can become hlgh-^ centered, spinning all four wheels free and clear. back roads, distances between gas stations can be unbelievable, When the tank gauge reads "zero*" one becomes apprehensive, but the addition of a five-T^ gallon reserve tank of gas wipes out all fears. On �N. Weis But soon the gauge reads "zero” again, and your goal changes from deserted towns to "some sign of civili­ zation." Miraculously, I never had to walk for gas. Often the tank read less than empty when a service station was finally reached. Each time I marked the needle’s position with a felt pen. At the end of two months, I had a fan—shaped array of marks extending to what should have been a minus one- quarter tank. Having taken precautions concerning oil (four extra quarts) and gas, the only mechanical trouble was dislocation of the drive-shaft support. Located in the exact center of the vehicle, it was vulnerable to any rock more than six inches high. Ten or twelve hard whacks with a one-pound sledge always put it back in reasonable position. After half a dozen straightenings, it began to weaken, and finally had to be replaced. Some problems encountered While ghost-*town hunting are compounded by the bad habits common to most photographers. Often looking through the viewjT finder, and seldom watching their feet, they are forever backing up while looking forward. Snakes and open shafts abound — and nails — nails are �N. Weis there "by the thousand^ firmly embedded and pointing straight up, each one a rusty invitation to lockjaw. By far the greatest obstacle facing the would'-.be visitor to a ghost town is initially locating the site. A search of the existing literature will reveal the obvious towns, and an in-depth investigation into the records and photos in various state archives will turn up a few more, also quite well known. Post office records and county seat plat books will give up their share'of secrets. Fishermen, hunters, bottle diggers, state patrolmen, and of course^ the old*-.timers are valuable sources for searching out the lesser known sites. Old-timers are often difficult to locate, but it is worth the effort, for the benefits are twofold. As one proceeds to gather information on sites already visited, clues to additional ghost towns come to light. None of the aforementioned methods ase quite as productive as a systematic search of topographic maps. Multitudes of "possibles" can be pinpointed for later investigation. The United States Geological Survey (U.S.G.S.) maps are among the most responsive to careful analysis. A complete set of such maps for a given state are available at most libraries. The job of searching each map — square mile by square -4- �mile — can be tedious, A map may require a mere ten minutes of study, but there are many maps to scan. 850 There are more than ^^ghj^-hnndjped and jei-frby U.S.G.S. maps for'the 6tate of Montana alone. a The most common is the 7i minute map, labeled because it encompasses 7^ minutes of longitude and latitude. These terms are not Important as long as one realizes that such a map covers an area approximately six miles east and west, by nine miles north and south. The scale is listed as Is 2^,000, but is more easily understood as approximately 2| inches to the mile. That is quite a large and revealing scale. Every building is shown as a square, filled in if occupied, and empty if empty. lay. Forests are shown in green over*> Surveyors claim that even a three—foot bush is represented by a tiny green dot. cate the steepness of slope. Contour lines indi­ Where they lie close, the grade is steep — where there are few, it is relatively level. Every creek, ridge, road, railroad, shaft, tunnel, and prospect hole is supposed to be indicated, but map-makers ^o make mistakes. Buildings are left out and extra lakes are occasionally thrown in. Once a feature is listed on a map, it is generally carried along through future revisions. This perpetuation �N. Weis makes most maps accidentally historical in nature. The original map date is always listed, and one may assume any buildings shown were actually in existence on that date. When a topo map shows a town of considerable outlay, and the same town is missing or indicated minimally on a road map, then it may be considered a possible ghost town worthy of investi­ gation. Other signs that tip off the presence of a ghost town are dead-end roads and railroads, mine shafts, tunnels^and prospect holes. Unnamed buildings set in a row often indicate a company town. Tailings denoted by small "v" shaped marks are sure indications of a past mining effort. indicative. The