https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/68d15676a4713869ddc9a4f618f930d5.pdf 7886514df561cf45cd096078d7e163c8 PDF Text Text THIS CHANGING WORLD (By Alfred J. Mokler) Spread over the entire Northwest and part of the Southwest portion of the United States, and almost as mysterious as the mirages of the desert, are the remains of civ­ ilization that peers at us through the murky gloom of the past. Cradled in the desert, humanity and citizenship survived for centuries under such adverse conditions as no other people on earth were called upon to endure, and, in dying, gave unto the keeping of the desert its sacred relics. Today, wherever men trevel the wiste plf ces they ere «aBnfronteyv»ith thia evidence, shrouded in the dust of centuries, with desolation surrounding it. The prehistoric people of Western America, neglected through the ages, labored for love of home and land and gave to mankind priceless gifts that we, in the light of little understanding, perhaps have failed to appreciate fully. Just how many of the arte of civilization they gave to us is not known. Certainly they are the fath­ ers of irrigation, and it may well be that they gave to us the arts of pottery-making and weaving. Who these people were, science does not know. The Indians may be their descend­ ants, though these Indians, with the possible exception of the Pueblos and i.unis, are far removed. How far back into the past history of this ancient people extends^ science has not discovered. Geology and anthropology, working in harmony, ere agreed that it must have been very close to that time in life of mankind when the dawn of civiliza­ tion first showed through the darkness of savagery. Nearly 400 years ago, when the army of buncaneers under General Francisco de Coro­ nado moved up fran Mexico, bent on looting the rich cities reported to exist far to the north, they found, instead of stately municipalities, rich in gold and silver, only the remnants of this once powerful nace. Gone was their glory. Forgotten were their 1 airts except those necessary to supply mieager needs. Ko longer were there soldiers in the mighty battlements of stone that crowned the hillstops. Death or other lands had claimed all those who had traveled the highways of the homeland and left from sandled feet endless miles of trails worn deep in solid rock. These trails today stand unchal- Z31dest lenged as the world's/highways. �The oenturiee of time and the numberlesE feet that went into the making of these trails oan be appreciated only when we stop to consider that our own modern sidewalks, on the busiest streets of our oities; resist the tread of millions of feet, year after year, with no appreciable wear. Then do these ancient trails, some of them worn almost knee-deep in solid granite, and inches deep in carboniferous lime, as impervious to wear as cement, speak to us of antiquity that staggers the imagination. It is unfortunate that until almost the last 20 or 30 years this wealth of historic and roraantic material was neglected. Men, more interested in loot than in truth, have / n fo sailed away^the the Valley of the Nile to rifle the tombs of the Pharaohs. During the past several decades, however, an increasing number of students in the "science of man" have answered the oall to our own Great Northwest with the result that startling new discoveries have been made. Some of these discoveries compel the re-writing of the history of mankind. Tourists, traveling westward, find a land of roamnce, where the trails of today, winding through painted desert and purple sage, blend into the trails of long ago that lead us back to the time when mankind wore the swadling clothes of eivilizetion. As we follow these ancient trails across the desert space to some lonely canyon and come to an anoient home, perched, overhenging cliff, like an eagle's nest, high up under some let us sit in the doorway that looks out over the endless waste and speculate on the courage of those who, barehanded, wrested a livelihood from this un­ friendly land. Even if we do not know their names, or whence they came, we do know much of their history. Fran sand-strewn desert floor to terraced hill and from cavern shelter to great buildings of stone in Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming, and other western states, there are numerous groups of rooms which once sheltered the anoient people. It was these people, struggling to maintain their homes in a land where climatic changes briught endless drought, that gave to the world the art of irrigation, and made it possible for us, their heirs, to reclaim for agriculture these very lends that have lain fallow through the centuries. No more dramatic chapter is recorded in the annals of man than that of these an­ cient people who, for love of home, lifted themselves fran savagery into the light of civilization that freed the race from the misery of famine that stalks where water �Science has proved from the presence of prehistoric lakes end the fossil remains of plant and animal life that at one time in mary pieces of 'Wyoming and other western states that this was a land of plenty. It was here that a primitive people basked in the warmth of a benevolent climate, and, with little effort, gathered from vine and tree, sufficient food for the day, with no thought of the morrow. There came, however, in the lives of these primitives a time when the warm, moist­ ure-laden winds from the Pacific no longer found their way inland with the regularity that had marked the centuries before. One of those climatic changes in the life of the «arth that so baffle the students of nature was taking place, reducing to a desert waste a country ftir larger than all of Europe, and rendering destitute millions of prosperous people. The security of their old life was taken from them, not in one devastating cat­ astrophe, but by the slow attrition of time that stretched into ages, keeping alive the flickering flame of huj^ian hope. Year after year saw a diminishing rainfall. Finally, no longer did grass grow in the open places or water course through the channels that once jwui full. Animal life gradually disappeared—dead or migrated to greener fields. Only the deer and mountain sheep remained. With the exception of these two hardy animals, marijvas alone in his des­ olation. Loving his land with that fervor known only to primitive mtn, he stayed on. Loath to leave it for the terrors of unknown places, he exerted every effort to sustain himself. Ko longer able to gather his food from forest or stream, he stored water behind crude dams and planted his seeds and nursed them to maturity from his precious store. Thus he gave to the world the art of irrigation, and in so doing learned that ”in the sweat of thy face shall ye eat your bread? It could well be that it was here in our own land of Wyoming that Old Mother Nature geve to mankind its first lesson in the art of self-support. The ebb and flow of humanity over the habitable portions of the earth through the countless ages of human existence, and the inevitable exchange of arts and companying this movement, cuetrans ac­ imposes a Herculean task on that branch o;J^cience whose busi­ ness it is to classify and credit to the different races their contributions to civilis­ ation. Never has this task been approached with minds as alert to the truth as it is at the present time, when science is seeking evidence for the sake of truth rather than the hope of perpetuating tradition. �js Science^persuaded from the study of ample evidence that men did have a humble beginning, and that he did not spring from the earth fully armed, ready to fight the battles of life. It ia for this reason that scholars are ignoring greet ancient culture and seeking among the lov/ly home of the most primitive people the clew that shall event* ually lead to the exact spot where man started on his long, slow, upward journey to his present development. So long have we been eduo ted to stand in awe before the greet age of such coxintries as Egypt, Asia Minor, and China, while our own evidence of antiquity reamined unpublished, that it may come as a surprise to seme people to learn that origin of the Chinese picture-writing, accredited the world’s oldest written language, did not have its wonderful beginning in Asia, but in our own far vzest. Long before the riign of Fu-Hi, first emperor of China, more than 2,800 years before Christ, the people of our own America were carving on imperishable stone the history of their own lives, using characters that are proven to be parent to the language of the whole world, We have abeolute and positive proof of the existence of a race of people in the Muddy and Virgin River Valleys, near whet is now beint Thomas, fcievuda,(9,000 years be­ fore Christ. The "Lost City of the Pueblo Grande," which for four years, beginning in 1830, was excavated by end under the direction of the Museum of the American Indian of Kew York City, The ruins that were restored to light at that place were proren to have been the largest prehistoric settlement ever found on the western hemisphere, Europe was citiless then. Culture had not even found its way into the barbaric coun­ tries to the north of the Italian peninsula, end Christianity was unheard of at time the Ancient the of Hevada were worshiping the sun, shaping graceful urns, Em­ bellished with colored geometric designs, weaving rugs of feathers, wool and fur, cul­ tivating corn and squash, spinning threads of silk, msde from a then common desert shrub. They were wearing tunics, after the fashion of early Greece, living in orderly, well-planned cities, end writing history. The anthjropologists and acbheologists in charge of the excavat'on work, with whom I had some correspondence, say that the "Lost City" wet, eight miles in width and miles in length. When we take into consideration that Casper, 55 a city of about 20,CXX) population, is less than thiree miles square, we can mofc fully realise what a large �city thie “Pueblo Grande" must have been. In unearthing this ancient metropolis, strata upon strata were found, denoting a certain well-defined period in the ancient civili­ sation of America, The vanished race was identified as the Pueblo Indians, giants in stattiire, the many skeletons which were found measuring more than seven feet in height. Not only were the Pu^jIqs large in stature, but the well-established houses, with their dosens of rooms, the corrugated and painted pottery, the carved shell jewelry, the fine furnishings of their dwellings, the txxrquoise end other precious atones, their intric­ ately carved altars of stone, the weaving of silks, the cultivating of corn and veget­ ables, all would indicate that they were a race of intelligent and industrious people. The planning of the city, with its large buildings encircling a common center, with a ceremonial fire-place in the center, would show that the prehistoric Pueblo;; were wor­ shipers of a god—probably sun worshipers, and that they had a knowledge of astrony. But another matter of no small interest concerning this ancient city and its people is the fact that some distance to the north of the main thoroughfare of the city there was unearthed three immenoe triangles, laid out, themselves in a triangle, end among numerous rock-writings that were found there were many understandable picture-writ- sniong which were geometric designs of squsrey, triangles, ings spirals end oir0 U.S fillet cles, all of which were depicted by these Indians 5oime. years ago. The archeologists claim that these rock-writings show the characteristics of five distinct knovm races: The Maya, Toltec, Chinese, Egyptian and Pueblo. yaiat became of these people is a mystery. Like the pygmy cliff dwellers of the south, they vanished. One theory explaining their extinction, according to the scien - tists, is the progressivey^up of the country. The inhabitants could no longer got suf­ ficient water tc raise their crops, and they perished; the winds of the desert eroded their dwellings, weeds grew in their gardens, temples caved in, and the relentless desert sand drifted in and covered the whole city, buiying all evidence of a once great race, and keeping the secret locked in the depths for centuries. Such were the ravages of time end the elements. But even if we do not know whence these people came, wo have learned much of their history from the rook-writings and their unearthed dwellings, where, 900 rooms were grouped under one roof.... in one instance, �The "Cliff Dwellers" is a term applied to designate the houses in the cliffs of the arid jregion which were occupied by a race of Indians now extincfefe The plateau country of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Utah abounds in natural recesses and shallow cav­ erns weathered in the feces of the cliffs, not from choice, but because of the en­ croachment of war-like tribes, who were non-agricultural, and having no established place of abode. Many of these cliff sites were near streems and fields, and were occu­ pied because they afforded shelter and were natural dwelling places. The area in which the cliff-dwellings occur is practically co-extensive with that in which ere now found traces of town buildings and relics attributable to the Pueblo tribes. The most noteworthy of these groups of built cv.ellings are found in the canyons of the Mesa Verde in Colorado. Many of these places of abode are capable of accommodat­ not merely single households, but communities of considerable size. ing shelters the buildings are much diversified in plan end elevation, MmH, In the larger owing to irreg­ ularities in the conformation of the floor and walls. The first floor was the rock sur­ face, or, if that was uneven, of ol^ or flagstones, and the upper floors were constructed of polesj^et in the masonry, after projecting through the walls and overlaid with similar poles and willows, fin5.8hed above with adobe cement. The doonvays were small and SQarith. The lintels were stone slabs, or consisted of e number of sticks or small timbers. Win­ dows, or outlook aperatures, were numerous fnd generally small. The antiquity of the cliff-dwellings can only be surmised. That many of th^jwere occupied in comparatively recent times is apparent from their excellent state of pres ervation, but their greet numbers and the extent of the work aoocxaplislied suggest very considerable antiquity. Just when the occupancy of the cliffs began, whether 500 or 5,000 years ego, must remain a question. Some archeologists have reported the occurennce of ancient stone houses overwhelmed end destroyed by flows of leva, and have inferred greet age from this. Intimately associated with these cliff-dwellings, and situated in the plateaus immediately above or at the base of the cliffs below, are ruins of pueblos in every way identical with the pueblos in the open country. « ♦ • Now, during the remainder of my time let us glimpse of prehistoric Wyoming, as has been made by discoveries by reputable scientists: The rem ins of reptilian, fish, mamal and plant life alike are preserved in geolog- �Icel fonnt'tions that hold no rival for palentological research, end they are so recog­ nised by authorities. In southern and southeRstern Wyoming dinosaur graveyards have given up hundreds of specimens. Among recent discoveries v.as the five-toed horse which roamed in that part of the country known as the Big Horn Basifc country a hundred million years ago. Near Chugwater, in the southeastern area, a fossil camel was uncovered. It was found intact in river deposited sands end was removed to the Wyoming University. In the Jackson Hole country there was found a fossil member of the deer family, said to have been exposed to erosion of the shale in which it was embedded. The fish beds of southeastern ’joining are distinctive, the town of Fossil taking its nsme from the deposit. Here are found many remains of marine life, including fish, snakes and birds. Coming down to petrified forests, those of the Yellowstone National Perk are the most f&moue of the area, although another exists about seventy miles south of Casper, off the road to Medicine Bow, w’here the trunks of trees litter a large area. The petrified trees of the Yellov/stone are of different species than those which are growing there today. They include a broad-leaved species, including leural, sycamore end oak. In some places ,, scientists have distinguished a succession of forests, twelve in number, and one abOHe the other, representing as many repititions of the volcanic process that petrified them oyer a period covering many thousands of years, hhen one forest grew it was covered and petrified, then another grew above until it was also covered and petrified.... Independence Pock, covering an area of twenty-five acres, west from Casper, fiyv. fifty-three miles south­ is said by geologists to have ccme down to its present location, in a great sheet of ice about 200,000 years ago. Its formation is different from the other rooks in that immediate vicinity which came down in the several glacial periods. Iftriae of the same character may be seen at the end of the Pathfinder dam. This old rock is an rich b'l si of 14.0.1 ii-iie.res't outstanding landmark of the Oregon Trail daysj^as well as being of prehistoric signif­ icance. Up to the present time we have been dealing with conditions as they existed from 2,000 to 200,000 years ago. Now let us go back to about 150,000,000 years ego, when that part of the covmtry known as Wyoming was inhabited by dinosaurs, a Miocene genus of elephant-like mammals. Or, in plain English language, a huge, slab-sided creature, weighing from fifteen to twenty tons, and measuring frcsn fifty to sixty feet in length. �- 8 They hed whip—like necks, 6% the end of which web a ridiculously small Bead, containing a small brain. They floated, swam end fed in the waters with unhurried languor, end were sluggish, cold-blooded creatures. The olimte Vv^as tropical. The country was a flat land, rich in vegetation, and dotted by countless shallow lakes, swamps and rivers. Pines, bananas and figs covered the uplands. Thick, heavy grass grew along the banks, and rank vegetation thrived in o r Soj the TOters. After a million yearsMother Nature slowly changed the setting of the stage The lakes dried up, and the swamps vanished. The naKjHlw» dinosaurs become more and more concentrated as they were pushed together in huge herds by the drying-up process. They were water animals, and the disappearance of water was their death sentence. They could not migrate becadse of their great bulk. Some starved to death, others were stranded in the mire, while others in their frenzied rush to escape destruction, struggled to solid land only to be killed by the fleeh-eating monsters that skulked around the pools lived high for a time on the remains of the hapless sauropod.. .. Thus Jd presented^ only a glimpse of looming and the Great Northwest country, which is borne out by discoveries of petrified skeletons in all parts of the country. The remains of reptilian, fish, mamal and plant life are also preserved in geological for­ ever metions, that hold no rival for paleontological research in this^Changing World. �-------------------- --------------------------------------- 5TATE OF WYOMING Agricultural mb tndiislridl Production M Miscellaneous Statistical Report This compilation is a revision of statistical reports on Wyo. ming previously released under a project developed by Governor Hunt when Secretary of State. The original and subsequent reports met with such favor and the demand for them was so large that we have prepared this up-to-date pamphlet .as a continuation of this service to the State. Additional copies are available at the Governor’s Office. �COUNTY General Election Vote 1946 Passenger and Truck Registration 1946 Miles State Highway Area Square Miles County Seat Elevation Taxable Valuation 1947 Tons of Coal 1946 Barrels of OU 1946 Albany 7 4,450 5 5,955 7 218 8 4,399 2 7,165 5 $ 25,587,516 Big Horn 8 3,784 10 4,021 4 239 12 3,110 22 3,870 10 $ 17,192,086 12 369 Campbell 15 1,988 18 1,871 8 216 7 4,761 17 4,544 16 $ 10,497,307 5 179,455 Carbon 5 4,834 8 5,051 2 333 3 8,007 4 6,755 4 $ 33,736,752 3 1,080,479 8 1,835,293 Converse 14 2,300 13 2,231 17 137 11 4,133 13 4,815 13 $ 14,106,124 7 14,034 9 520,103 Crook 18 1,811 21 1,641 12 171 13 2,866 14 4,750 $ Tremont 6 4,637 6 5,085 1 373 2 9,225 9 5,357 8 $ 19,479,591 Goshen 11 3,168 9 4,788 15 150 20 2,186 20 4,104 9 $ 18,614,939 Hot Springs 19 1,729 20 1,796 22 89 23 2,025 19 4,326 $ 17 9,434,259 6 73,413 Johnson 17 1,847 19 1,831 13 170 10 4,164 16 4,645 $ 18 7,878,419 9 5,856 Laramie 1 11,617 1 14,192 11 183 15 2,678 8 6,062 2 $ 39,238,835 Lincoln 10 3,364 12 2,673 5 239 9 4,227 3 6,927 14 $ 13,648,217 Natrona 2 8,417 2 9,816 6 220 4 5,322 10 5,123 3 $ 37,815,593 Niobrara 21 1,545 16 1,954 16 140 16 2,664 12 5,015 12 $ 14,541,234 3 4,731,245 Park 9 3,605 7 5,073 9 200 5 5,175 11 5,018 6 $ 25,215,294 1 10,347,334 Platte 13 2,482 11 2,917 18 137 21 2,125' 15 4,733 15 $ 13,544,935 Sheridan 4 5,867 3 7,011 10 187 17 2,574 23 3,745 7 $ 23,734,139 Sublette 22 1,044 23 969 14 166 6 4,959 1 7,175 $ Sweetwater 3 7,512 4 6,647 3 316 1 10,495 6 6,271 1 $ 47,841,436 Teton 23 830 22 1,030 21 109 14 2,795 7 6,209 $ Uinta 12 2,635 14 2,181 20 120 22 2,094 5 6,748 11 $ 15,963,669 Washakie 16 1,918 15 2,043 23 86 19 2,241 21 4,061 $ Weston 20 1,702 17 1,930 19 127 18 2,403 18 4,334 $ 83,086 92,706 4,326 94,628 Total 11 283,624 5 3,538,118 21 6,935,535 8 7,806 4 4,003,138 6 2,722,405 General School Aid 1946 School Equalization 1946 17 3,988 5 $ 17,900 2 $ 47,732 12 $ 10,720 9 $ 13,603 $ 11 $ 12,016 4 $ 20,328 $ 13 9,050 19 3,405 $ 17 5,062 5 $ 31,565 $ 16 5,360 3 $ 47,193 $ 15 8,110 1 $ 59,286 11 $ 10,848 $ $ 22 947 $ 22 1,462 $ 20 2,354 $ 23 487 15 14,385 10 $ 13,164 1 $ 45,911 4 389,934 13 86,165 7 $ 24,684 7 $ 15,369 11 388 2 4,947,223 2 1,330,954 22 5,720,559 10 358,758 1 4,538,617 7 2,308,459 2 $ 39,518 4 $ 32,239 $ 19 2,924 16 5,730 8 $ 14,911 13 $ 10,580 9 $ 13,297 8 $ 20,658 3 $23,797 $ 12 $ 10,581 $ 21 1,868 $ 15 6,962 6 $ 16,547 $ 14 9,096 $ 16 5,607 $ 18 3,713 10 $ 11,346 20 7,414,436 14 15,775 $ 21 1,759 $ 14 8,479 19 7,783,903 12 129,617 6 $ 25,958 $ 18 3,968 35,847,249 $387,213 $289,455 23 3,308,814 $419,233,592 13 99 10 2,564 7,623,968 20 2,193 �lame & Fish Fees 1946 AU OatUe Preliminary 1-1-47 Stock Sheep Preliminary 1-1-47 Hogs & Pigs Preliminary 1-1-47 Dairy Gattie Preliminary 1-1-47 Horses Mules Preliminary Preliminary 1-1-47 1-1-47 Tons Sugar Beets 1946 Crop Tons AU Hay 1946 Crop Bushels AU Wheat 1946 Crop Bushels of Oats 1946 Crop 7 67,400 23 1,500 9*? . 10,500 8 65,400 13 54,500 1 504,300 5 $ 40,005 10 55,300 13 70,000 20 600 11 1,900 8 4,700 9 60 15 $ 12,897 17 28,300 10 80,000 3 6,400 5 5,400 12 4,000 16 10 > 11,339 1 80,600 8 113,000 11 2,800 22 500 6 5,400 17 10 15 36,500 5 514,000 5 354,200 7 5 34,942 6 59,400 1 308,000 18 700 12 1,900 3 6,600 3 90 1 99,500 11 62,100 16 86,400 19 1 9,987 4 61,300 5 152,000 12 1,700 14 1,500 9 4,600 11 40 12 46,400 14 53,400 15 98,400 1 20 9,697 7 59,400 17 58,000 7 5,400 8 3,200 7 5,200 8 60 11 50,800 4 608,500 6 353,800 3 5 41,183 12 49,100 6 133,000 6 6,000 2 6,900 1 7,300 6 70 7 20,236 4 85,900 8 103,600 3 484,200 15,369 5 60,400 18 51,000 2 8,300 3 6,000 11 4,200 1 140 1 171,079 9 55,500 1 1,337,200 7 270,000 I 99 II 6,569 18 26,000 19 51,000 14 1,300 17 1,200 21 2,400 14 20 11 1,228 20 28,400 16 16,200 19 72,000 i (114,040 8 58,500 4 165,000 8 3,500 15 1,500 10 4,500 18 10 12 1,172 13 41,700 9 80,100 13 129,700 1 89,916 9 57,400 14 63,000 1 8,700 4J00 13 4,000 13 30 8 9,802 17 35,200 2 925,100 2 487,500 1 9 1} 30,791 19 24,600 7 116,000 10 3,000 1 7,200 14 3,700 15 20 2 97,600 15 51,000 14 100,800 4 $ 40,858 16 36,700 2 295,000 23 300 23 500 15 3,700 5 80 21 21,100 22 3,000 22 21,000 9^ fl 2,474 11 50,600 11 76,000 16 900 16 1,400 16 3,300 20 10 19 29,600 12 56,100 9 189,000 6 138,073 15 41,500 15 62,000 5 6,200 6 4,600 5 5,600 2 120 6 20,364 6 69,700 10 72,300 4 418,600 16 fl 11,791 14 44,200 21 31,000 9 3,300 10 2,800 17 3,100 7 70 4 36,921 14 40,800 3 849,900 10 183,600 J 8 ^| 34,252 2 70,300 20 47,000 4 6,400 4 • 5,600 4 5,800 10 40 5 24,619 5 80,400 6 407,300 8 ( 259,200 11 122,521 3 67,800 16 62,000 21 400 21 600 2 6,900 12 30 3 95,600 20 4,200 21 23,200 10 =126,630 23 8,100 3 234,000 17 800 18 900 19 2,500 23 16,700 21 3,100 17 78,000 2 -} 83,673 22 14,100 23 6,000 22 300 20 700 23 1,400 16 35,300 19 10,300 18 72,600 13 114,045 20 21,600 12 76,000 19 600 9 3,100 20 2,500 19 10 10 53,400 18 11,500 20 30,800 18 =110,601 21 21,000 9 92,000 15 1,000 13 1,700 22 2,000 4 80 3 58,679 18 35,100 17 15,500 12 133,200 ; 21 ^1 9,608 13 46,800 22 29,000 13 1,400 19 800 18 2,600 10 1,333 22 18,000 7 247,600 11 153,000 ■1611,269 1,043,000 2,370,000 70,000 64,000 96,000 420,363 1,206,000 5,488,000 4,514,000 i 1,000 2 72,592 9 2,338 �Bushels of Barley 946 Crop Bushels of Corn 1946 Crop 23 6,000 Bushels of Potatoes 1946 Crop 100 Ib. Bags Edible Beans 1946 Crop 21 3,500 Bushels of Rye 1946 Crop Sales & Use Tax Collections 10-1-46 to 9-30-47 Population County Assess­ ors Estimate 1947 6 $ 11,793,806 6 $ 315,072 6 16,000 5 $ 13,726,638 17 240 10 $ 162,302 10 12,928* $ 12 6,190,520 $ 10 5,771,936 $ 17 5,022,074 $ 16 3,532,280 11 24,500 12 18,000 12 Lll,000 4 148,500 18 7,700 5 4,380 $ 17 75,925 17 6,100 16 9,900 10 1,800 7 $ 248,249 9 14,500 15 58,000 Total Non-Bank Savings Bonds October, 1947 18 140 4 348,300 2 340,800 Total Bank Deposits October, 1947 6 $ 12,008,797 5 $ 12,988,066 16 58,000 8 32,400 7 37,000 9 2,400 6 3,900 $ 15 84,486 13 8,700 $ 13 5,796,585 $ 14 4,265,557 8 !37,500 6 52,700 14 13,300 13 400 4 5,270 $ 22 36,782 21 5,550 $ 19 3,299,547 $ 21 2,052,668 5 !75,200 7 44,200 3 360,400 4 210,000 16 500 8 $ 217,006 5 20,000 $ 9 8,434,805 $ 8 6,924,841 1 >53,600 3 158,400 1 1,196,800 3 271,900 3 13,600 g $ 170,029 7 16,000 $ 8 8,438,902 $ 11 5,001,474 11 20,800 15 6,200 15 11,200 8 4,400 19 120 $ 16 77,056 18 6,098 $ 20 3,219,326 $ 20 2,625,610 13 09,600 13 14,000 8 34,200 11 500 8 2,660 $ 20 63,644 19 5,995 $ 16 5,023,787 $ 15 3,745,330 9 36,500 1 322,300 2 432,300 6 14,400 2 21,500 2 $ 805,865 1 37,500 1 $ 35,220,248 19 7,300 11 1,500 13 $ 110,389 11 10,564 $ 13 1,400 1 $ 815,828 2 35,400 2 $ 32,613,704 19 67,040 16 6,400 $ 21 2,405,283 $ 19 2,832,198 2 64,600 14 5,767,472 1 $ 42,159,979 $ 9 5,830,214 22 9,000 16 3,500 22 2,200 18 35,100 10 30,600 10 22,300 12 500 1 29,140 6 51,300 14 10,500 4 165,600 1 367,100 15 660 4 $ 355,946 8 15,000 $ 7 9,905,430 $ 7 7,910,118 7 39,200 2 168,500 9 23,100 7 14,400 7 3,400 14 $ 110,002 12 8,854 $ 15 5,529,440 $ 13 4,385,848 3 57,200 12 21,400 6 50,400 10 700 12 1,450 5 $ 346,642 3 28,000 23 27,849 23 2,336 4 22,500 $ 21 13,000 23 2,000 20 31,500 11 19,300 3 $ 400,682 19 32,300 5 52,000 $ 14 62,000 17 9,600 10 25,400 9 31,500 13 14,400 17 54,900 5 ' 52,800 20 5,500 90,000 1,122,000 2,498,000 $ 6 77,500 1,305,000 21 54,568 4 $ 17,320,185 $ 23 1,416,642 3 $ 20,109,859 2 $ 28,056,458 4 $ 15,201,478 $ 23 1,413,976 3 $ 17,520,991 22 2,500* $ 22 2,323,693 $ 22 1,788,659 11 $ 113,113 15 7,471 $ 10 7,395,543 $ 12 4,783,363 14 840 12 $ 112,629 14 7,500 $ 11 6,799,856 $ 18 2,859,381 9 2,500 $ 18 69,305 20 5,650 $ 19 4,008,098 $ 17 3,110,099 95,000 $5,202,806* ♦Includes $362,397 col* lected out-state 301,546 *1940 Federal Census $221,976,434 $196,554,330 �* I CASPER TRIBUNE-HErIlD USTRIAL EDITION—1926 » PAGE 15 LD OREGON TRAIL HISTORY HOLDS LIVE INSPIRATION Historic Landmarks Included in Markings Authorized by State Carried Out in Late Years; Fort Caspar Site Made Park ueiit eerected near ScattsKebecca Burdick, who died on the old Oregon trail. lued from Page Fourteen.) the Trails. The commislad a number of granite made, to be set up on the ton Trail. Three of these were furnished to Natrona and the first one to be set erected alongside the Alcova tout eighteen miles southm Casper, in 1917. This site marker, which was selected toard of county commissionfrom twelve to fifteen miles from the Old Oregon Trail, was said to be near the Trail, passing from the iter country into the Bates Inuntry. In 1920, this marker ren up and moved by the tf county commissioners at tigation of the author, who sirous of having the marker per creek, where the Old Oregon Trail crosses the Yellowstone High­ way, and it was dedicated and un­ veiled in the forenoon of Jidy 5, 1920. In addition to this being a marker for the Old Trail, it also is a monument commemorating the death of Lieut. Caspar W. Collins, who was killed by the Indians in this vi­ cinity on July 26, 1865. The unveil­ ing and dedication services of this marker 'W’ere also conducted bjj' the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Prayer was offered by Rev. P. K. Edwards, and an address was made by John C. Friend of Rawlins, who was -a tele­ graph operator at Sweetwater sta-" tion in June, 1865, when the battle of Platte Bridge Station occurred and who was one of a party of thirty sent from that station to Platte Bridge to restring telegraph wires which the Indians had cut. After Mr. Friend’s address the marker was unveiled by Mrs. Tom Cooper, regent of the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and presented to the state in the name of Port Caspar chapter, the Oregon Trail Commis­ sion and Natrona County. Miss Hebard, who unveiled the marker at Independence Rofe the day before, was the principal speak­ er for this occasion. She vividly outlined the course of the Oregon Trail from Fort Laramie to the Platte Bridge Station, the name of this post later being changed to Fort Caspar; from this point she de­ scribed the course of the Trail to the Sweetwater and then westward to South Pass. She said the Indians con­ tested the white man’s progress as far as South Pass, and soldiers were stationed along the Trail at Laramie, Platte Bridge, Sweetwater Station and South Pass to protect travelers and keep up the telegraph lines. She presented an Interesting description of the old military post, first called “The Mormon Ferry,” then “Platte Bridge Station,” and later given the name of Fort Caspar, and then she Another of these markers had been presented a minute description of the It was taken to Independence Rock, fifty-five miles southwest of Casper, where it was set up in a cement base, and on July 4, 1920, it was ded­ icated and unveiled, the ceremonies being under the auspices of Fort ■Caspar Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, with Mrs. Byrant B. Brooks, state regent, pre­ siding, and Miss Grace Raymond Hebard, state historian for the chap­ ter and secretary of the Oregon Trail commission, unveiling the marker. Several hundred people were present at the ceremonies, many of whom were there to attend a special communication of the Ma­ sonic order which was held on top of the historic rock, commemorative of the first meeting of Freemasons, which was held in this territory, and which was opened and closed in form. The date of this meeting was July 4, 1862, and there were about twenty Masonic members present who were on their way to the "Ore­ gon Country” in emigrant trains, and they had stopped here to rest and refresh" themselves. The unveiling ceremonies of this marker were unostentatious, but nevertheless very impressive. At 11:30 a. m., the assemblage was call­ ed together and all bowed reverently and repeated the Lord’s Prayer. Then the national hymn, “America,” was sung in unison, and as the sol­ emn strains of the anthem rose up­ on the summer breeze, old echoes from this historic rock were awak­ ened to mingle in perfect cadence with the majestic measures. P. G. Burnett, of Fort Washakie, who made his first visit to this spot in 1865, addressed the assemblage, af­ ter which Miss Hebard removed the American flag from about the gran­ ite marker and in the name of the State of Wyoming presented it to the people as a permanent monu­ ment of the first highway from east to west that brought civilization to the great Oregon Country. accomplished, and on March 20, 1925, Mr, and Mrs. Thomas Mills executed a deed to the Natrona County Historical society for a tract of land 100 feet wide covering the approach of the old bridge and connecting with the land occupied by the old fort which was purchased by the city of Casper. It is the in­ tention, as soon as convenient, to have a replica of the old bridge constructed across the river, and the piers built on the same site that they were in 1858-9. When this is done it will give the people of Cas­ per a six mile circular drive to Mills, over the bridge, through the fort site, past the cits' pumping plant along the river, then connecting with the Alcova highway and back to Casper through the Standard ad­ dition, one of the most modern ad­ ditions to the city, where a great many beautiful residence have been erected. --------- e Other markers on the Old Trail In Natrona county are of stone slabs and boulders, as nature built them. A large boulder, weighing many tons, located at the Tom Sun ranch, in the Sweetwater country, near Devil’s Gate, has an appro­ priate description chiseled upon it, another on Independence Rock and another at Split Rock. At the lo­ cation of the “Three Crossings” stage and telegraph station, in Fre­ mont county, which was main­ tained by the government in the *60’s, chiseled on the face of a large gianite bluff is the inscription “Oregon and California Trail, 1843-9, 1914.” Fremont, Lincoln and Sub­ lette counties have erected a num­ ber of markers similar to those in Natrona county. There are nu­ merous other markers on the Old Trail in Wyoming, erected by the Erected on the site of old Fort Cas­ par on land to be made part of a memorial park. Oregon Trail commissioners, one of which is located on the boundary line of Nebraska and Wyoming. This monument is in an alfalfa field on the south side of the North Platte river, near the village of Henry, Neb. The Old Trail at this point has long since been abandoned and a new road established, and a “finder” or “lead” stone has been erected on the now main highway, and near the “finder” there is a gate in the fence surrounding the alfalfa field leading to the boundary marker. It was near this marker that Robert Stuart and his six com­ panions camped for several months (Continued on Pa.ge Twenty-two.) We Are Not Waiting for Business to Pick Up—We Are-Picking Up the Business! �as intended it should battle where Lfeutenaril* Carpar W. be. Casper, a short distance from Cas- Collins, with six of his men, were killed by the Indians and the massa­ cre of Sergeant Custard and his seventeen men, ExGovernor Bryant B, Brooks closed the services with a short address. In which he mentioned the heroism of Lieutenant Collin.s and the value of his life as an example, and while the speakers were painting word pictures of that long ago day, so vivid that the hearers could al­ most see the 3,000 Indian warriors skirting the skyline, modern travel­ ers in their automobiles with their tents and camp outfits strapped to the running boards swept by on the highway. ’S TO SERVE YOU OUR MOTTO IS QUALITY WORK ^ackardSix Packard Eight k the Man Who Owns One NOW SHOWING The Popular lUPMOBILE 6 and 8 WE INVITE YOUR INSPECTION E E. MANSFIELD, Inc South David St. Phone 346 Fifty-seven years after Its aban­ donment by the government and destruction by the Indians, and long-since obllterate'd by the sweep­ ing winds, the barren spot upon which Fort Caspar was located, the last marker furnished Natrona county by the Wyoming Oregon Trail commission, was erected by the county commissioners and the unveiling and dedication ceremonies of the monument were held under the auspices of the Lions club of Casper, assisted by the Rotary and Kiwanis clubs, the Charnber of Commerce and the Boy Scouts at 5 o’clock in the evening on October 1, 1924. Dr. M. C. Keith, president of the Lions club, presided at the ceremonies and Robert S. Ellison, president of the Chamber of Com­ merce, gave a history of the old fort and told of the part It had in the protection of the emigrants and described the battle of the small number of soldiers had with 3.000 Indians when Caspar W, Collins . and six of his men were killed and the massacre of the seventeen men with Sergeant Custard a few miles further to the west. William B. Cobb of the Kiwanis club followed Mr. Ellison with a short address, and at the conclusion of the cere-, monies a select detachment of the Boy Scouts, under the direction of Frank B. Taylor, removed! the American flag from the monument, while Mrs. Berta Smith san| the state song, “Wyoming.” ’ And thus the site of Port Cas­ par, after which the city of Casper, Casper mounta'in and Casper creek were named, wa.s definitely marked. It may be said in passing that after more than twenty-five years of effort on the part of a few citi­ zens of Casper to have the city of Casper acquire title to this tract of land, that It might be used for park and other public purposes, in the spring of 1925 the matter wa-s . We are not only a friend of the housewife but a friend of the entire family. Why? Because when services she is not tired and weary of the labors of wash day. She has a smile for every member of the family, and has more time to devote to the little ones. Even has a sm.ile for dad. Dad is a friend of ours because we do his full dress shirts and collars in a manner that pleases him. _ If you aie not familiar with our different services give us a call and we will have our representative call on you and explain Our Finish, Flat, Rough Dry, Dry Wash and Wet Wash Services We also have one-day special service. We use soft water only—and we employ nothing but the most efficient help and have the most modern and up-sto-date equipment. CDwALMCe TROY LAUNDRY CO. 326 NORTH DURBIN PHONES 1672—1673 Our Drivers Pass Your Door. �A ' jrarcFB TO , • - r, s 1 CASPER TRIBUNE-HERAW INDUSTRIAL EDITION^l DUDE RANCHING STILL IN INFANCY BUT IS GROWING .FAS Outdoor Recreation In Heart of Wilds Holds Many Thrills iT^OR sundry decades the, immigrant trains Inched westward to Cali­ fornia and Utah and Oregon and their bronzed pilots regarded Wyo­ ming merely as a segment of thoroughfare and never as a poten­ tial abode, with rich resources that demanded only diligence and persev­ erance for the reaping. When at last huddles of log buildings began to sprout in coulee and creek bot. tom as the nuclei of an empire of sheep and cattle, other decades I>assed before some Inquisitive soul chanced to probe beneath the sage­ brush af bunchgrass and unleashed J- the green-black reservoirs of power which lay couchant in subterranean sands. And the sequence of dis­ covery had not yet been exhausted. Only in the last few years has there been a consistent effort to cultivate and reap Wyoming's most magnifi­ cent crop of all—her scenery. Dude ranching, youngest and lust­ iest of Western industries, simmers down to just that—selling scenery. That term comprises, of course, a host of things—^fishing and hunt­ ing, camping, mastery of the rudi­ ments of horsemanship and wood­ craft—every novelty of outdoor life which yields a new thrill to jaded city appetites and warms asthmatic and swimming pools, select comI>any. For ruggeder tastes there are pack trips deep into the tene. brous recesses of primitive forests, sturdy fare prepared over an open fire, dreamless sleep beneath the stars," the thrill of undiscovered beauty waiting around every crook of the trail, the zest of conquest in outgaming mighty cutthroat of rain­ bow trout in their native waters. So in many parts of Wyoming ranches that found the fortunes of stockraising too hazardous and unprofi^ble have turned to farming the rich and inexhaustible and un­ profitable resources of natural beauty and the glamour which the mere word “West” conveys to East­ erners. The cowpuncher who found his profession slowly growing ob­ solete before the influx of nesters has become a dude wrangler. And if riding herd on tenderfeet is often fully as ticklish as valeting a bunch of temperamental “dogies,” the re­ wards are far more generous and certain. Industray in Infancy. Dude ranching had its inception and has reached its greatest perfec­ tion in three principal sections—• bling loghouse mothering a covey of cabins, a corail full of well broken saddle and pacTc horses, a staff of personable young men endowed at once with a knowledge of the .technique of outdoor life and a tolerant understanding of the idiosyncracies of men and women— given these three and you have a dude ranch. The raw materials are to be found almost anywhere in the state. And publicity is largely taken care of gratutlously by the movies and the horde of fiction writers who have Wyoming sym- Hayden Forest Turns To Livestock Grazing For, Major Revenues By JAMES BLACKHALL. Supervisor, Hayden National Forest he Hayden National Forest is situated in southern Wyoming. It lies along the continental divide, just north of the Colorado line, in Carbon county. A small portion of the forest (72,000 acres) on the Encampment and Big Creek water­ heads is In Jackson county, Colo­ rado. The waters of the west side of the forest drain into Little Snake river; the east side drains into the North Platte river. The forest has a gross area of 437,542 acres, and the elevation runs from 7,000 to 11,000 feet. It contains some beau­ tiful tracts of lodgepole pine and Englerqan spruce timber, but at the present time no timber 4a being cut except for local use, due to lack of Jackson Hole, a valley flanked on transportation facilities. one .side bv the maiestlc Tetons, on Grazing of live-stock et the nrea-' bolic with adventure and romance throughout the world. Highways Are Boon. ' A. farsighted program of road building has made every part of the state readily and comfortably accessible for tourist travel. The great arteries of t ranseontlnental traffic throb through the heart of the state—the Lincoln highway, the Yellowstone highway, the