very name of a town is You may ignore "Kennedy Heights" and "Plaza Park," as they are sure to be modern communities, but "Galena," "Ironton," and "Copperopolis" are good It has been my experience that if chosen 25 carefully, about^twonty five percent of the sites bets. selected prove to be ghost towns. The percentage is enhanced by the cartographer ’s occasional use of the terms "abandoned" or "site," The U.S.G.S. publishes many maps of lesser scale that cover larger territories. The 15 minute map covers an area approximately thirteen by eighteen -6- ��N. Weis miles and. its scale is approximately one inch to the mile. Harder to read, than the 7^ minute map, it is still valuable, and. is often the only topo map available. The two maps reprod.uced here are typical examples of the 7i and 15 minute topos. Each map has the Important items labeled and explained. If you can remember that the top of a map is north, and that each red square is a square mile, the rest is easy. Topographic maps may be obtained through local retailers, but stocks are often limited. The Denver section of the U.S.G.S. offers for sale all of the maps covering the Western United States. The address: Denver Distribution Section ——j U, S. Geological Survey ! Denver Federal Center - Building 41 ;Denver, Colorado 80225 Upon request, free copies of state index maps will be supplied. Desired maps can be readily selected with the aid of these "keys,” The prices of topo maps are generally fifty cents each, with discounts on quantity orders. (continued on page ) bl7e<t.o Ed 11 o r:^''^'f'.ql 1 ow 1 n^^'are two sheet s a^scr 1 bing \ thb two maps Ihc^^udeoy Also included a USGS aymbol shee^— all, p^t, or none it may be rtsed as filler. �SCALE 1:62500 Service [nission 3000 nods 22 1 5 0 6000 1 9000 2 2 12000 3 3 15000 4 18000 4 MILES 21000 FEET 5 KILOMETERS ROAD CLASSI FICAl Medium-duty Light-d Unimproved dirt ===^= CONTOUR INTERVAL 50 FEET DATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL APPROXIMATE MEAN DECLINATION, 1958 WASHINGTON QUADRANGLE LOCATION THIS MAP COMPLIES WITH NATIONAL MAP ACCURACY STANDARDS FOR SALE BY U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, DENVER 25, COLORADO OR WASHINGTON 25, D. C. A FOLDER DESCRIBING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS ANO SYMBOLS IS AVAILABLE ON REQUEST - ----- -------- BODIE I N4845- �I Boundary, national Hard surface, heavy duty road, four or more lanes ................................... ........................... Hard surface, heavy duty road, two or three lanes State Hard surface, medium duty road, four or more lanes. . . .:k=h=k: County, parish, municipio. . . ......................................... Hard surface, medium duty road, two or three lanes Civil township, precinct, town, barrio :_=^_=_; Improved light duty road Incorporated city, village, town, hamlet Unimproved dirt road and trail Reservation, national or state Dual highway, dividing strip 25 feet or less Small park, cemetery, airport, etc Dual highway, dividing strip exceeding 25 feet ..................... Land grant ■ Road under construction ............................. ======== .......... Township or range line. United States land survey Township or range line, approximate location Railroad, single track and multiple track , Railroads in juxtaposition............................................... ■ , ■ Section line. United States land survey , Section line, approximate location Narrow gage, single track and multiple track............................. Railroad in street and carline Bridge, road and railroad Township line, not United States land survey □. i Section line, not United States land survey h Section corner, found and indicated................................... +. ■ , Drawbridge, road and railroad Boundary monument: land grant and other Footbridge United States mineral or location monument Tunnel, road and railroad Overpass and underpass ....................... ....................................... , ).......................................... ij, o................... □ .......... 1 ndex contour.............. Intermediate contour. . L Supplementary contour Depression contours . . Y— Fill................................. Cut................................ Dam with road =i= Levee............................. Levee with road.......... Canal with lock s:—3 Mine dump................... Wash............................. Tailings......................... Tailings pond.............. Strip mine.................... Distorted surface........ Sand area.................... Gravel beach................ Perennial streams .... Intermittent streams. . II I Important small masonry or earth dam Dam with lock .'................. Buildings (dwelling, place of employment, etc School, church, and cemetery + a Buildings (barn, warehouse, etc.) Power transmission line ................... .. .. Telephone line, pipeline, etc. (labeled as to type). .....-------------------Wells other than water (labeled as to type) .............. oOil Tanks: oil, water, etc. (labeled as to type) oGas ••• ©Water Located or landmark object; windmill................................. o i Open pit, mine, or quarry; prospect........................................................... Y Shaft and tunnel entrance..................................................... b Elevated aqueduct. . . ; Water well and spring, o Small rapids............ Aqueduct tunnel Disappearing stream .. -------------- - . . Small falls.......... Large rapids............ - . _—_ _.—_ Large falls.......... ~ _ X Dry lake................ Intermittent lake. . . . . Foreshore flat........ Rock or coral reef Sounding, depth curve.Piling or dolphin. Horizontal and vertical control station: Tablet, spirit level elevation Other recoverable mark, spirit level elevation; Exposed wreck BMA5653 Horizontal control station: tablet, vertical angle elevation VABMA9519 Any recoverable mark,vertical angle orchecked elevation BM X957 Other recoverable mark, spirit level elevation X954 Checked spot elevation Unchecked spot elevation and water elevation Marsh (swamp)............ A3775 Vertical control station: tablet, spirit level elevation x«675 xsssz. . . . s/o Sunken wreck Rock, bare or awash; dangerous to navigation A5455 Wooded marsh............ Woods or brushwood . . Vineyard ....................... Inundation area )======< �J________ ___ I 5 MILES 4 MILE SCALE 1:62 500 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TOPOGRAPHIC MAP SYMBOL SHEET NOVEMBER 1966 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY QUADRANGLE MAPS, AND QUADRANGLE MAP SERIES Quadrangle maps cover four-sided areas bounded by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. Quadrangle size is given in minutes or degrees. The usual dimensions of quadrangles are: 7.5 by 7.5 minutes, 15 by 15 minutes, 30 by 30 minutes, and 1 degree by 1, 2, or 3 degrees. Quadrangle map series are map groups of the same size quadrangles. In each series the maps follow a system­ atic quadrangle pattern, they have a uniform format, and they usually have the same scale. MAP SCALE DEPENDS ON QUADRANGLE SIZE The scale of a map is the ratio between a map distance and the same distance measured on the ground. Map scale is given as a numerical ratio, and by bars marked in feet, miles, and kilometers. STANDARD SCALES AND PRICES OP THE NATIONAL TOPOGRAPHIC MAP SERIES SERIES SCALE PRICE $0.50 .50 .50 _______ .50 __________ .75 1.00 _____________ CONTOURS SHOW LAND SHAPES AND ELEVATION The shape of the land, portrayed by contours, is the distinctive characteristic of topographic maps. Contours are imaginary lines following the ground surface at a constant elevation above sea level. The contour interval is the regular elevation difference separating adjacent contour lines on maps. Contour intervals depend on ground slope and map scale; they vary from 5 to 200 feet. Small contour intervals are used for flat terrain; larger intervals for rugged mountain areas. Supplementary dashed or dotted contours, at less than the regular interval, are used in flat areas. Index contours, every fourth or fifth line, are heavier than others, and have elevation figures. Hachures, form lines, and symbol patterns are also used to show some kinds of topographic forms. Relief shading, an overprint giving a three-dimensional effect, is used on some quadrangle maps. COLORS DISTINGUISH CLASSES OF MAP FEATURES Black is used for man-made or cultural features, such as roads, buildings, names, and boundaries. Blue is used for water or hydrographic features, such as lakes, rivers, canals, and glaciers. Brown is used for relief or hypsographic features—land shapes portrayed by contours or hachures. Green is used for woodland cover, with typical patterns to show scrub, vineyards, or orchards. Red emphasizes important roads, shows built-up urban areas, and public-land subdivision lines. STATE TOPOGRAPHIC INDEXES SHOW MAPS PUBLISHED For each State, and for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, indexes show all maps distributed. Index maps give quadrangle location and name, and survey date. Listed also are: special maps and sheets with prices, map dealers and Federal distribution centers, map reference