Rocky Mountain highway, the Atlantic-Yel­ lowstone-Pacific highway, the Blackand Yellow trail. Four great rail­ road systems serve it—the Union Pacific, the Chicago & Northwest­ ern, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. And for all that Wyoming Is amazingly unspoiled. Nowhere else within the borders of the United States can the visitor find natural beauty so fresh and unsullied. No. where else can he so easily escape the drone of motors and the bark of voices &.nd lose himself in the mighty solitudes, of mesa and tim­ berland. Nowhere else can he re­ capture so perfectly the ancient glamour of the frontier and live so thoroughly the simpler, sturdier life of his pioneer fathers. ■So history Is repeatng itself. the appetite. The dude ranch’ testify that transients tend to yf to an established clientele. On tn guest roster are names famous i every field, society, art, polity finance. Year after year MS Roberts Rinehart had spent 1 summers In Wyoming and do much of her work here. Winter Guests Next. Hitherto dude ranching, lnde( has been a seasonal profession, B already indications are plentiful th within a decade it will handle wi ter guests almost, if not aa n merous, as those who now se refuge from the torrid Easte climate. Already shrewd perso are laying plans to make Wyomli Where once the tourist caravan streaked throug as heedlessly as the covered wagon trains a half century ago, with no thought but to cut short the distance separating coast from coast, more and more it is breaking up to explore the fresh beauties that lie off the beaten track. And a taste merely whets a haven for winter sports fans. is as accessible aS Banff In Cana( or Truckee in California: it hi every facility of Ski-ing, tobogga; ing, ice sports. The weather is invigorating b never unduly arduous. The American St. Moritz, som one has suggested. Well, why no T �city appetites and warms asthmatic bosoms with the forgotten joy that comes of contact with fundamentals. Accommodations Suit Taste. A dude, in short, is a seeker of outdoor recreation and dude ranch­ ing is the process of providing It for him in whatever state of dilution or concentration he prefers. For the softer ^reed there are all the com­ forts of home with none of its re. sponsibillties; all the luxuries of the finest resort hotel—a perfect cuisine, golf links and tennis courts one side by the majestic Tetons, on the other by the towering Gros Ventre range and offering scenic marvels no whit inferior to the Alps and far more virgin and untram­ meled; the region around Cody and adjacent to the eastern entrance to Tellowstone park, and the Big Horn range west of Sheridan and Buffalo. But the industry is in its Infancy and the recognition of its possibili­ ties is spreading rapidly to other sections of the state, A mountain and a stream or lake, a big, ram- The Kistler Tent and Awning Co Tents* Awnings Camp Supplies Decorations FAIRNESS ALWAYS IN BUSINESS TO STAY Auto Supplies Auto Tops Tire Repairing The Kistler Tent and Awning Co. 617-619 East Second St. Phone 2065 L. D. Branson Service AUTHORIZED UNITED MOTORS SERVICE STATION Headquarters for Grazing of livestock at the pres­ ent time constitutes the major use, and 100,000 sheep and 7,000 cattle are grazed on this forest during the summer months. The forest is a The Lee Doud Motor Co. DISTRIBUTORS Willys-Overland Fine Motor Cars very important one from a grazing standpoint, as it contains the last stretch of timber land along the continental divide for many miles. North bf the forest, the divide con­ sists of a high sage brush plateau, sloping off into unwatered desert range, on which sheep are grazed during the winter months. Be­ cause of the Hayden’s proximity to these winter ranges, its summer forage has always been in great de­ mand for sheep. It also supplies summer range for cattle that are winter^ in the Platte valley and in Snake river. Recreational Advantages. The Hayden offers many desirable camping places, most of them at present accessible only by horse or on foot. There is a good system of trails horseback travel, but auto roads bre lacking at present, althouglt a highway crossing the di­ vide Battle and connecting the Snake river and Platte river val­ leys iSj HOW under construction. Ex­ BETTY’S Beauty Parlor Wyoming’s Largest A DOZEN OPERATORS at Your Service STRICT PRIVACY Ladies’ and Children’s Hair Bobbing Parlor DELCO—KLAXON—REMY A. C. SPEEDOMETERS MARCEL With Bob Curl $1.00 Use Genuine Parts Only! Delco Light Farm Lighting Plants Zenith Carburetors—dumb Switches MAIL ORDERS Given Prompt Attention D. Branson Service 615 East Second St. PHILCO BATTERIES Phone 383 Phone 1700 424 West Yellowstone cellent trout fishing Is to be had in antr of the many streams and lakes tn the forest. The public may camp and fish anywhere within the forest, provided the state game laws are ob^rved and care is taken with camp jlires. Only one fire occurred in this for­ est dtirtng-.the season just passed. This itas caused by lightning and was extinguished by a ti-ail creW be­ fore any damage was done. ..... A complete line of Marinello Beauty Products ‘displayed in a beautiful showcase. PHONE PHONE FOR APPOINTMENT 707 707 Betty’s Beauty Parlor TRIBUNE BUILDING PHONE 707 �INDUSTRIAL EDITION--192<; i SCHOOL ENROLLMENT Markers and Memorials Along Old Oregon Trail Link Present With Pioneer Past (Continued from Page Fifteen.) In the winter of 1812, after being driven out by the Indians, from their cabin which they had built on the Platte river in the Bessemer Bend, about twelve miles west of Casper, where they had intended to remain during the winter. The ex­ act site of this cabin has never been established, but it was somewhere on the 07 ranch, and the Natrona County Pioneer Association and the Natrona County Historical society hold their picnics there each sum­ mer. The Stuart cabin was the first cabin built in the territory w’hlch now comprises the state of Wyo­ ming. A large marker has been erected at Port Laramie, at a point where the Old Trail entered the fort. John Hunton and Joseph "Wilde donated this monument, which is built of concrete, and is fourteen feet high, and the stateof Wyoming furnished the tablet, built of stone two feet square, which is imbedded in the monument. Fort Laramie was undoubtedly the most significant fort on the Oregon Trail, and was the first fort to be established in Wyoming. . One of the regular markers, such as those erected at Port Caspar and Independence Rock, is located on the Old Trail near Torrington. Three of these markers are located in Platte county, one on the divide east of Badger creek, one on the divide between Little Cottonwood creek and the Platte river and one at the site of the old telegraph and stage station, on Horse creek, south­ west of Glendo. Converse county has five of these markers on the Old Trail. One at the junction of the Cheyenne-Fetterman and Port Laramie and Fort Petterman road, one just south of the Wagon Hound, one at the LaPrele school house and one west of the SO ranch, at the junction of the trail and the new highway. A : .larger monument has also been erected in Converse county, five miles ■ west of Douglas, where the Old Trail crosses the road that leads to Fort Pettermam. On the site of Old. Fort Bridger the citizens in that neighborhood erected a large monument in 1915, built of cobblestones set in cement, the pyramid is ten feet in height and seven and one-half feet at the base. The state of Wyoming fur­ nished a bronze tablet for thia monument. Markers at South Pas.s. Two markers are located in South Pass, one of which was placed near Pacific Springs by Ezra Meeker In 1903, and the other was placed by Captain Nickerson of Lander, chairman of the Oregon Trail com­ mission, two miles east of Pacific Springs. The Meeker marker is . a large boulder with the inscription: ‘‘Old Oregon Trail, 1843-57,” and the latter was erected in honor of the two first white women to cross the continental divide, with the follow­ ing inscription: ‘‘Narcissa Prentiss Whitman, Eliza Hart Spalding, First White Women to Cross This Pass. July 4, 1836.” Rebecca Winters Marker. A marker of greater human in­ terest and one in which there is a touching sentiment is located on the Old Oregon Trail and now alongside the Burlington tracks about a mile east of Scottsbluffs.' At the time the engineers were making the survey through this part of the country they came upon a grave in the direct line of the survey. Over the grave was an arch-shaped ■wagon tire, rusted and crusted with time and upon the wagon tire was chiseled these words: ‘‘Rebecca Win­ ters, Aged 50.” “Boys,” said the chief, ‘‘we’ll turn aside; Here, close by tbe trail, her grave shall stay. For she came first to thia desert ■wide; Rebecca Winters holds the rightof-way.” A fence was" built around the grave by the railroad engineers and authorities of the Latter Day Saints (Mormon) church, in Salt Lake City were communicated with, and they had erected over the grave a substantial granite monument, annronriateiv'inscribed. And thii» �appx-opriaieiy inscrioea. Ana thus tlie line of a great railroad was "turned aside” in order that Re­ becca Burdick-Winters, who had started with her people to help sub­ due the wilderness, might lie un­ disturbed in the grave she had oc­ cupied for nearly three-fourths of a century. Hundreds of Markers Along Trail. Through the states of Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon and Washington, extending from In­ dependence, Mo., to Seaside, Ore., and Olympia, Wash., hundreds of these "man-made” markers have been erected along the Old Trail in recent years, but at the time the thousands upon thousands of peo­ ple were on their westward way for the purpose of establishing for themselves a home and to build an empire there were no markers set up along the roadside to guide the travelers, except one at Gardner, Kans., at the junction of the Santa Fe and Oregon Trails. At the forks of these roads there was a sign: "Road to Oregon.” Just three words pointing out the 2,000 mile route, about which hundreds of thousands of pages have since been written describing the adventures, the adversities, the trials and hard­ ships, suffering and death of the thousands who started over this great pathway. Occasionally the emigrants would find the white-bleached skull of a buffalo along the roadside with a message written upon it by those who had gone before; messages and names were also inscribed upon the sandstone and shelf-rock by the wayside, but the God-made markers, such as Scottsbluffs, Emigrant Gap, Iron Creek Pass, Independence Rock, Devil’s Gate, Split Rock, South Pass, and others, were the only guides for the weary travelers, but no other signs were needed, for the wheels of ths wagons and the hoofs of the beasts and the foot­ steps of the pioneers had worn a pathway along the 2,000-mile route several feet deep and many yards wide. To remain on the trail was the least of their dangers and troubles. An extended description of the "God-made Markers On the Old Oregon Trail” Is being written by the author, which will be published In series by an Eastern magazine, after which the story will bo printed In book form. �CASPER TRIBUNE-HERALD PAGE 14 INDUSTRIAL EDITION—1! MARKERS AND MEMORIALS LINK PRESENT WITH THE PAS Memorial Shaft to Trail Blazers Near Northwestern Station Is Re­ sult of Movement Launched by Women Pioneers in 1907 Pioneer shaft erected near NorthWestern station to commemorate trail-blazers of west. By ALFRED J. MOKLEB O the men and women of the Natrona County Pioneer Asso­ ciation belong the credit for the first movement that resulted in the erec­ tion of a marker, or monument, that would endure in Natrona county to appropriately mark and thereby per­ petuate to memory the old Oregon Trail that passed through where the City of Casper is now situated, and ■where some of the most substantial business blocks are located. Some people are wont to give Ezra Meeker the distinction of conceiving the idea of the erection of these monuments on the Old Trail, and perhaps he is T there he would go to Washington, the National Capital, and advocate the passage of a bill through Con­ gress for an appropriation of $30,000 to assist in defraying the expenses of erecting these markers. The bill, however, failed to pass. At the meeting in the old town hall in 1907, the ladies of the* Na­ trona County Pioneer Association were favorably impressed with the idea of having a monument erected in the town of Cagper, and they im­ mediately set to work to raise funds for the purchase and erection of a shaft that would not only be a credit to the Old Trail and the town of Casper, but one that would always reflect favorably upon this worthy organization. The money was not raised by popular subscriptions and “drives,” that are so numerous nowa-days, but it'was actually earned by the ladies, who gave entertainments and dinners and sold articles of fancy work which were made by them. They worked two years be­ fore they had sufficient funds to warrant the ordering of the memor­ ial, which would cost about $1,500, exclusive of the cost of the freight upon the stone from Indiana and the cost of its erection, both of which were donated by the Chicago & Northwestern Railway company. The ground upon which the shaft is erected, in the center of the small park directly north of the railway company’s passenger station, was also given without charge. The shaft was erected during the sum­ mer of 1914. Rev. Hutt of the Episcopal church, and the ceremonies were concluded by the unveiling of the monument by Miss Irma Patton. This “Pioneer Monument,” as it deservedly should be named, is an obelisk twenty-six feet in height from the top of its base, the bottom of which is four feet square and ta­ pers to thirty inches square within two feet of the top, where it termi­ nates a four-square point. The shaft .is in three sections, and is matte 4rom Indiana limestone. The base the monument is also in three Actions, each of which is eigh­ teen wChea in height, the first being sixteen feet square, the second twelve feet arcl the third eight feet square, there being a two-foot offset from each iff the sections of the base. Addiii the freight, the cost of the erectj^i, the chiseling of the inscrip­ tions fend the setting of the bronze tablet, all of which cost no less than $3,000, this is probably one of the most elaborate and expensive monu­ ments on the Old Oregon Trail. The Inscription on the South side of the shaft is as follows. Pioneer Monument Erected on the Site of the Old Oregon Trail In Memory of the Pioneers Who Blazed the Way. Built by Natrona County Pioneer Association 1849 1911 The date on the monument, 1849, would indicate that the Oregon Trail Fort Caspar in the Days of the Platte Bridge Battle the establishment of such an im­ portant military post as Fort Caspar, and it is even more regrettable that the date on the tablet should be al­ lowed to remain unchanged, and thus mislead those who are not familiar with the facts. The word “about," in the third line from the top, is equal to an acknowledgement that it is not known when the post was es­ tablished. But by referring to the records in the War Department it will be seen that “on July 29, 1858, Companies D and E, Fourth Artil­ lery, Captain Joseph Roberts, Cap­ tain G. W. Getty, being a part of the second column of the Utah ex­ pedition, occupied this point (Mor­ mon Ferry) for the purpose of keep­ ing open the communication with Salt Lake City and to aid in the prompt forwarding of supplies.” A bridge was built across the river here during the winter of 1858-59 by Louis Guinard and the name of the post was then changed to Platte Bridge Station, and on March 23, 1859, an order was issued from the War Department to “abandon the post at Platte Bridge.” The troops were withdrawn on April 20, of that year. No more troops were sta­ tioned here until May, 1862, when it was again occupied by volunteer troops who were serving as escort for emigrants and the protection of the telegraph line. November 21, 1865, Major General Pope ordered that: “The military post situated at Platte Bridge, between Deer and Rock creeks, on the Platte river, will be hereafter known as Fort Cas­ par, io. bouor oC Lieut. Caspar, 11th par, in honor of Lieut. Caspar Col­ lins, 11th Ohio cavalry, who last his life while gallantly attacking a su­ perior force of Indiana at that place." The post was abandoned on Octo­ ber 19, 1867, and the Indians imme­ diately set fire to the buildings and the bridge. The Wyoming state authorities who furnished the copy for the tab­ let are to be congratulated upon Marker erected by D. A. B. spot where Lieutenant Caspar Uns, for whom Casper was nai was kiUed in defense of a w! train, having the date of the abandonn of the post correct. The site of the old fort is miles west from the monument, stead of one, as stated upon tablet. During the session of the twc legislature of the State of Wyom In 1913, a bill was enacted provi< lor the appropriate marking of Old Oregon Trail, and historic li marks in the State of Wyoming, the establishment of an Oregon 1 Commission, consisting of tl members. An appropriation $2,500 was made at the time the became a law, to purchase appro ate markers, and it was provl that the several counties in wl the markers were placed should I the expense of setting them up. the subsequent sessions of the s: legislature $500 was appropriatet be expended by the commlssior (Continued on Page Fifteen.; IllllllllllllillllllllllilllllUllllllllllillillllllllllllllllllltllllllllllltliillUIIIIWIIIItllllU^ �I bflJi I BOTTLING WORKS I CASPER, WYO. PHONE 136 I I entitled to that honor, for he passed over the Old Trail in a prairie schooner, drawn by an ox team, in the summer of 1907, advocating the marking of the Trail that he first passed over in 1852. A meeting was held in the old town hall of Casper at that time, to which the public was invited, and it was at this meeting that Mr. Meeker told of his plans of traveling over the Old Trail from the “Oregon Country’’ to the site of the old town of Independence, Missouri, and from It was more than six years after the movement was started to raise the funds for the purchase of the monument that -the unveiling cere­ monies were held, which was on November 20, 1914, under the aus­ pices of the Natrona County Pion­ eer Association and the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Devolution. At these ceremonies an address was made by ex-Governor Bryant B, Brooks; students from the Natrona County High School sang ‘‘America;’’ prayer was offered by ANNOUNCING TALBERT OFFICE APPLIANCE CO. 109 S. Center Casper Phone 502 Which will conduct the business begun by W. L. ' Talbert a little over a year ago. AUTHORIZED SALES AND SERVICE for Kardex All-Steel Office Furniture L. C. Smith Error-No Corona Copy Holders Remingten Portable Multistamp Shipman-Ward Bates Numbering Machines Rebuilt Underwoods SUPPLIES RENTALS REPAIRS Sundstrand Adding Machine Line was established at that time. This is misleading. From 1840 to 1843, a decided flow of emigrants from the east traveled over the Oregon Trail from Independence, Missouri, to the Columbia river, and thus into the "Oregon Country.” American set­ tlers became so numerous in this part of the country that the United States actually laid claim to this re­ gion, and after quarreling over It several years, final settlement was made in 1846 between America and England, with definite boundaries be­ tween the United States and Canada. The Oregon territory was formed In 1848, therefore it is conclusive that the date on the monument is mis­ leading, Why this date was en­ graved upon the shaft, the writer cannot explain, unless those who had the matter in charge took it toe granted that the Trail was estab­ lished at the time of the “gold rush” to California, forgetting all about the flow of emigrantion to the “Oregon Country” for nine years previous. The figure “9” should be changed to tions, who, no doubt, will be deeply interested in these historical facta, may not accuse the Pioneers of thia ago of being too careless with the recording of facts and dates. A tgonze tablet imbedded In the monUBoent on the east side bears this inscription: Fort Caspar U. S. Military Post Established About 1864 For Volunteers A^ndoned October 19, 186T ' ' Shunted One Mile West' of This Spot Marked by the State of Wyoming 1914, It I^ very regrettable that the stat© authorities who had th© re­ sponsibility of furnishing th© copy for tbi© tablet displayed such care­ lessness, or Ignorance, in regard to Pure Fruit Flavored Beverages IN BOTTLES ‘'Oatt Ltt* ftr ef Strvft^ CASPER BATTERY CO. Factory Representatives VESTA BATTERIES GABRIEL SNUBBERS NORTHEAST ELECTRIC SYSTEMS EISEMANN MAGNETOS K. W. MAGNETOS PUROLATORS WICO IGNITERS Storage Battery and Electrical Repairing E, R. EARNSHAW, Prop. 119 E. Fifth St CASPER, WYO. Phone GO'* �j I i' Know Your Wyoming doming is a mountainsgroup state. It is bounded on the north by Montana, on the the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado and Utah, and on the west by Utah, Idaho and Montana. It is a lofty region, its mean elevation being about 6,000 feet--a broad plateau traversed by the Rocky mountains, the highest point of which is Mount Gannett, the state is varied. 13,785 feet. The topography of Its waters flow in all directions; drainage by the Green river to the southwest, by the Yel- and Snake rivers lowstaone/to the northwest, by the Big Horn to the north, and by the North Platte, Sweetwater end Laramie rivers to southeast. ^'*one of these rivers a^e navigable. The climate is that of the rarefied air of high elevations, and is salutary, with moderate winters and pleasant summers. The moisture precipitation is low, being at about twelve inches mean annually. The soil, almost in its entirety, requires irrigation, and there are more than 5,000 miles of ditches in the state. The crops include corn, wheat, oats, potatoes hay, alfalfa, and there is a considerable amount of fruit. No state in the Union produces a sugar beet with a higher sugar content, and the avearge yield of the beets is 13.5 tons an acre. The production of certified potatoes is ex­ tensive. Great mineral resources, clude coal, petroleum, gold, not fully developed, silver, in­ iron and copper. Since the days of the cattle kings, Wyoming has been rec- �(2) ognized as one of the greatest of livestock states. More tha’^00,000 head of fine beef catt^le and 4,000,000 head of sheep end lambs graze on, the open rang^^d ranches. The wool clip is of great value. The chief industries are petroleum refining, coal mining, lumber and timber prod­ ucts, bakery products, and dairying is important in a num­ ber of sections of the state. The population, according to the 1940 census, was 250,742, an increase of 25,177 over the 1930 census. Four cities in the state have a pop­ ulation of over 10,000, Casper, with 17,964; Cheyenne, 22,474; Laramie, 10,627; Sheridan, 10,529. Rock Springs is just under the 10,000 mark, with a population of 9,827. In the last decade the state’s urban population increased 33,5 perkent. Urban areas are towns of 2,500 or more. The urban population was 93,577; rural population, 157,165. There are twenty-three counties in the state, seventeen of which showed an increase and six a decrease in their population during the past ten years. o 0 o �Agriculture is the basic industry of United States. The happiness and prosperity of the American farmer is the happiness and prosperity of all other classes of citizenry. In analyzing the trend of events at Washington, D. C. from month to month, Our Observer covers a wide field. He does not confine himself to a strictly agricultural survey but delves into those things that are of interest to the farmer as they concern American citizens in general. —Editor THE CmZB>{. Washington, D. C., May 1, 1940 Economy Eorces Lose In a Spectacular Battle THE economy-minded Congress was short lived. With the constant pounding of pressure groups, representatives were com­ pelled to relent in their efforts to save money to the taxpayer. Expenditures for national defense found little opposition because of the war situa­ tion in Europe. Farm groups succeeded in adding to appropriations in more than one instance. Relief has faced a tempestuous sea, one of the most threatening of the storms produced by the White House re­ quest to be permitted to spend all the money within a span of eight months, which would bring the spending within the presidential campaign era. The one serious problem that is yet to be faced is how and where will be found the funds with which to provide the staggering appropriations. Torn between a conflict of heart and mind, fear that the limitation of the national debt may be overreached weighs almost as heavily with the repre­ sentatives as does their determination to avoid new taxes in an election year. • • • World Market About Lost To Cattle From United States JN Wyoming, the Stock Growers Association publishes a bulletin of information to its MAT. 1940 members. It carries the well chosen title of “Cow Country” and has wide distribution throughout the country. In a recent issue of this bulletin, appears a statement that should attract the atten­ tion of all classes of citizenry. “South of the Equator,” runs the state­ ment, “steers are selling at $3.92 and the ships go out of those ports with the weight of a billion and a half pounds of beet for the European and Asiatic trade. American beef went to sea in the same way fifty years ago. “But, last year. United States imported 80 million pounds of canned beef from South America and Australia and 3 million pounds of fresh and cured beef from Canada. United States beef exports found only 2 per cent of the world’s trade in meat. “The average American’s beef appetite has dropped from 75 to less than 50 pounds. “This is what the American cattlemen and their 75 million beeves face in the future.” And in spite of the decline, loss of mar­ kets, and, the paralyzing of the stock rais­ ing industry in Wyoming, it is now proposed by Secretary of Interior to convert much of the remaining fertile acres of Wyoming farm land into park and public domain. Wallace Admits Mistake Farmers Have Been Losers In Government Spending Spree pE reversal of form in government spend­ ing exhibited by Henry W. Wallace, Sec­ retary of Agriculture, has aroused consid­ erable speculation in Washington adminis­ tration circles. Wallace pointed out, in a statement, “that the Farm Credit Administration, which adopted a liberal lending policy in 1933 and 1934 to ‘save the farmer’ actually succeed­ ed in saving the ‘bankers and insurance (Continued on Page 22) Page T^ineteen �A fish pole, white water tumbling down from the melting snows, those hard fighting mountain trout . . . . what a life I And what a vacation! A couple of pretty dudines are looking at the mighty Tetons from across Jenny Lake. This Year is Wyoming’s GOLDEN WYOMING—The twenty-fourth state of the Union will be fifty years old this year and those cow-hands plan a real birthday party . . . Colorful Pageants, Celebra­ tions, Festivals! e e e e e Its majestic mountain scenery Its unexampled fishing and hunting Its world-famous dude ranches Its parks and playgrounds and rodeos Its sheep and cattle and elk and ante­ lope • Its hospitable people—no more friendly anywhere • Its roads—one of the finest systems in the nation, with paved highways leading to all points Page Twenty THIS YEAR—1940, Wyoming will attract travel from all parts of the country, in greater numbers than usual—the GOLDEN JUBILEE will be a magnet drawing thousands who have been shut off from foreign countries because of war . , . All the superlatives of a Hollywood movie studio would not do full justice to Wyoming. Amongst its many and varied attractions are: • YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, one oi the world's most popular resorts—its great geysers, waterfalls, wildlife, high coloration of deep can­ yons, have attracted world-wide interest. • GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARE, within the boundaries of the state, is in the Grand Teton range, the most beautiful mountain range in Amer­ ica—the center of the famous Jackson Hole country. • DEVIL S TOWER, in northeastern Wyoming, an awe-inspiring spectacle of nature—the first na­ tional monument to be created. THE CITIZEN �Devil s Tower, rising 865 feet above the surrounding terrain, is a mighty monument to the work of Mothe* Nature. This first national monument to be created is located in northeastern Wyoming. Lower Falls of the Yellowstone drops twice the distance of Niagara Falls and holds you spellbound as you watch Yellowstone River tumble into the Grand Canon. JUBILEE of the Wonder State On a lake in the high mountain reaches near Pine­ dale, Wyoming, where the solitude brings you close to nature ond causes you to ponder over its great­ ness. —Photo by C. C. Feltner. • OLD FORT LARAMIE NATIONAL MONUMENT, with its romantic history of the early west. There are many other places to see and enjoy and things to do in the delightful summer climate of Wyoming: RANCH LIFE retains much of the early-day flavor of the old west . . . many eastern­ ers enjoy it at the famous dude ranches FRONTIER DAYS in the old cow-town of Cheyenne, is a colorful event and rightfully described as the "daddy of 'em alll" .... then there is the SHERI­ DAN RODEO—the old west at its bestl WYOMING has great, undeveloped resources. Its steady growth will continue under our demo­ cratic system of government .... here, the Old Timer is still an individualist .... one of the last frontiers of old-fashioned Americanism. Wyoming is intensely loyal to these United States of America. MAT, 1940 For information, please write STATE BOARD OF INDUSTRY 4 COMMERCE Capitol Bldg., Cheyenne, Wyoming Page Twenty-one �I THE AMERICAN FARM I (Continued from Page 19) | ---------------------------------------------------------- | companies. The farmers were left with debts they can never pay.” Mr. Wallace admits that he is “now try­ ing to rectify the earlier mistake by re­ amortizing loans and giving borrowers longer periods in which to pay.” Most of the dependable farm leaders ques­ tion whether this new program will offer any relief from an already unfortunate situation. “Farmers are finding that it is just as unpleasant to be wiped out by gov­ ernment in 1940 as it would have been to be wiped out by a bank in 1934,” commented one farm leader. American Farmers May Regain Allied Markets As Result German Invasion concerted drive on the part of farm groups to induce the Washington ad­ ministration to re-open markets in Great Britain and France is under way. Leaders insist that the German invasion of Norway and Denmark has shut off one of the prin­ cipal sources of supply to the Allied nations and that United States should benefit as a result. Up to the present, allied purchases in United States have been largely confined to aircraft and war material and equipment. This has been, in a large sense, responsible for much of the stagnation in the industrial and agricultural fields. Anticipated war purchases did not materialize as far as the American farmer is concerned. Step Follows Step Agreements Supercede Treaties—And So On! ^HE reciprocal trade agreements delegate to the Secretary of States the power to fix customs duties or tariff rates on imports covered in the agreements. Senator O’Mahoney, Wyoming, suggests that if it is all right to do this, then, there is nothing to prevent Congress delegating to Secretary of the Treasury authority to fix income tax rates. Constitution of United States provides that all bills for the raising of revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives. Secretary of State contends that the “agree­ Page Twenty'two ments” are not “treaties,” and therefore exempt from the demands of the Constitu­ tion. In the case of the agreement with Columbia, one clause provides that the “agreement” shall supercede all treaties. Farm Benefits Do Not Go To Nation’s Farmers But To Banks and Insurance Cos. ^ADMINISTRATION statistics show that the largest payments under the program of farm benefits have not gone to farmers at all. The biggest single beneficiary in 1937 was Metropolitan Life Insurance Com­ pany whose checks totalled $257,000. In­ surance companies and banks, drew down the largest payments. Foreclosure of mort­ gage gave them this advantageous position. According to the record, approximately 3,750,000 of the 6,000,000 farmers of the country participated in the government’s 1937 program. The average payment should have been $75.00 per farmer. But more than 20,000 farmers received payments in excess of $1,000 while the vast majority will b' found in the brackets of less than $50 per capita. To be exact, there were 1,182,387 farmers who received between $20 and $40 each. Many New Frontiers Before American People If Research Is Employed gIXTY per cent of all the units manufac­ tured in United States are made in six per cent of the nation’s area. Decentraliza­ tion of industry, combined with a plan of honest co-operation between business and government, would mean fuller development of the remaining ninety-four per cent of the country’s area. It requires research in the agricultural field, the industrial field, the commercial. Research brought us the automobile, the radio, electricity and countless other facil­ ities with which Americans are endowed. The futunre use of farm products for the benefit of industry offers a field of wide research. The story of the soy bean offers a typical case of what can be done. Engineering principles should be applied to United States. More prosperous farmers and happy, contented workers in the in­ dustrial world would be one of the results. THE CITIZEN �INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT WYOMING The Wyoming State flo'^er is the Indian Pgint JBrush. The Wyoming State bird is the meadow lark. Tba^inpiilatinn of Wyoming is 240,000r Thc-Staie is 36S miles long and 2/0 miles wide With an area of 62,430,720 acrea^ Wyoming has thirteen State institutions. Wyoming has nearly 2,000 miles of railroad. Ninety-eight per cent of the population of Wyoming is white. Wyoming has 8,500,000 acres of forest land. Wyorning-has-e©Bi«-ef-the-wofl41».greaiest-h«t-sp«Bgs. Wyoming has rivers flowing into the Missouri, the Columbia, and the Gulf of California. Wyorning ranks first in known coal reserves, second in annual wool produc­ tion and third in known oil shale deposits. Wyoming was the first State to have a woman governor. Wvomiae-wnH ndmifti-d nr. .n Rtatp July 10, 48P0. In 1869 Wyoming granted political suffrage to women and was the firsvState to do so. Wyoming territory was created from portions of Utah, Dakota and Idaho ter­ ritories in 1868. 183^’’® settlement in Wyoming was established at Fort Laramie in RIVERS IK WYOMING^ BadLwater, Belle Eourche, Big Horn, Cheyenne, Fall, Gray’s, Gros Ventre, Hoback, Laramie, Lewis, KlecLicine Bow, North Platte, Popo Agie, Powder, Shoshone, Snake, Sweetwal^er, Tongue, Wind, Yellowstone. WYO^II-NG LEALS IN BIG Wyoming leads all other Spates in big game re* -sources. All the varieties of game, including elk, ^eer, moose, mountain sheep, antelope, black, brown and grizzly bear, and many smaller animals are found within the--S^ate. �The Midwest Review Published Monthly by the Department of Industrial Relations and Distributed Free to the Midwest Family Issued Under Authority of the Midwest Refining Company Address All Communications to The Midwest Review, Post office Box 1075 Casper, Wyoming Volume VI August, 1925 Number 8 One of Wyoming’s Worthiest Projects The Annual State Fair at Douglas is the Clearing House through which the State’s Varied and Wonderful Resources are Exhibited to the World. By D. W. Greenburg All great commonwealths recognize the need and necessity for continuous educa­ tion of its people towards development of its latent and potential resources. This was recognized by the constructive citi­ zens of Wyoming many years ago. In 1901 a State Industrial Conference was held at Laramie to devise ways and means to stimulate the commercial and industrial growth of the state. It was attended by our leading citizens and out of its delib­ erations came a well defined program which included the gathering of a diversi­ fied exhibit of the State’s resources for display at the St. Louis World’s Fair and for annual exhibitions at various points in the State. The Wyoming State Fair becomes of age this year. It was 21 years ago that it was given life by the Wyoming State Legislature which made a modest appro­ priation for the founding and mainten­ ance of the institution. The State Indus­ trial Exposition was the forerunner of the State Fair. This exposition, the first which made any pretense of being a State­ wide show, was held at Sheridan in 1903 and was sufficiently successful to be held the following year in Casper. Following the Casper show a strong sentiment de­ veloped for a permanent State Fair and Douglas at once entered the field as a can­ didate for the location of the Fair. At the 1905 session of the Legislature, a bill was introduced appropriating mon­ ey for the establishment of the Fair, with the location at Douglas. The sentiment for the bill was by no means unanimous and the measure met with much opposi­ tion. Other towns wished to be consider­ ed for location and some of the legisla­ tors were in favor of putting the fair on wheels, giving every section of the State a chance at it. The Converse County delegation, at that time consisting of Ly­ man Cooper, who was speaker of the house, J. T. Williams, the representative in the senate, and John Morton of Doug­ las and Thomas Bell of Lusk, house repre­ sentatives, were able to get the bill through. The bill called for an appro­ priation of $10,000 to acquire land, erect buildings, and pay the premiums and ex­ penses of the Fair for the two year period. The Board of Trustees, to be appointed by the Governor, was to be in charge of the Fair. Governor Brooks named as members of this board Dr. Mortimore Jesurun, M. R. Collins, of Lusk, E. J. Bell of Laramie, H. L. Patten of Casper, and Alex McDonald of Sheridan. The board held its first meeting on April 5, 1905 and organized. There were two vacancies among the original appointments, those of Dr. Jesurun and H. L. Patten. These vacancies were filled by the appointment of Dr. J. M. Wilson of Douglas and A. E. Campbell of Glendo. The board organized and elected Dr. Wilson as president, A. E. Campbell as treasurer and M. R. Col­ lins as secretary. There was much doubt of the possibility of the Pair being a success that year, as the board had but $10,000 for the two year period and with this it must secure the land, erect the buildings and pay the premiums and expenses of running the fair for two years. The people of Doug­ las signified their willingness to guarantee the Fair and the Board proceeded to make �2 THE MIDWEST REVIEW its plans for the 1905 Fair. Practically is happily qualified to carry on this work. all of the appropriation of $10,000 was Undoubtedly the Pair this year will excel expended in the preliminary work and it all previous efforts. In the handling of was necessary for the people of Douglas details of the Pair a local board composed to subscribe the money necessary for the of leading citizens of Douglas work in running of the Pair. The dates were fixed harmony and cooperation with the Secre­ for October 3, 4, 5 and 6. tary. The board consists of James Wil­ A race track was constructed with a lox, Jr., LaBonte; Roy 0. Westley, Lara­ modest grand stand; an Art Hall was mie ; W. J. Dalton, Dr. J. R. Hylton, J. built and the town of Douglas built an Jeff Scott, Mrs. W. B. Musch, Vera S. Agricultural Hall. Considering the hand­ Trumper, J. L. Carmin and Frank T. Cum­ icaps and the short time for preparation, mings, all of Douglas. the Fair was wonderfully successful. The It is an interesting fact that last year date was late and the Pair management and the previous year the Pair weathered was anxious as to the possibilities of a through without going to the State Legis­ spell of winter weather, but fortunately lature without a deficit, probably the first the week was exceptionally warm. The time in the history of the organization, Pair managers worked without compen­ and at the last session $40,000 was appro­ sation. However, a good show was staged priated for handling the Pair on a twowith fine racing and sports, a large con­ year basis. This will not be ample to pro­ tingent of soldiers of the regular army vide for any new buildings which are helping greatly with their military man­ sadly needed because the Pair is growing euvers. There was a splendid agricultural to greater proportions, however, with con­ exhibit from the several counties of the servative management it is expected the State. The attendance was good and sum provided will meet all expenses. there was never any doubt after the first Something worthy of note in connection Pair had been held that the institution with the development of the State Pair was a necessary one and a permanent one. is the interest taken by both the North­ Prom 1905 to 1920 the Pair has been western and Burlington railroad systems, under the direct management of a State each taking a keen interest in the Pair Pair Board, the members being appointed and its success. The Northwestern rail­ by the Governor. The first president was road, recognizing the true worth of the Dr. J. M. Wilson and his successors were State Pair, donated to its perpetual use E. T. David of Douglas, K. D. Carey of a large tract of land at Douglas for Pair Caryhurst, J. M. Flynn of Douglas, Luther grounds. This valuable property will Freeman of LaBonte, Russell Thorp of eventually pass into the hands of the State Lusk, W. C. Irvine of Ross, Dr. B. P. for this purpose provided