libraries, and detailed instructions for ordering topographic maps. HOW MAPS MAY BE OBTAINED Mail orders for maps west of the Mississippi River should be addressed to the Geological Survey, Distribution Section, Federal Center, Denver, Colo., 80225, and for maps east of the Mississippi River to the Geological Sur­ rey, Distribution Section, Washington, D.C. 20242. Maps of Alaska may also be ordered from the Geologi­ cal Survey, 520 Illinois Street, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701. Order by map name. State, and series. Maps with­ out woodland overprint are furnished on request. A 20% discount is allowed on an order amounting to $20 or more, and 40% discount is allowed on an order amounting to $100 or more. Each order for maps should be accompanied by exact payment in cash, or by money order or check made payable to the Geological Sur­ vey. Your ZIP code is required. Sales counters are maintained in the following Geological Survey offices where maps of the area may be purchased in person: 1200 South Eads Street, Arlington, Virginia; 1028 General Services Administration Building, Washington, D.C.; 1109 North Highland Street, Arlington, Va.; 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park Calif ’• 7638 Federal Building, 300 North Los Angeles Street, Los Angeles, Calif.; 504 Custom House, 555 Battery Street, San Francisco, Calif.; Federal Center, Denver, Colo.; 15426 Federal Building, Denver Colo • 602 Thomas Building, 1314 Wood Street, Dallas, Texas; 8102 Federal Office Building, 125 South State Street, Salt Lake City, Utah; South 157 Howard Street, Spokane, Wash.; 108 Skyline Building, 508 Second Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska; 203 Simpson Building, Juneau, Alaska; and 310 First Avenue, Fairbanks, Alaska. State indexes and a folder describing topographic maps are furnished free on request. Private dealers sell quadrangle maps at their own prices. Names and addresses of such dealers are listed in each State index. 009 29:1 aivos looj i33J 000 SZ 000 oz 000 SI 000 01_____________ 0005 ooos —I FOOT SCALE 1:24 000 MILE SCALE 1:24 000 7.5 minute ... 1:24,000 1 inch equals 2,000 feet 15 minute___________________________ -- 1:62,500 1inch equals about one mile 1:63,360 (Alaska)____________________ ... 1:63,360 1inch equals one mile 30 minute_____________________ - 1:125,000 1inch equals about two miles 1:250,000 ____________ - 1:250,000 1inch equals about four miles 1:1,000,000 1:1,000,000 1 inch equals about sixteen miles �N. Weis Maplescripti,Qn of'the Radium Springs ?Jcialnute map. (Noter\^epi^duo^^mp. with 40 reduction c\ ehi^geTritr''.e^es If ^eeqoilred. This Is a portion of the todlum Sprlr^s. Wyoming 7i m^u^ topographic map. Dirt roads are The dashed lines shown as solid double lines. Indicate unimproved dirt roads or trails. Item A proved to be "The Good Hope Mine," a most scenic relic. B Indicates The Oregon Trail. Note the Trail merging with the road, then passing through Lewiston, Item D. Little Is known of this remote Wyoming ghost town, and small bits of Information gleaned from maps are often Important. There were two very old log buildings just as Indicated, one a false-fronted store, the other a livery. E Is "The Hidden Hand Mine,” conveniently labeled and compete with hoist house and smithy. on the map. P Indicates another mine not shown Named "The Iron Duke," It would be a nameless slte^ except for persevering memories of old—timers living in the area. Items H and I represent a small mining complex and extensive tailings. One of the buildings by the mine shaft Is the home of the only surviving prospector on the Sweetwater River. Items G and G proved to be Insigni­ ficant. -8- �N. Weis deSsi’i pt ion,, Bod 1 ar Moimta in I'^'^mtnut e loap. Not eV~^Pre^r^e th'e-.sca^e oil tJtiis siap''^:i^, Tjsim if^eslre^rr Approximately one-fourth of the Bod^ Mountain, Washington, 15 minute topographic map is shown here. Upon investigation. Item A turned out to be a mixture of old sawmill remains and relatively modem cabins. It was clearly not a ghost town. B, labeled "Bodie," is a small but well-known ghost town. The building on the left is a schoolhouse. Those on the right are old stores and residences of Bodie, some of which have been converted to vacation homes. G is "Old Todora." shown on the map. Only one building is Actually there are a number of buildings at the site, making Old Todora a ghost town worth visiting. The "Old Sheridan Mine," D, was indeed old, and consisted of far more than was shown on the map. Item F is the town of Sheridan, one of the finest "unknown" ghost towns