a Pair shall be Davis of Cheyenne, and Joseph Garst of held each successive year for 25 years. Douglas. In 1921 the management of The donation was made in 1913. Failure the Pair was given by the Legisla­ to hold a State Pair in any single year ture to the State Board of Charities will automatically revert the land back and Reform. This board controlled for to the original owner. two years, after which it was made a The citizens of Douglas take no small part of the Department of Agriculture. pride in the success of the Pair each year At the present time A. D. Paville, Com­ and in addition to providing entertain­ missioner of Agriculture, has supervision ment for the visitors, show that courteous of the State Pair, the active management and friendly spirit toward the visitor that being in the hands of Thomas P. Doyle, always has such a wholesome and lasting named secretary of the Pair this year. effect. No effort will be made here to Commissioner Paville has the coopera­ go into detail concerning the virtues of tion of the University Extension and Ag­ Douglas and Converse County because of ricultural College departments in perfect­ the intention at some future time to make ing details for the Fair and this year has Converse County a special feature of the devoted much time towards arranging for Midwest Review. In connection with the extended exhibits and educational pro­ Pair the City of Douglas furnishes to the grams. Mr. Doyle is a newspaperman and Pair ground the free water and does many �THE MIDWEST REVIEW state Fair 9/ic SULc 3air building '05 3 �THE MIDWEST REVIEW other things to relieve the Pair of a great burden of expense. Before leaving the subject of Pair man­ agement, the State Board of Agriculture, of which A. D. Paville is the Commission­ er and active head, composed of promi­ nent men in several sections of the State, has an important part in giving stability and permanence to the State Pair. The Board is composed of Governor Nellie T. Ross and J. A. Hill, Dean and Director of the College of Agriculture and Experi­ ment Station, Laramie, as ex-officio mem­ bers; Loraine Rollins of Lyman, presi­ dent; Paul Dupertuis of Lingle, vice pres­ ident; Herbert E. Sabin, of Node; Doug­ las B. Sparks, of Buffalo; and John Hen­ dricks, of Powell. The Pair has grown since 1905. The fine brick building. Agricultural Hall, has been erected. The steel grandstand has supplanted the wooden affair of 21 years ago. The Art Hall has been enlarged and remodeled. A fine exhibit pavilion for horses, cattle and sheep has been erected and the institution today is equipped to care for the wants of the exhibitors in a much different manner from the days of the first Pair. The Agricultural hall which was donated by the citizens of Douglas is still in use for other purposes. One of the chief needs for the Pair today is another building, modern and of ample proportions, to care for the increasing de­ mands of growing Wyoming. The Wyoming State Pair is primarily an exposition showing Wyoming’s re­ sources, indicating the progress which has been made in agriculture, livestock and industry. It is a revelation to those unacquainted with the State to visit Agri­ cultural Hall, which is crowded to its cap­ acity with agricultural exhibits from every part of the State. Prom the irri­ gated sections come every variety of fruit, grains and vegetables. Prom the vast empire of the Big Horn Basin, from Pre­ mont and from Platte, Goshen, Sheridan and Converse come exhibits which would be a source of pride at any State Pair. Prom the dry land sections come a sur­ prising lot of grains and vegetables in­ dicating the possibilities of Wyoming’s dry farm lands. The cattle and sheep exhibitions at the State Pair have for many years been com­ posed of the best representatives of the popular breeds. While cattle and sheep have long predominated, in recent years the swine department has made wonderful growth and this department this year will show that the raising of swine has grown to be a great industry. A new departure this year will be the exhibits of feeder stock. Livestock grow­ ers of Wyoming are beginning to realize that much of the profit of raising stock goes to Nebraska and Colorado feeders, and it is planned to utilize the abundant feed from Wyoming ranches for the feed­ ing of Wyoming stock. To encourage the exhibit of this class of stock and to edu­ cate the growers as to the financial ad­ vantage offered in this industry, former Governor Robert D. Carey, a former presi­ dent of the State Pair, has offered a regis­ tered Hereford Bull as first prize in this department. Governor Carey has always taken an active interest in the success of the Pair and is a leader in educating the farmer and livestock man of the State in better methods. Mr. Charles J. Hauf of Glendo, a prominent Shorthorn breeder, offers a registered Shorthorn Bull as first prize in the Shorthorn Class. The Wyom­ ing State Pair adds $60 and $30 as second and third prizes in each class. One of the interesting exhibits at the Pair this year will be that of the United States Agricultural Department. This ex­ hibit pertains to things in which Wyoming is interested, such as the care of range cattle and sheep, the rodent control and numerous features which will both inter­ est and instruct. The Extension Department of the State University has always been a great aid to the Pair. It has been of exceptional educational value bringing to the farmer and stockgrower all that is new and prac­ tical. Daily demonstrations are given with lectures by experts so that the knowl­ edge gained by study and research may be imparted to those who need it. Of late years more attention has been paid to industrial exhibits of the Pair and this year promises to excel all previous years experience. One of the chief indus­ tries of Wyoming, the oil industry, will be represented by the Midwest Refining Com­ pany, Ohio Oil Company, and the Texas Company, who will contribute exhibits �THE MIDWEST REVIEW 5 �6 THE MIDWEST REVIEW which show the vast range and impor­ tance to the State of this industry. The Great Western Sugar Company of Wor­ land will have an exhibit showing what the growing of sugar beets means to Wyo­ ming farmers. Many other industries of Wyoming have secured space in the In­ dustrial building, showing that the State is depending more than ever upon its own manufacturers. The Boys and Girls Club Work has proved an interesting feature of the Fair. They come in force; dormitories are pro­ vided for the girls and the boys camp on the grounds. The special prizes which are provided in the Club work are of value; demonstrations are given daily by the young people; judging contests are held and it is the aim of the management to make the Fair a school for spreading knowledge to the farm and the home. The State spelling contest arouses each year as much interest as any one feature of the Fair. Practically every county in the State has its representative in the con­ test. The Wyoming State Tribune has offered prizes in the sum of $100 in this contest, which is under the supervision of the State Educational Department. Many years ago the Old Timers’ Asso­ ciation was formed, and since its incep­ tion, it has been a valuable and interest­ ing feature of the Pair. In conjunction with the State Historical Society, a meet­ ing is held each year, with a program of exceptional merit and interest. Much his­ tory of the State has been procured from those gatherings of men and women who participated in the events that have made history. The Old Timers look forward each year to the time when they can meet their pioneer friends from all over the State. John Hunton of Old Fort Laramie fame and Malcolm Campbell of Casper have never missed a Fair. They have been residents of AVyoming for 60 years and participated actively in the building of the State. Realizing that visitors to the Fair must be entertained, a program of amusements has been arranged, which will appeal to all tastes. The rodeo is still a strong fea­ ture of the program. It will be under the direction of Mr. J. L. Carmin and the best riders in the country and the worst buckers of the west will be present. The Fourth United States Cavalry, under the command of Colonel Latrobe, will be camped on the grounds. The soldiers will participate in the daily programs and the regimental band, one of the best in the service, will be one of the musical organi­ zations present at the Pair. Two other bands will furnish music during the entire four days of the Pair. A number of free acts, the best from the vaudeville circuits, have been secured. A Midway with a carnival company will add to the interest of the night entertainment. Sat­ urday, as an added attraction, there will be automobile races with some of the best drivers in the State contesting. Chief Yellow Calf and a band of Arapahoe braves will be there to lend a touch of color to the old West. The City of Douglas will be in gala at­ tire for the occasion and there promises to be enough diversity in the city proper during the evening periods to satisfy the most exacting. It is an opportunity this year for all loyal citizens of Wyoming to meet their friends and neighbors at the Annual Fair and to give its support and approval by being present. An informa­ tion bureau is maintained in Douglas for the convenience of Fair visitors. Reserva­ tions for rooms or any other information desired will be provided on application, either in person or by letter. The people of Douglas have always giv­ en the finest cooperation to the manage­ ment of the Pair. They take it as their duty to care for the people who come from outside points and it will be a pleasure for them to make the stay of Fair visitors a pleasant one. Our Cover Designs The three pictures which make up the front cover design for this special State Fair issue of the Review, are made from actual photographs of scenes at the State Fair, held at Douglas. The agricultural products are from one of the county exhibits; the two girls with their cake and bread are Wyom­ ing Girls, members of the Boys and Girls Club, and the third picture is from an actual scene at the Rodeo feature of the Fair. And the little Indian Malden on the back cover is likewise an actual photograph. We feel that the Kistler artist in Denver, who did this work for us, is to be complimented upon the results. We like the effect, and hope our readers will be likewise pleased. �THE MIDWEST REVIEW 7 The First Annual State Fair Back in 1905 Bill Barlow’s Budget at Douglas describes in detail the successful conclusion of the first State Exhibition. By Bill Barlow It was nearly 21 years ago that the First Annual Wyoming State Fair was held at Douglas. In that year of 1905 the fair was held October 3, 4, 5 and 6 and was the occa­ sion for a gathering of many Wyoming citi­ zens at Douglas. Among those who partici­ pated was Governor Bryant B. Brooks and his staff. It will be interesting to our readers to get a slant on the happenings of that week. Bill Barlow’s Budget, in its issue of October 11, 1905, tells the story of the first fair. It is reproduced herewith.—Editor. Well, to begin with, the weather was perfect, as though made to order—bright sunshine, warm, and but little wind. The attendance estimated at about 2500—pos­ sibly a little more than that. Sensational reports of a typhoid fever epidemic said to be raging here unquestionably kept hundreds away, particularly from the south and remote sections of our county. The best of order prevailed, during the entire four days—Chief of Police Proctor, Sheriff Messenger and Marshal Davis are to be congratulated. There was plenty doing each day—uptown, on the grounds each afternoon, and at night a half dozen attractions served to keep everybody amused and entertained according to his or her inclination. The big show was all that. Six coun­ ties were not represented; but will be next time. Fremont, Laramie, Weston, Albany and Converse were at the front, as will be seen by the list of awards else­ where. The agricultural display was as good as down-east ever produced; the livestock show limited but first class; the mineral exhibition calculated to drive the show-me pessimist into his hole. Only five ladies entered in the relay race—Miss Maggie Reid, of Douglas; Mrs. Guy Newell, of Springhill; Mrs. Mott Quest, of Newcastle; Mrs. William Irwin, of Cheyenne and Mrs. Sturgeon, of Cas­ per. Refusal on the part of the committee to permit her to ride two of the horses she had brought here for the purpose and the fact that she was thrown twice the first day, resulted in the withdrawal of Mrs. Irwin; later Mrs. Sturgeon also with­ drew. The race was not decided until the last day, and was won by the Con­ verse county champion, with Mrs. Newell a close second, and Mrs. Quest third. Miss Reid received $375 in cash, the $400 piano given by the city of Douglas, the loving cup given by the Denver Post, one pair of blankets, five pounds of creams, and a handsome cut-glass prize offered by J. J. Steffen and valued at $25. Mrs. Newell received $355 in cash, a pair of blankets and the cream and sugar set given by the Cheyenne Leader. Mrs. Quest received $230 in cash and a set of solid silver tea­ spoons given by the Cheyenne Tribune. In the horse race Douglas won first money in the wet test as the result of an accident to the Cheyenne team—who later won the straightaway by the close mar­ gin of two-fifths of a second. The huband-hub was not run owing to an accident to the Cheyenne cart whereby someone put it out of commission. There has been much controversy over these races, result­ ing in bitter feeling on both sides—that which the Budget refuses to judge. Cer­ tain it is that the Douglas team made every concession asked in the two races run, and should not have broken that record by refusing their visitors the use of their carts in the last contest, regardless of the circumstances attending “accident” to the Cheyenne cart. It is equally true that the abuse of the Douglas team and its cap­ tain appearing in the Cheyenne press is entirely uncalled for and based on mere presumption—of which there is plenty of circumstantial evidence to reply in kind if we were so minded. It goes without saying that much of the success of the races was due to the con­ stant supervision of Commissioner Don­ aldson, who has had much experience in such matters, together with the work of �8 THE MIDWEST REVIEW Governor Bryant B. Brooks (wearing beard and in civilian clothes) with Regimental Staff and Wyoming National Guard officers, in attendance at the first Annual Wyoming State Fair—1905. Messrs. Kay and Bailey, of Sheridan, who officiated as starter and timekeeper. It is rather late, now, to attempt a resume of the horses and purses; but certain it is that it was far and away the greatest race meet in the history of the state. The wonderful performances of “College Maid,” the Laramie guideless wonder, comprised an especially interesting fea­ ture, and the events introduced by the Tenth cavalry were enjoyable. Every­ body pronounced the track one of the best in the west and requiring only slight alteration to make it perfect. The Williams-Mustain fight went twen­ ty rounds without a knock-down, and was awarded to Williams by Referee Hynds. The contest was devoid of brutality, and as handled by Mr. Hynds could have been pulled off in a parlor. The Shoels-Kid lightweight scrap was refereed by Johnny Green, of Cheyenne, and was given to Shoels on the Kid refusing to continue the fight when his claim of a foul had been disallowed. The visit of the Denver chamber of commerce, Friday, was an event long to be remembered. They arrived by special train about 8 a. m. and headed by their own band marched to breakfast and later to Temple hall where Chairman Barrow introduced Governor Brooks and Presi­ dent Wilson in turn, each of whom wel­ comed our guests in such manners as to leave no room for uncertainty as to whether or no they had title to the keys of the state and city. Responses were made by President J. S. Temple of the chamber of commerce. Lieutenant Gov­ ernor Parks, Parson Uzell, Senator Pat­ terson and others, and the meeting closed with an address by our own Senator C. 1). Clark, who came all the way from Evans­ ton to endorse our greeting and to point out to our visitors the importance of go­ ing after the trade of what he character­ ized as an empire yet to be developed. The Denver bunch, among which were “Walt” Davis of the Post and a news representative, spent the day on the grounds and about town, leaving for home that evening. All were pleased, and out­ spoken in their belief that the Colorado & Southern should be extended to Douglas and eventually to the Northern Pacific, and it is certain that their visit will bear fruit along this line in due time. One of the most interesting exhibits on the grounds was the Cyclone irrigation pump, which was installed on the river just below the wagon bridge, and which was visited by hundreds of people. With �THE MIDWEST BETIEM ten horse-power this pump lifted 7,000 gallons of water ten feet, every minute. The stock in this enterprise is owned largely by Casper and Douglas people, who believe that through it the question of irrigating Platt bottom lands has been solved. The game of football Saturday forenoon between Douglas and Chadron teams re­ sulted in a victory for our visitors by a score of fifteen points to nothing. The game of quoits for which a purse of $75 was hung up was witnessed by a large crowd of interested spectators. Mr. George Walkenshaw, of Glenrock, who is the champion of the world, won first on a score of twenty-one, and in the finals for second Noah Young won over John Miller by a score of twenty-one to nineteen. The Militia broke camp Thursday, and the northern boys left for home that af­ ternoon, the balance remaining until next day. The Tenth cavalry, who thanks to Major Read and his staff, contributed so much toward the success of the fair and whose courtesies will be long remembered, set out for Port Robinson Saturday morn­ ing. The State Teachers association, at the close of a very interesting and profitable two-days’ session, elected as officers for the ensuing year, president, C. R. Atkin­ son, of Sheridan; secretary, Miss Effie Cumming, of Casper; treasurer, Miss Alice M. Sampson, of Cheyenne. The joint institute of Converse and Natrona counties was voted a success, and the plans will probably be followed next year again. In connection with the work of these bodies, addresses were made by Governor Brooks, Superintendent Tisdell and Dr. Brown. Resolutions of thanks were passed by unanimous vote, compli­ menting and thanking the retiring offi­ cers of the association, the people of Doug­ las, the speaker, and Rev. Tancock for the use of the church. The livestock sale was something of a disappointment to both the public and the promoters—owing doubtless to the fact that it was the first, and more or less an experiment. Fair prices were realized on what was offered, however. The sale of the Jesurun herd was accomplished by assignee Morton at good figures. 9 Secretary Collins, of the Pair commis­ sion, announced that premiums awarded will be paid just as soon as they can be reached. Several hundred checks must be made out, however, and these sent to Treasurer Campbell at Glendo for signa­ ture, so that it will be ten days probably before they can be mailed to individuals. A Carnival at Midwest Pqr the first time in the history of the Home Camp, a carnival pitched its tents here. The Clark Carnival Company hav­ ing approached the management with a fair proposition, the proceeds to go to the “Yellow Dogs,” Big Boy Scouts of Mid­ west, permission was granted by Vicepresident Ellison, and the company gave an exhibition from July 21 to July 25 in­ clusive. Arrangements were made where­ by coupons were accepted by all the at­ tractions and concessions, a convenience which was appreciated by the employees. The features were good and clean, and the attendance, considering all the counter attractions, was all that could be expected. The carnival company put up a cash guar­ antee of $400.00 in place of the usual per­ centage, but the receipts exceeded the amount that would earn that much com­ mission if figured the usual way, conse­ quently the Big Boy Scouts received as their share an amount in excess of the guarantee. The relations of the carnxval manage­ ment and the representatives of the Boy Scouts were most pleasant, but from the standpoint of the owners erf carnival at­ tractions, two incidents occurred which took some of the joy from their lives. The carnival wrestler was defeated by our local star. Tommy Tomlinson pf Lewis Camp, in 33 minutes, and the forfeit and side bet was paid. The lady rifle expert offered $25.00 to any one who could dup­ licate her feat of shooting two rifles in crossed arms, both scoring a bull’s eye, and one of our crack shots stepped up and demonstrated his ability to claim the money to the satisfaction of every one, except the unfortunate owner of the con­ cession, who wondered how a man of such skill could be working in the oil flelds. She didn’t know we have “well shooters” here. �10 THE MIDWEST REVIEW �14 THE MIDWEST REVIEW Wyoming—Its Meaning, Origin and Application By John E. Bees* The first race of people to occupy the tribes inhabiting the Great Basin while the country which afterwards became known Nahautl included all those inhabiting Mexico as the State of Wyo­ down to and including ming was a member of the valley of Mexico. A Historian Passes the Shoshonean-NaThe Wind River *John E. Rees, hautl family of the country of western the a u t h o r of Amerindoid stock'. this valuable Wyoming is visited by contribution to This family was a continual and prev­ the annals of western history, evolved and developed alent southwest wind was a pioneer of Idaho and a along the Rocky Moun­ from whence it derives high type of tain system as that American citi­ its name'. This windy zen. On June range was formed and condition made the 11, 1927, he sent the accompany ­ grew geologically-. The country bleak in places ing paper to the and produced turbu­ probabilities are very Editor, the friendship be­ lent waters over the great that this was one tween them be­ ing of long lakes and ruffled the of the places where standing, and it streams into falls, human beings first de­ then was the intention of publishing it In The Mid­ veloped on this con­ rapids and swells, a west Review at the first opportunity. Mr. Rees passed away in September condition which the tinent and, perhaps, of 1928, and it is with regret that it has Shoshoni termed the earth’’. There are not been published before this time, so as to have added during his lifetime ‘ ‘ Washakeek ’ ’, mean­ several centers from another of his fine contributions of ing wasters shooting and which the Amerind de­ this nature. Mr. Rees enjoyed a nationwide reputation as an author­ dropping. Por this velop. The center ity on Indian Sign Language and In­ dian Lore, and also was as well versed reason the western part from which the Shoin the history of western America as shonean family de­ of Wyoming is known are many leaders now in that line. He was the author of many historic as “Washakeek’”*. veloped was in the monographs, particularly those relatWind River country'. ing to the origin of the names of The next people to “Oregon,” “Idaho,” and “Utah”, and The artifacts of their take up their abode in with this was completed the fourth, “Wyoming,” now published for the primitive civilization Wyoming w ere the first time. An intensely valuable pub­ have been found in lication for which he was best known “ Shy-en-nah ”, a tribe in his state, was “Idaho, Chronology, western Wyoming on of the Algonquain, the Nomenclature, Bibliography.” Mr. Rees was a native of DuQuoin, Ills., the headwaters of the largest family of In­ born January 17, 1868. With his Yellowstone and in the dians on the North parents he moved to Lemhi County, Idaho In 1877, and aside from a period Bighorn and Wind American continent; when he attended university at Val­ River valleys". Prom paraiso, Indiana, as a student, his en­ the Siouau, being sec­ tire life was spent near Salmon City. this center spread the ond ; Shoshonean, Fo’’ seventeen years he lived at Lemhi Indian agency during which period Comanche, east and third; they occupied Mr. Rees made an exhaustive study south; the Ute, west the greater part of of the western Indians and their ways. He was an attorney, and practiced his and south; the Sho­ eastern Wyoming and profession in his home community; he shoni, west and north; served in the state senate and the after about 1800 began lower house of the Idaho leaislature the Tukuarika, north­ to come in contact with for several terms. Early Western His­ tory was his pastime and he lived to ward; and the Moqui, the Shoshonis of the enjoy that phase of his life. In order southward®. Prom to follow his bent in later years, he western part. The taught history in the Salmon hiah these all other ShoShoshonis called them school. He is survived by a widow shonean tribes were de­ and one son, both now residing in “ P a w k - a -naw-vo ’ California, and to them we now rived. So, at the ad­ meaning painted ar­ acknowledge a deep aopreciation of the privilege of publishina what is vent of man upon the rows in allusion to oerhaps the last monog^'ach of this western continent the nature that Mr. Rees had written. their use of the striped Shoshonean family —EDITOR turkey feather on their constituted all the arrows’. �THE MIDWEST REVIEW 13 �THE MIDWEST BETIEW 15 Qrave5 in Fremonh Count)? oP ti^o Famouj ■' ’ * Indians -* ■< Ijr^ BB ■ ■B OraiPe of SfieajaWen . '"■■■*< ■ Graine of Chief^aihafie ■ ■ While the name “Wyoming” is of In­ dian origin yet it was not designated for or by any tribe inhabiting its territory. The appellation came from the Lenape or Delaware Indian language. It is derived from the words “Muh-ehu”, meaning tlte end and “Wau-Mic”, plains or “Muh-chuwau-mic”, the end of the plains^'*. The Lenape Indians occupied, aboriginally, the valley of the Delaware river and when that stream was named in honor of Lord Dela­ ware the appellation was attached to them and they were henceforth called “Dela­ ware” Indians”. In the western part of the State of Delaware is an elevated table­ land forming the water shed between the Delaware and Chesapeake bays. This water­ shed was the original home of the Lenape Indians and as it marked the end of the Atlantic Coast plains, they called it “Muhchu-wau-mic”, meaning the end of the plfiTnE'E This name has undergone an etymological change into the euphonious word, “Wyoming” which we now have. In 1742, the Lenapes were crowded out of their possessions along the Delaware and removed to the Susquehanna river and on a small tributary of that stream, where the level country gave way to the hills, they named the place in likeness to their original home, “Wyoming”. This is the Wyoming of colonial history'^. Crossing the Alleghany mountains, they were settled upon a tract of land in Ohio under the treaty of 1795, and here on a small stream flowing into the Ohio river at Cin­ cinnati, another home was established and called “Wyoming”''. These Indians were then pushed across the Mississippi rivet''" and in 1829 given and guaranteed all the country lying be­ tween the Missouri and Kansas rivers, ex­ tending north to the Kansas line'**. Within this territory and on a small stream which flows into the Black Vermilion and thence into the Big Blue river, in Marshall county, Kansas, they established a home for the fourth time and called it “Wyoming’”’. �iii- 16 THE MIDWEST They remained here until 1866, when they were removed to their final home with the Cherokees in Indian territory, now Okla­ homa’**. In their Kansas home near what is now Bigelow they were located on what was afterwards developed as the “Oregon” trail which was, at this place, formed by the junction of the roads coming up from Independence, Missouri and across from Leavenworth, Kansas’", and lived here dur­ ing all the western emigration of the ’30’s, ’40’s, ’50’s and ’60’s. There are several other places in the United States possessing the name “Wyoming” and they have been so called by emigrants from one of these localities"". " In quest of furs, the Delawares traversed much of the interior country"’. The Platte river was their natural route into the Rocky mountains and when they had proceeded upstream to its head tributaries, where the plains ceased and the mountains began, they once more applied the home name “Wyoming” to the surrounding country, meaning the end of the plains, alluding in this case, to the Great Plains of the United States. Knowing the country so well, mem­ bers of this tribe oftimes acted as guides and helpers to fur companies, emigrants and people going into the mountains, by which means they made known the name “Wyoming” and it became a familiar appellation"". The name “Wyoming” for this particu­ lar geographical section became so preva­ RE 1- 1 E IV lent that when the first bill was introduced into Congress, in 1865, to form this region into a territory, the word and its connec­ tion to this particular topography was quite well understood by all"'* and it eventually became the name of the present State of Wyoming. The first name, “Washakeek” that was ever applied to any portion of the country survives, only, in the name “Washakie”, meaning the chief of the Washakeek band. Footnotes and Explanatory (Note; In view of the importance of the foregoing paper, and the care exercised by Mr. Rees in giving the authorities, the same are given herewith as he had submitted them. It makes a splendid bibliography bearing' on this subject and one which our readers undoubtedly will be glad to have should they desire to make further research into the subject.—EDITOR.) ’—Kroeber, American Archaeology and Ethnology, IV, 164. Brinton, The American Race, 118. Rees, Idaho, Chronology, Nomenclature and Bibliography. 2—Bancroft, History oj the Pacific States, XXV, 325. —Pierson & Schuchert, Text-Book oi Geology, 1915, II, 962, 976. *—Bancroft, History of the Pacific States, XXV, 673. ®—Norris, Fifth Annual Report, Yellowstone National Park, 32-8. ®—Hodge, Handbook of North American Indians, II, 555. —Chittenden, American Fur Trade, II, 733. Irving, Astoria, 1836, I, 278. *—Stuart, Montana As It Is, Note 53. ®—Hodge, Handbook of North American Indians, I, 251. ’•’—Ibid, II, 278. Ibid, I. 385. —Winston, Cumulative Loose-Leaf Encyclopaedia, III, Dela­ ware. ’’—Hodge, Handbook of North American Indians, II, 978. —Royce, Indian Land Cessions, 654. Rand, McNally & Co., Universal Atlas, 1902, 35. —Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 48. —Royce, Indian Land Cessions, 724. —Rand, McNally & Co., World Atlas, 1882, 717. —Royce, Indian Land Cessions, 840. —Chittenden. American Fur Trade, I, 465. —Upham, Minnesota Geographic Names, 110. —Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 50-52. “—Irving, Adventures of Captain Bonneville, 1850, 94. —Bancroft, History of the Pacific States, XXV, 739. FORT LARAMIE Famed as a fur trading post and rendezvous for Indian Treaties as it appeared to Fremont in 1842, later rebuilt and made into a military post during Oregon Trail days. . -. ...PtMT-aMrlMitlnir t- ___ �THE MIDWEST REVIEW 15 The Natural Resources of Wyoming • Bn Bernice Berry Wyoming is a magnificent Empire where soil, water, sunshine, minerals, and oils united in making this state one of the most productive areas of the Rocky Mountain region, and where faithful citizens have built prosperous cities, towns, and com­ munities. In 1868 when Wyoming was admitted as a territory little thought was given to the values contained in the vast plains called Wyoming. Since then many valuable assets of the state have been revealed. To­ day Wyoming provides grazing ground for millions of head of livestock and soil for extensive agricultural development, while under its surface valuable minerals have been discovered. Industries of many kinds are now established and new ones are continually enlarging the long list. The best scenic places and out-of-door ad­ vantages of the state are visited by a great many people from all over the United States. There is still much to learn of the great commonwealth of our state. With the establishment of the territorial government began the great development of the basic industry of Wyoming—that of raising livestock. Great herds of buffalo and other wild grazing animals had lived upon the grasses found on the plains and mountains. The same plains were found to afford the best grazing ground for cat­ tle and sheep. The Indian’s pony gradu­ ally found its place by the sturdy mount of the cowboy, and within a quarter of a century Wyoming became a leader in the production of beef, wool, and mutton. During later territorial days the establish­ ment of ranches for growing winter feed for livestock was introduced. On July 10th, 1890, the Territory of Wyoming was admitted by Congress as a state of the same name—Wyoming. This new chapter in Wyoming’s prog­ ress may be considered as the closing of adventures and romance of pioneer days. Changing conditions did not, however, block the course of the fundamental indus­ try of livestock-raising. ♦This story won first award for g’irls in contest for The Ellison Awards.—The Editor. At one time the typical cowman and sheep-owner thought of Wyoming only as a ranching state and could little picture our present state with its cultivated fields, flour mills, sugar refineries, canning fat, tories, and other advanced agricultural in­ dustries. A part of Wyoming will always remain as range country, but some of its richer range country has been converted into satisfactory farming land. The value of farm crops in 1928 proved their success and equaled the value of livestock sold. Farming is practiced profitably in Wy­ oming, both by irrigating the farms and by dry farming. Under irrigation, fine crops of alfalfa, sugar beets, beans, pota­ toes, corn, vegetables, and small grains are raised. Forty-five thousand acres of sugar beets were grown in 1928 to supply the state’s four sugar refineries. A fifth sugar mill is now under construction at AVheatland this year. With an acreage of 22,000 in 1928, dried beans brought nearly $1,200,000 to their producers. Dry farms are now in use in the eastern part of the state. They produce good harvests of al­ falfa, wheat, oats, barley, corn, potatoes, and various grasses. The abundant sun­ shine and other climate conditions furnish a better quality of product, therefore we receive a better price. The dairy industry also has its proper place in agricultural development. The thousands of head of dairy stock have brought their producers an ever increasing profit up in the millions of dollars. Ilogs have brought a profitable return, too. Wy­ oming is not thought of as a honey state but in 1928 nearly 3,000,000 pounds of honey were produced. Turkeys alone brought $1,000,000. The yearly output of eggs and poultry is worth about $3,000,000. In the recording of our agricultural de­ velopment, it is important to take into con­ sideration that there are only 250,000 peo­ ple in the state. The previous figures are more outstanding when the relation is shown between them and the population. The value of the mineral resources of Wyoming has reached the enormous sum of $150,000,000,000. This seems a large �16 THE M1DWE8T figure but if you consider when mineral development began, it is a more reasonable sum. Coal mining has been a leading in­ dustry of the state for many years. The production during the last decade is an extremely high number of tons. Wyoming leads all other states in coal reserves. Mar­ kets are the largest problem now. AVyoming is also rich in iron. With the Seminoe district in the central part of the state, the reserves of iron are estimated at about five hundred million tons. The greatest developing mineral asset of the state at this time lies in its rich oil production. Eventually the black oils of AVyoming will become of greater value to the industry and to the state, but as it is, they can best be left in the ground except for some small present use as road oil, as­ phalt, and fuel oil. Its high sulphur con­ tent and the lack of gasoline make it unfit for the present markets, for it is now too costly to refine and compete with light oils at present prices. The value of nearly 30,000,000 barrels of crude oil produced in 1925 was $50,000,000. Due to low price and the closing down of oil fields in 1928 the production had dropped to 21,000,000 barrels. The Salt Creek Field, greatest light oil field in the world, located forty-five miles from Casper, Wyoming, is operated under most efficient methods. Gas pressures are preserved to force the oil from the sands, thus preventing water from entering the sands. Many of the fine highways and public schools would not be possible if it were not for the production of petroleum. Eleven National Forest Reserves of over 8,500,000 acres are in this state. These re­ serves furnish large amounts of merchant­ able timber. BEVIEW Wyoming is outstanding for its scenic attractions. The great Yellowstone Na­ tional Park, recognized as the greatest natural wonderland and summer play­ ground in the world, may be considered to head the scenic attractions of the state. The Park is in nearly the same condition that it was in previous years, therefore it is the place where man and nature come closer together and I think it will always be held priceless for this one purpose. Much development has taken place in four or five centers of attraction of the Yel­ lowstone. The lake, the canyon, the for­ ests, and the waterfalls are some of the Park’s earliest features but many new ones, such as the “1928 Geyser” have sprung up in unexpected places. Old Faithful Geyser is the biggest attraction of the Yellowstone. Every summer thousands of Eastern tenderfeet get a rare glimpse of the AVest —of vast areas, of cowmen and wranglers, of bucking bronchos and rodeos. There are now located in AVyoming about one hundred ‘ ‘ Dude ’ ’ Ranches. These ranches are maintained by old time AA^esterners. These “Dude” Ranches are summer homes for the man who seeks adventure like that of the rough cowboy days of old. AHsualize the total amount of the re­ sources of the state, and you will see Wy­ oming as a common-wealth now making good progress in the development of her extensive resources and with a future of more wealth than previously secured. Sources of Material and Statistics: 1. 2. 3. 4. Frank C. Emerson. “Wyoming's Resource As­ sets.’’ Midwest Refining Co., Midwest, Wyom­ ing, July and August. 1929. Bancroft. “The History of Oil.’’ XXV. Hodge. “Handbook of North American Indians.’’ R. H. Alcorn. “Wyoming’s Advantages.’’ Wy­ oming Press Association. Cheyenne, Wyoming, Jan., 1930. �April, 1932 THE VOICE OF THE SPORTSMAN Page S Scenic Beauties of the CHest By ALFRED I. MOKLER PALISADES OF THE WIND RIVER. Looking Northeasterly from Brooks Lake. One of the many charming spots in the Rocky Mountains. Courtesy of Alfred J. Mokler’s “Transition of the West. Words are inadequate to properly describe the wonderful scenic beauties of the West. The rugg-ed mountains, mighty plains, dense forests, pictur­ esque lakes, marvelous geysers, snow-capped peaks, petrified forests, great glaciers, marvelous hot springs, and above all the glorious sunsets, must be seen to be fully appreciated. In the spring and early summer months the vast undulating plains are covered with verdure and adorned with a great variety of wild flowers, re­ sembling the green waves and white-capped swells of the sea; along the banks of the mountain streams there is a fringe of timber; the foothills are covered with dense green forests, and the summits of the mountains, some of which are covered with eternal snow, stretch out like a long, low line of white clouds along the western sky. In the fall of the year the leaves on the trees are to purple, red and 'gold, of the most beautiful hues, the grass and flow­ ers of the plains have changed to gray and in the winter months the whole is covered with the white shroud of snow. Volumes have been written about these wonderful attractions, and after the first visit among them there is instilled in the human breast always to return, and after having re­ sided here for a time, few people are satisfied to live any place else. The world’s greatest natural wonders and most beautiful scenery are in the Rocky Mountain Coun­ try. More healthful attractions, alluring forests and streams for the pleasure-seeker and inviting pros­ pects for varied industries are here than in any other region in the world. A vast and rich territory, which, less than 100 years ago was a wilderness, inhabitated only by wild animals and hostile Indians and almost impenetrable by white man, now contains ten millions of people who have builded for them­ selves pleasant homes and modern, thriving cities Of this country it may be truly said: “The wilder­ ness has blossomed like a rose and the waste places have been made glad by the industry of civilized man. ’ The Indians called these mountains and valleys and plains their “La-no-wa,” meaning the land of the road to paradise. The white man has made the In­ dian s La-no-wa a land of peace and plenty. The Far-Famed Tetons The far-famed Teton range, lying south of the y ellowstone National Park, presents a splendid and magnificent piece of scenery. The “Three Tetons” are culminating points of this Alpine range and the mountains is the Grand Teton, which pierces the blue sky with an altitude of 13 747 ^et. Of the mighty and majestic Tetons, Hiram M Chittenden presents this beautiful pen pictureH '' ill FT'TTilf ili'liBiiiibb i " �capacity, when pr(\periy MHHMMIIHHgMkiaSHHW fished. A recent sih;;^vey . | of Nebraska t r dtU t streams showed th'^t ’ the beautifl the necessity of 1^™^SigJtwe®™ proving natural conaP^^ than\hTneJd fo? restoci\ing, and the remits will be better in proportion to th^ effort expendefci. Good Results With Little Effort The winter months offer^n excellent opportuniy to improve streams conditions by building retards and dams, which serve sevei^al to aerate the water, vary tho„ speed of the cu"e to form deep pools, to increase food suppb and to help prevent erosion of creek banks. The cost of construction of the retards will vary with stream conditions. By caref^ul selection of the retards there are few streams which cannot be nroved at a minimum of cost and\labor. r' P In the spring of 1930, the State o| Nebraska Game Forestration and Parks Commissi^ StS construction of a number of retards along Sted Creek in Holt County and on the Verchgres Cre^k in Antelope County. The condition ,of the streains had become such that there was littU food or coi e left Stock had trampled down the banks and oxer hanging grass and shrubs which furnished food and shelter the trout. Obstructions of naany different kinds were used. Brush, logs ^tumps ^nd old trees ■ such as willow, which have little valine as fuel o ^^*Trees ^were felled so that their tops\were down stream, the butts were wired to tree number 9 wire. They were sP fastened Jhat fihe ed dies formed by them would wash outi holes and create pools. In some places? a tree was ^stened on either side of the stream and,tops were tied toget, thus forming a deep, narrow channel, which afford ed excellent places for fish to hide, and ^eed on the ‘"Tstill different type of dam was made by laymg ----- several logs lengthwise inffhe stream, and^ on these were laid logs crosswise in the stream with their butts buried in the bank. The purpose of the length- ^l,e”»t^'«^^kes to ; ; ' e■ .et a will beat this range , • j i ^.