visited. The two’ empty buildings indicated on the map are large story log structures. In addition, there are nearly a dozen other buildings standing in town, along with t a fancy frame hotel, now partially collapsed. Item S was not visited, due to over-indulgence concerning Item F. �N. Weis Finding the site on the map is the first step — getting there is often a difficult second. New roads frequently make access to old roads diffi­ cult. Eroded trails and locked gates can stop the best of bacl^ountry vehicles, but there is little to inhibit foot travel. Walking is time-—consuming and tiring, and the trail seems always to be steep. A five-mile hike may be required to reach a deserted site, and,often as not, one will find the old town has been newly converted to a ski resort, accessed from the other side of the hill by an excellent blaclT^ top road. Once found, photographing the site is a simple matter. Film is cheap compared to gasoline, so plenty of variations in angle and exposure are in order. Clouds add tremendously to most scenes, but like a watched pot, clouds are slow to cooperate when closely observed. A paperback book was an item of standard equipment. A dozen pages always seemed to lure the clouds into proper position. Plus X pan professional film was preferred for the black and white photographs, and was exposed through a yellow 2 X filter. color shots. Ektachrome X was used for the The Praktlsix 2^ x 2j reflex camera was my favorite. It handled well and produced pictures -10- �N. Weis equal in quality to that of cameras costing three times as much. Absolutely necessary are a pentaprism for eye-level composition, and a monopod or tripod for a steady hold through the exposure. The monopod is the more mobile of the two devices, and the single leg is steady enough^when the camera is braced against the forehead^ to allow exposures as slow as one- thirtieth of a second. A roll of 120 film takes twelve shots, and the average ghost town required four rolls. To keep the records straight, it was my prac­ tice to write the name of the town on the outside of each roll of exposed film. Later I realized that the outer portion Mis discarded during development, and the record lost. The solution was simple — write the name of the town on some convenient surface, then photograph the sign. Each new roll was started with one exposure sacrificed in the Interest of accurate records. I have chalked names of ghost towns on boards, old buckets, barrels, and outhouse walls. In a pinch, I have used the black sidewalls of my truck tires. Although of short duration, and certain to wash away, the chalked nameff might have appeared to be the work of some demented soul bent on visiting and repeatedly identifying every deserted town in the Northwest. -11- �N. Weis Perhaps that statement is not too far off the mark. Although this book is not intended to be comprehensive, more than two hundred sites were visited, I selected three or four dozen from each of the five states, taking care to choose among them ten well-^ known sites. The remainder were "possible unknowns" gleaned from searching the topographic maps. Of these, "possibles," a number turned out to be lively communi­ ties, Many others had been completely eradicated by civilization. town. About one in four was a genuine ghost Of the sites visited, I selected sixty-two for inclusion in this book. They were chosen for their story, their photogenic qualities, or for their virginity of publication. Four times these ghost towns have come to life for me — when found and studied during the map search, when visited and researched, when photographs came to life in the dark-room, and finally when the text was assembled from notes and reference. My sincere hope is that your enjoyment one time through will equal the four of mine. � Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Manuscript Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Ghost Towns of the Northwest: Known and Unknown </em>Introduction Draft Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <div class="element-text five columns omega"> <p><a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/</a></p> </div> Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1971 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Norman Weis Language A language of the resource ENG Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Norm Weiss Manuscripts and Photographs, CCA 10.2003.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CCA 10.2003.01_Weis_GhostTowns_DraftManuscript_Intro Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Searchable PDF