^rrel and the As to accuracy the the world .30-06 cartridge are the.most^ccut LT %t°'cl,”i:'':be‘’re';?Sa’ and see ^ba. the believe this cnecK n cbnots and Camp boys are shooting at your about the super­ Perry. You are going to ask accurate 22 long rif taro-et rifles with hand really good one) an som g ranges loads, but remember 1 saicl irom to 1,200 yards. I. wH, pay the sman bore jho»tor‘o take a ^ood look at the new Lyman 48 J rear signi ____ _______ . Tur__ 1 1 rn — �May, 1932 THE VOICE OF THE SPORTSMAN Page 7 Scenic Beauties of the West Ry ALFRED J. MOKLER Mr. Mokler’s graphic description of western wonders is continued from the April number of this magazine THE FAR-FAMED TETON MOUNTAINS, VIEWED FROM THE EAST SIDE OF JACKSON LAKE. THE MOST BEAUTIFUL SCENERY IN THE WORLD IS IN AND AROUND THESE “ALPS OF AMERICA.” (NOTE THE FACE OF THE DOG IN THE PEAK TO THE EXTREME RIGHT.) —Courtesy of Alfred J. Mokler’s “Transition of the West” The Yellowstone National Park The Yellowstone National park is the wonderland of the West. With its geysers, boiling pools, cav­ erns, terraces, petrified forests marvelous hot springs, mud volcanoes, crystal lakes, lofty moun­ tains, beautiful streams—with their wonderful cas­ cades and waterfalls—-dense forests, the home of birds, elk, deer, bear, moose, buffalo, beaver, moun­ tain sheep, and other wild animals of many kinds, attracts hundreds of thousands of people from all parts of the world, and it is undoubtedly the bestknown national park in America. This park is sixty-two miles long and fifty-four miles wide, giving an area of 3,348 square miles, or 2,142,720 acres. It is located in northwestern Wyoming, encroach­ ing slightly upon Montana and Idaho; 3,114 miles, or 1,992,962 acres being in Wyoming; 198 square miles, or 125,720 acres in Montana, and thirty-six square miles, or 23,020 acres in Idaho. It has an average elevation of about 8,000 feet above the sea level. The entire region is volcanic, and is remark­ able for its hot water phenomena. The internal heat of the earth which approaches close to the surface causes the geysers to play at quite regular intervals. For many years the geyser known as Old Faithful has played with an average regularity of every sixty-five minutes, and some of the quite small ones play every few minutes, while some of the larger ones play at irregular intervals of days, weeks or months. There are hundreds of small, bub­ bling hot springs in this park which throw water from two to three feet in the air from once to three times a minute; these springs are really small, im­ perfectly formed geysers. The action of the geysers, which are regarded with wonder by many people, is caused by water from the surface trickling through cracks in the rocks, or water from subter­ ranean springs collecting in the bottom of the gey­ ser’s crater, down among the strata of immense heat, which becomes itself intensely heated and gives off steam, which expands and forces upward the cooler water that lies above it. It is then that the water at the surface of the geyser begins to bubble and give off clouds of steam, which is a prelude to the playing, or spouting of the geyser. When the water at the bottom reaches so great an expansion under continued heat that the less heated water above can n.b longer weigh it down. �Page 8 THE VOICE OF THE SPORTSMAN May, 1932 it bursts upward with great violence, rising at quite they lie in straight lines at easy angles, from which a distance in the air and continues to play until jut high rocky prominences. Sometimes they lie in practically all the W’ater in the crater has been huge hollows carved from the sidewalls. Here and expelled. The water, which cools after coming in there jagged rocky needles rise perpendicularly for contact with the air, falls back to the ground and hundreds of feet like groups of gothic spires. again seeps through the surface to gather as before “And the whole is colored as brokenly and vividly in the crater’s depth, and in a greater or less time, as the field of a kaliedoscope. The whole is streaked accor ding to and spotted difficulities in and stratified the way of its in every shade return, be­ from the deep­ comes heated est orange to to the bursting the faintest point, when lemon ; from the geyser deepest crim­ spouts again. son through all These hot wa­ the grays and ter formations pearls to glis­ and spouting tening white. spouting gey­ The greens arc sers are interfurnished by esting ankl the dark pines beautiful to above, the look upon. But lighter shades more beautiful of growth and awe-in­ caught here spiring is the and there in Grand Canyon soft masses on of the Yellow­ the gentler stone, a scenic slopes and the feature of mar­ foaming green velous hue and of the plung­ coloring. ing river far Quoting from below. The a publication blues, ever tion of the In­ changing, are terior Depart­ found in the ment : “The dome of the Grand Canyon sky overhead. of the Yellow­ “It is a spec­ stone affords a tacle which spectacle wor­ one looks up­ thy of a na­ on in silence.” tional park But the gey­ where there sers and cas­ are no geysers. cades and falls Standing upon are by no I n s piration means all the Point, which wonders of the pushes out al­ park. The fos­ most to the sil, or petrified center of the forests, which canyon, one are said to seems to look cover more almost verti­ than 35,000 cally down up­ “CHIMNEY ROCK,’’ AS SEEN FROM THE EAST ENTRANCE TO THE YELLOWSTONE acres, contain NATIO.NAL PARK on the foam­ many trunks ing Yellowand branches stone river. To the south a waterfall twice the of trees which thousands of years ago were alive height of Niagara rushes seemingly out of the pine­ and green as are the trees in the park today. “Trav­ clad hills and pours downward to be lost again in ersing the valley of the Lamar river one may see green. From that point two or three miles to where at many places numerous upright fossil trunks in you stand and beneath you widens out the most the faces of nearly vertical walls. These trunks are glorious kaliedoscope of color you will ever see in not all at a particular level, but occur at irregular nature. The steep slopes, dropping on either side heights; in fact, a section cut down through these a thousand feet and more from the pine-towered 2,000 feet of beds would disclose a succession of levels above, are inconceivably carved and fretted fossil forests. That is to say, after the first forest by the frost and the erosion of the ages. Sometimes grew and . was entpmbed there was a time without �May, 1932 THE VOICE OF THE SPORTSMAN Page 9 volcanic outburst—a period long enough-to permit Outdoor Playgrounds a second forest to grow above the first. This in turn was covered by volcanic material and pre­ The grandeur and fastnesses of any and all of served, to be followed again by a period of quiet, these ranges of mountains in the midwest of the and these more or less regular alternations of vol­ Continent appeals to those who are seeking rest, canism and forest growth continued throughout the recreation and re-creation of nerves and body, and time the beds were in process of formation. Geo­ every summer many visitors find their way to the logical change.s are exceedingly slow. No geologist timber-clad hills and snow-capped peaks, where would dare predict that a few thousand years from they forget their business cares and enjoy fishing now the present forests of Yellowstone park may lie and hunting during the day, a hearty supper and a buried under another layer of lava on top of which tranquillizing pipe in the evening, a sound sleep may flourish a new Yellowstone.” during the night, and a sunny disposition and con­ The first American to enter the region of this park tented mood in the morning. These are the great ■was John Colter of Saint Louis, but he received outdoor playgrounds where nature has been undis­ little credit for his discoveries. He was in the em­ turbed by the hand of man and people come to visit ploy of Manuel them from eve­ Lisa, a fur trad­ ry state in the er, in the sumunion, and m e r of 1807, many come here and when they from Europe to reached the remain during mouth of the the summer Big Horn river, months. The Lisa sent Colter snow-storms of out to inform the late spring the Indians that and early fall he was in their are somewhat country and of a handicap, wished to trade but the snows of with them. Colwinter must ter traveled melt and the more than 500 flowers of sum­ miles, crossing mer must with­ the Wind river er, in the moun­ and the Teton tains as well as mountains, go­ in the valleys, ing through and the people what was after­ who camp in wards known as the mountains Union, but now must prepare a Two - gwo - tee shelter for bad Pass, and trav­ MAMMOTH CAMP FROM TERRACES. THIS IS YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK weather if they eled diagonally HEADQUARTERS go in the early across what is —Photo by Haynes, St. Louis spring or expect now the Yellow­ , , . , ,, T • remain until stone Park. (To-go-te, or Two-gwo-tee, was a late in the fall. In midsummer the splendor of the mountain Shoshone, or sheep eater Indian, the name climate is beyond adequate description; the morn­ meaning in the Shoshone Indian language, a spear. ings and evenings are always cool and the middle To-go-te and one or two others of his clan, being of the day is pleasant; extreme heat is seldom more familiar with the mountain passes than other known, and the cool, refreshing temperature is Shoshones, were designated by Chief Washakie to enjoyed; the sky is of a deep blue color and in the guide President Chester A. Arthur and his party evenings the sunsets are magnificent. from Fort Washakie to the Yellowstone National During your travels you find many canyons and Park in 1883. Since that time the trail they traveled chasms. Ihey are deep and dark and dangerous to over the divide has been called To-go-te Pass.) descend, and there are also monstrous rocks that When Colter told his companions of the hissing rise like walls of the skyscrapers of the large cities. sounds of the hot water emitting from the earth, of When you return to your camp after a day’s ex­ the spouting springs, the roaring falls, the wonder­ plorations and have finished your plainly-cooked ful lake and the many other wonders of this region, but wholesome supper and sit around the camp fire they considered his yarns as one of their own kind m the evening enjoying your pipe your are undis­ and did not believe him. After returning to his turbed with the thoughts of commercialism or so­ home in Saint Louis, he told of his discoveries to cial contests. A mountain fire need be your only explorers and historians, but they did not take him fear. These fires are caused only by the careless seriously and it was not until many years later that or inexperienced camper, but when once started tliey cause more damage and are more dangerous explorers entered into the region and found all that than a prairie fire. The rushing blasts which roar Colter had related to be true. wX «‘’‘‘"'S and find their way to the deep gorges. The crash of the fallen trees, tumbling from crags and precipices, the lick­ ing flames and clouds of dense smoke is a sight that never can be forgotten. Frequent but briS raim storms come hurrying past amLrage with great fory or a short time, and then pass off, leaving even­ thing fresh, calm and serene restful and rapturous to hear �for a short time, and then pass off, leaving every­ thing fresh, calm and serene. It is truly delightful, restful and rapturous to hear the song of the birds, to behold the verdure of the valley and the grove, the beautiful clouds, and the glowing rays of the sunset, all of which gladdens the heart and brings contentment to the mind. Imangine yourself, you who do not know the wonder of the West, standing upon the spur of some granite range that rises several thousand feet above the plains; back of you and above you are the mountains; before you and below you lies the world. In the distance to the north and west more than a hundred miles away, rises groups of snow­ capped peaks through air so clear you see the shad­ ows on them. Between you and these snow-capped peaks, and to the far West there are miles upon miles of the plains; league upon league they stretch away to the shifting elusive horizon, and mile upon mile beyond that, hidden only by the curve of the earth itself. Here and there a tiny blur, detected in the midst of their color, rises the smoke from the engine of some loaded train following its thread of steel across the emptiness, yet no sound of man comes to your silence. Wheel and whistle are lost in the mightiness below you. Vast, sunlit, frail, the peopled world is airy as a dream. So dreamlike are its colors, so fleeting that you find yourself holding your breath lest it vanish quite away. It is a land of color, and the masses of stone which form the bleak cliff, spire and gorge seem to vary in tint and hue, the prevailing ashy gray changing at dawn and twi­ light by the sun's rays, which transforms them into glowing masses of rose and red, making a harmon­ ious contrast with the vivid greens of grassland along the foothills. But the deserts of the far West show the utter­ most glory of color. Crimson and dun and blue, rifted with the golden sands of some dried water­ course, far and away stretch the desert flowers, the white skies over them and always the mountain purple and lavender beyond their horizons. Deeper become the colors; richer, more luminous as the westward miles are traversed, until one catches up with the sunset. The loneliness and mystery of the West, as well as its color, are in the desert. The desert loneliness is not that of the prairies, that seem free from the tread of human foot since the world began, but is a loneliness forever bur­ dened with a sense of haunting, vanished races. Vanished races have been there; their trail is worn across the painted desert; some of them are nestling in the crannies of the cliffs, but trail and home have nothing to do with the sense of their presence in the land; it is felt, not inferred. But with all this vast waste of land, with all the mystery and loneliness it creates to look upon it, there dwells a spirit that once it has touched the wanderer, leaves him home­ less in other places forever after. Much of the old wilderness is practically un­ changed. The mountains are the same, except that the menacing Indians are gone and men of science are free to come into them and locate the rich min­ eral deposits that have been hidden there for thou­ sands of years; artists and poets may come and seek inspiration in them; the overworked and weary busines tnan may leave the turmoil of the city and in these enchanting, soul-inspiring giants of rfature of matchless grandeur, find quietude and a variety of scenery that will satisfy the mind and relax his tightened nerves. With the thousands of prosperous cities and 10,000,000 progressive people in the valleys, with this free, health-giving, God-loving country, transformed from a desert waste to a land of plenty, reclaimed from barbarism to civilization, surely it was not against the will of God that the white man should incite this glorious Transition of the West. �Page 10 THE VOICE OF THE SPORTSMAN May, 1932 H Day s Runt in the Long Hgo Ry DR. FRED HORTON In the early Nineties, antelope in countless thou­ sands roamed the prairies of northeastern Wyo­ ming. It was not unusual to see them in sight of town, I have gone out in the early dawn on my faithful hunting horse and would be back with my antelope in time for breakfast with the family. At that time the season was open from January first to December thirty-first. Where game wfis abundant predatory animals, such as the grey wolf, coyote and bobcat lived and thrived abundantly on'the game and livestock. Usually my two buddies, Al, Put, and myself, hunted together and a finer pair of buddies no man ever had. Thanks to the early training of our fath­ ers we had been taught to never waste game or fish. I don’t think that any one of us ever wasted an edible piece of a game animal. However, I have seen sportsmefi, so called, cut off the saddles of their antelope and leave the rest of the careass for the coyotes. We never hunted antelope in the summer time with the exception of one day. An antelope is at his prime 'for eating purposes along about the first of June, Then the bucks are fat, lazy and juicy. The three families could dis­ pose of this one animal before any of the me-at would spoil and no meat would be wasted. Then we \ laid off on the antelope until fall when we went on our annual hunt which usually lasted for a week or ten days of glorious hunting and camping. In pursuance of our usual custom we planned for a day’s hunt early in June. Shells were loaded (in those days we loaded our own rifle shells), lunch put up and alarm clocks set for two A. M. We wanted to get out in the antelope country by day­ light as the first two hours of daylight are worth all of the balance of the day for hunting antelope and daylight comes very early in this latitude. I had developed a strong desire to capture a young antelope for a pet for my young son, then three or four years of age and hoped to accomplish the feat on this trip. There is probably no wild ani­ mal that is easier to tame and domesticate than the young antelope. Within forty-eight hours after you put one on the bottle he is yours entirely and will follow you any place but he requires about the same care in feeding that does a babe of his age. We retired early, full of hope and anticipation. A few minutes before two my door bell rang. I jumped up with a muttered exclamation, of “There goes my hunt,’’ and with further exclamations on the way to the door, which my wife declared sounded like swear words, I found a young man who said, “My brother is very sick and we want you to come right out and see him.” My heart missed a few beats but I said, “Where do you live?” He said, “Out on Oil crefek.” My heart came back with a snap; that waS-. within a half mile of where we expected to start our^, hunt. Every thing was looking auspicious. ’■ This was long before the advent of the automo­ bile. Our equipment for travel consisted of a single, light top buggy and our three saddle horses. I hastily hitched the horse to the buggy and, leaving the other boys to bring the saddle horses, I drove to the home of the sick boy and by the time the boys arrived I had the lad attended to and made comfortable and was ready for the hunt. We drove down to the ranch about a half mile, where we were to leave the buggy and take to our horses, but here we discovered that Put had pulled one of his not infrequent boners. He had the bad habit, when starting on a hunt, of forgeting either his gun or his ammunition. This time he had for­ gotten both. We sent him back to the home where I had visited the sick boy to borrow a rifle and Al and I rode up on the top of the ridge to await his return. From this ridge, where we were reclining, there was spread out before us one of the most beautiful panoramas that the eye of man has ever beheld. To the east some twenty miles away the morning sun was just tinging the highest pinnacles of the beautiful Black Hills, painting each spire in colors of red, gold and blues, while to the west as far as the eye could see, rolled the undulating prairies clothed in soft grasses of early summer and dotted with the most gorgeous display of wild flowers in a riot of all the colors of the rainbow. It was good just to be alive on such a morning and brought to mind the words of the poet, “Where every prospect pleases and only man is vile.” We were soon brought to our feet by a flash of brown and white, where Put on his way back had flushed a doe and fawn who were heading our way. We hastily mounted and the chase was on. The fawn gave us a hard race for a mile or two but soon began to tire and we picked him up. Object number one accomplished within one hour. Then for the buck. Following down the ridge for a short dis­ tance, we spied a fat buck, some two hundred yards away lying down on a side hill taking a siesta. As there was no cover whereby we might approach closer, we decided to all take a shot at him together. With the usual result of such tactics, we all missed. After watching the buck disappear in the distance, we turned around to retrieve our mounts only to discover that Al’s horse had bolted and was heading for South Dakota at no mean pace. He gave us a hard run for about three miles before I cornered him under a cut bank and led him back. As I turned I saw Al slipping back and forth along a ridge; he would slip along a short distance, then crawl up and peak over the ridge, then slip back the other way and repeat the maneuver. I knew that he had a bunch of antelope spotted that were feeding along this ridge. As I came up to him, he said, “There is a nice buck in this bunch. Get �S... , Z ’ 1^4.. . '^t\,j..L~^ i(^ jl,£a^ ia-iA,^<r->^- tZu 'jA-i-ayf^ 4 �^>n4-€4^ / A f /k^ /\>«-i^vrT>^ ■iU^ tL krX^^ 7^ 9 / /ir\^'{^^^^ / /J �^'ir^ £r^ij^ o Sr o ^iMJji^ tk: • /(jyO yA T^«^ )/ iAT^ ' ,r ' . \± 4^ a « A )Swt/jtw-T^.A^ ^.»JZ<.-/'{^ �/kt, hy^eta^ ^:^JUt,,,ax<. 6| < f , ej Jj4^ tA}-i>><j4jf^^ P^. '^ ) s ^ f> ‘'’^ ^(/''■ftr^ A4Xt tZ 'l^ > �dx^44y>-A^^£x<z c> &-i^ ^??i#nv r^ CnnA< "KZ^ZfL �9^ =: -youo /i^ ^a' 2i-»^ <--^ ifi^-«=^12Z!pX^»cr--- /fete-v^u^^ 't^ • Ktur!^ f"^ �**(Ux><-x7 <3>t-<, QL o^.^M-'-y'-'-yi''^--''^^ ^t,ffzt''**'“*^ . 1, J-fvf Aj^ tb ^ku * ^t/CAX- �Whichever way Shb turn«rt lite eye i»tewsw3 confounded by the vastnees and varlety oi objecte. Beneath Mmn the Rocky Viountain£^n,8aoraipl to open all their secret receeeas; deep, soleran valleys; treaiured likeej dreary passes; rug­ ged dexiles, and toazning toxoents; while beyond theit savage precincts the eye «»s lost in almoct iiwneasurable landscap?; stretching on evry side into dim and hazy distance, like the expanse of a summer’s sea. look«8i Whichever way'ife beheld vast plains glimjiering with reflected sunshine; mighty streams wandering on their shining course toward either ocean, and snowy mountains, chain beyond chain, and peak beyond peak, till they msltMB like clouds into the horizon. df The peak upon whinh oi.y' standACommandte the whole Wind River Bhagh; which, in fact, may be consid­ ered one immense mountain, broken into snowy peaks and lateral spurs, seamed with narrow valleys. Pome of these valleys glitt.ersii with silver �lakes and gushing st reams; the fountain head, as it were, of the niighty~trib- utaries to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Beyond the snow pe-»ka, to the south, and far, far below the mountain range, the gentle river, C'lled the Swaetv^ater,x\ilj^ seen pursuing its tranquil way tlirough the rugged regions ot the Black Hills. In the east, the head- aters of the Wind/iver wander^ a plain until, mingling in one powerful current, they force# thelx way through the Fig Horn mountains and wm lost to view. To the north caught glimpses of the upper streams of the Yellowstone, that great tributary of the Missouri. In ether directions to be seen some of the sources of the Oregon, or Columbia, flowing to the northwest, p^st those towering land­ marks, Ghe thr^^Tetons, ana pouring down into the great lava plain; while almost a- feat, the CreenXiver, or the Colorado of the ^?e6t, ipt SQtS'forth on its wandering pilgrimage to the Gulf of California’; at first a mare mountain torrent, rtaahins northTOrd over ciag and preoiploa.in a euo- eeeeion ot ORoaaioa. end tumbling Into the plain, .here, expanding into an ample river, it oiroleS away to the aouth, and after alternately ihlning out and iie.-.ppeering in the mazes of the vaot landeoape, of mountains," S ■ TJ) I I I I I I I I I I / I/ lost in a horizon Wind river flow's toward the north through the Wind River canyon. As the water leaves the canyon it becomes Big Horn river. In this cawyon there are many interesting formations. Oblique’rocks'rise in sphinx-like shapes a thousand feet above the bed of the river. There are castle formations. Waterfalls corne tumbling out of the rock-formed canvon sides falling hundreds of feet, joining their voices ' with' that of the river in a mighty chorus that resounds like an echo through the flowing east and then south to the sea. Ten years after Bonneville visited these wonderful mountainsycame John C. Fremont, and it was on this expedition in 1842 that Fremont Peak and Freniont Lake were given a permanent name. Excerpts report to Congress enable the reader To gam a»» excebent word picture of this most beautiful mountain range: At sunrise a lofty snow peak of the mountain is glittering in the first rays of the sun, which has not yet reached us. The long mountain wall to the east, rising 2,000 feet abruptly from the plain, behind which we see the peaks, is still dark, and cuts clear against the glowing sky. The scenery becomes hourly more interesting and grand and the view here is truly magnificent. The whole valley is glowing and bright and all the mountain peaks are gleaming like silver. We come unexpectedly upon a most beautiful lake, set like a gem in the mountains. Here, again, a view of the most romantic beauty met our eyes. It seemed as if nature had collected all her beauties together in one chosen place. It is not by the splendor of far-ofif views, which have lent such a glory to the Alps, that these impress the mind, but by a gigantic disorder of enormous masses and a savage sublimity of naked rock, in wonderful contrast with innumerable green spots of rich floral be_auty, shut up in their stern recesses.” �“Lake Geneva” in the Big Horn Mountains under “Cloud Peak”-^fed by the waters of living glaciers^j^^There are more than 200 shimmering lakes and 1^00 miles of trout streams in this region. Peaks rising to elevations of from ten to twelve thousand feet may be seen from the Black and Yellow Trail which crosses this range. ParHre¥'4^^^©^‘^»atieTl'-»egal>d«^g---the bovettz-antP-GteyfeulL Laramie Peak/one of the most picturesque in the Kocky Mountain Region. The Old Oregon Trail, where thejCovered .M agon broke thro'Qgh, passes between this mountain and the Platte^River. It is tributary to the Park to Park and AtlanticYellowstone-Pacinc Highways, -(liswer^ Natural Bridge, on LaPrele /€Jreek, between Douglas and Glenrock, yone of the most remarkable freaks of rugged scenery in the Rockies. Located in a natural park setting it is the rendezvous for tourists and picnic parties. The immediate vicinity was the scene of many Indian skirmishes in the days of long ago and is along the route of the Old Oregon Trail. The Devil’s Tower (Matoe Tepee) of the twenty-four National ^Monuments, is located in northeastern Wyoming. Towering 1^80 feet above the Belle Fourche River, it is majestic and awsome. The shaft proper is 800 feet high above its stump. In the coloring nature has painted it with a multicolored brush and has excited the admiration of some of the most noted artists. It is tributary to the Custer Battlefield Highway and Black and Yellow 4'rail. G41L>4:tond a n CTmmf>»flMi>>fcbrhe-^Iejlly-<£iu-<xiah--cniap1ete informqtian Rugged Shoshone jGanyon west of Cody-on the road to grand scenic points of the state. The walls of the canyon are and Cedar^^Mountain on the left. The two constituted a single center of solid rock. At the upper end of the canyon is located voglnp the east entrance of Yellowstone National Park, one of the nearly perpendiculaiu with Rattlesnake Mountain on the right mountain urjtil the river cut a deep, narrow gash through it? Shoshone ^am, second highest in the world. T T. Premont Lake^in the heart of the Rockies, is one of Wyoming’s most famous sheets of water. Discovered by General Premont, the grea> pathfinder. The water of this lake is so pure it may be used in a storage battery. The lake is tributary to the Hoback-Canyon region, Safe in Jackson Hole, the wonder wild game retreat of the world. Elk gather by the thousands in their winter preserve maintained by state and federal governments. Under the shadow of the majestic 'Tetons it is a virgin wonderland where the elk, moose, deer and mountain sheep are making their last stand against the onward march of civilization. S7--i'f>-ieeli< gives-'ilhi«lu:a^ed-J^cij«?es^4«i--+ou*iBts--each .sunirti^. �J-l/L^t^^t-^T^^A-O-^ U si.,^ t>t 'Kji.f-^ <*^ ^)~-^ '>^ Cl.</xt., ................. . , . / ________ t. .^ •, e^ �-'^'M-***' "^“' , ■:^^c4»^ 6-^J- i^. gt.^..^^ JCg^^.,c-i£^^ ■' ^^''0-*..'^.^^^^ /&~MgZ^t ■*■ ■ r • - . -— -- - -W- , . , .. .-r- - 9 "' " —V ~ -.^-•**-«.-—»——^»»^—^BWW«-O.-»-AH«-*^-**—■**———-^ ^X^/vysj ^'“^-'J r?stt, ■^jrt/.^-VM^.. �i^Xtb '/lL.&^f >^*vJ 6(.fTf^ fUi-» ^tft-v>A4L . yxt>vv<vx^ Ij Cirv-c "T^ {^l^x.<u»»m«L<^^ a^ /\^ /le^ (^-C/f^ �V WYOMING FOR HEALTH AND PLEASURE Wyoming is the health and pleasure state of the nation. It IS not difficult to demonstrate that Wyoming possesses more natural and genuine attractions for -the health and pleasure - .seeker than any region of similar extent in the known world. Her towering mountains, mountain-locked parks, her grand t/ rivers and awe-inspiring cartons and her broad areas, so tempt- V ing to the research of all, have reaped the richest homage from,—~ the most cap.'^ble explorers and the best scholars of our land " The savant, the sportsman and the pleasure seeker alike find their ideal, and the invalid requiring an elevated region, and in search of health-giving ^,atww-oii_^gfgm”esC , neverib* disappointed. Wyoming’s many natural resources have attracted within her borders the farmer, livestock man, the miner and the oil producer^^aitfd.in these lines the best efforts of man have gone tort^to make for the commonwealth a place among the lead­ ing states of the nation. Wyoming has been progressive. Capable hands have been at work to make thecate inviting to thewhether he comes by rail or motor. The three principal railways serving Wyoming are the Chicago and Northwestern, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and the Union Pacific. Its system of highways are built on the highest standards, great""' trunk lines^ are the Park-to-Park Highway/, and the Lincoln rHgfiwayi trtncr highways of national importance reaching Cl”* into every corner of the ,,H{ate are the Custer Battlefield, Atlantic-Yellowstone-Pacific, Black and Yellow Trail and the newly projected Glacier-to-Gulf Highway. Every city and village in Wyoming extends a friendly greeting to the visiting tourist and the homeseeker and have established information bur^^s^^i tourist parks^a««i camps comparable with the best in the nation.^ Tiw»^bg»6hure_Ls hut a. sbghi^rjKute-te-Wyo in-caeye -detail -ar-aa^^-cofiiaxacciaL^opganizatio»^^ -stfnriar seryrcer-We-iByrte-Hiquiri^s. s �Motor Travel Picturesque and Historic Wyoming The Casper District, Once Crossed Only by the Old Oregon Trail, Now Reached Over Great Modern Highways Alfred J. Mokler Assessed valuation of city property, approximately $27,000,There are five banks and tioo trust companies, with total resources of $15,750,000. Bank deposits have increased 1,100% in six years. Casper is the most important city on the Yellowstone High­ way, and a division point on both the Burlington and Chi­ cago & Northwestern railways. It has an abundant supply of rMtural gas, a great factor in the industrial development of the community. Caspers educational system supports a corps of 176 highly paid teachers; sixteen churches minister to the religious life of the community. The Casper Chamber of Commerce is a very active commercial organization; Rotary, Kiwanis, Lions and Business and Professional IT Oman’s Clubs are among the leading service organizations in the State. Casper, the County seat of Natrona County, fFyoming, has a population (estimated by averaging the increase of five business indicators since 1920), of 32,114, a gain of 180% in four years. In the oil refining industry alone, it employs approximately 4,000 men, with an annual pay-roll of $12,000,000. The daily output of its refineries is about 1,171,428 gallons of gasoline, 320,000 gallons of kerosene, 50 tons of wax and 20 tons of asphalt. Casper has 57 miles of water mains, 39 miles of sewers and 30 miles of concrete and bitulithic pavement; improvements by the city during 1923 totaled $770,000. Building permits by individuals and business houses, irrespective of the re­ fineries, totaled $4,063,618 during 1923. The building of the first units of the llliite Eagle Refinery was practically com­ pleted last year. any people have had an en­ erroneous conception of M tirely the extent of the Oregon Trail, which was at times several miles wide, and traveled for so many consecutive years that all of them could not fol­ low in the same path. The Old Ore­ gon Trail in fact “hugged” the hank of the North Platte Jtiver all the way from Fort Larami; to the Sweetwater. It not only f.-.lh wod the oorth hank of the Platte, but there were times when the emigrants stayed on the south side of that stream for miles. There are many crossings between the Sweetwater and old Fort Laramie, as will be seen from reading accounts of early trips over this route. Last summer the writer, in company with Ezra Meeker, patriarch of the Ore­ gon Trail, inspected an old crossing site just east of Glenrock, which is ap­ proximately twenty-eight miles east of Casper; and were confident that we located the crossing described in the diary of W. P. Woods of June 21, 1849. To all appearances the emi­ grants of the 4O’s and 5O’s crossed from the south bank to the north bank at this point; and crossed again from the north bank to the south bank at a point approximately four miles east of Casper. They crossed again from the south bank to the north bank at a point ap­ proximately and one-half miles west of the present city of Casper, and the trail is very clearly outlined from the crossing west of Casper all the way to the Sweetwater. In some places the trail is still visible thirty or forty feet deep in the sand; at other places out on the level plain numerous tracks are discernible, and the trail as a whole has rather a “washboard” effect. There is evidence that the Oregon 000. Trailers, or some of them at least, traveled the north bank between Douglas and Casper; and as stated be­ fore, there is unmistakable evidence that they crossed at a point three or four miles east of Glenrock, near where Deer Creek enters the Platte. They re­ crossed again three or four miles east of the present city of Casper, and again at a point about a tfiile and 'a haff, west of Casper, vdiirh was known as the Mormon Ferry in 1847, changed to Platte Bridge Station in 1858, and named Fort Caspar in 1865, in honor of Lieutenant Caspar W. Collins, who CENTER STREET, CASPER Looking south, with a dim view of Casper Moun­ tain in the background. The parked automobiles and buildings under construction index the busi­ ness activity and prosperity of the city and the surrounding region. 15 was slain by the Indians at this point. A ferry was in operation here inter­ mittently from 1847 to 1858, and a wagon bridge was maintained from 1859 to 1867. In view of these facts, it would be a mistake to say that the early emigration “followed the north bank of the Platte from old Fort Lara­ mie to the Sweetwater.” It is our opinion that while the trail followed generally the Platte Rivei all the way from old Fort Laramie to the Sweetwater, the emigrants were gov­ erned by the amount of water flowing in the Platte at the time they happened to be traveling. If the water was low, they undoubtedly made several cross­ ings; but if the water was high they evidently followed one side of the river as far as they could possibly go. The trail was never any great distance from the river on either side, and for that reason must have gone through what is now the City of Casper or its outskirts. We doubt if there was ever any great amount of travel along the south bank between the present city of Cas­ per and the Sweetwater crossing, for the reason that the walls of the can­ yons along the south bank were very steep, and the south bank is more mountainous from here on than the north bank. The Oregon Trailers could not possibly have taken a more southerly route passing a little below Casper, for the reason that they would be shut off by the Casper range of mountains. Thirty-six years ago there was no Casper; where the city is now located was then a sandy sagebrush flat, home of the prairie dog and coyote. It was announced that the Northwestern Rail­ way Company would extend its line to a point near old Fort Caspar during �Motor Travel the summer of 1888, and a town would be built at the end of the road; but its exact location had not been decided upon. John Merritt was the first to locate here; he came in on horseback early in June without even a tent. He had a round-up bed, a few provisions and an oyster can in which to make coffee —all brought on a pack-horse. He made his home under a cottonwood tree on the river bank at a point about due north from Ash street. C. W. Eads was the second man to come here to locate; he had learned that the railroad was to be extended and a town built at the end of the line, and wanted to be one of the first settlers in the new place. Mr. Eads ar­ rived in the evening of June 7, 1888, when he found Mr. Merritt preparing for supper by frying a piece of meat on a stick and boiling his coffee in the oyster can. Eads asked Merritt if he had any idea where the town of Casper was, and Merritt replied that he had been here for some days, but had not seen anything that looked like a “town.” Eads had a team and wagon, a tent, sheet iron stove, a few utensils and some provisions. With him were his daughter Fannie, and his son, Kise. The men put up the tent near the spot where Merritt was cooking his supper, and the next morning after breakfast they looked over the ground. They moved their tent to a spot now known as McKinley and A streets, where they established the town of Casper; others came in the next day after Mr. Eads arrived, and still others followed close­ ly in their steps. The temporary town was built near the tent which had been erected by Mer­ ritt and Eads on a strip of ground about half a mile east of where the Natrona County Court House now stands, the exact location being be­ tween First and A streets and between McKinley and Jefferson streets. About a dozen business buildings stood on this strip of land, half of them facing the south and the other half looking toward the north. The main street was running east and west, and was about the length of a city block. These buildings were, of course, only temporary structures, in which to transact business until the permanent location could be surveyed and platted by the townsite company. The material used in the construction of these buildings was plain rough lum­ ber, hauled down from a sawmill on Casper Mountain. A few carried on their business in tents. The flooring in most of these buildings, and in all of the tents, was just earth with the sage­ brush and cactus cleared off. There were three general merchandise stores, one drug store, a hotel, one restaurant and several saloons. Cowboys and Indians were about the only people that came in to do any trading, and they spent most of their time and money in the saloons. The railroad was built in and stopped near where the stock yards are located, about a mile east from the Court House. The first train arrived on June 15, 1888; there were about a hundred actual residents in Casper at that time; and the event was celebrated by the residents and visitors in a manner long to be remembered. The present townsite had not yet been sur­ veyed or platted when the railroad was built in; it was late in the fall of 1888 before any of the lots were sold, and none of the business houses were moved to their permanent locations until about the middle of November of that year. The first business lot to be sold in Casper was No. 13, in block 8, which is on the northwest corner of Second and Center streets, where the Stockman’s National Bank is located. Nathan S. Bristol, the purchaser, put up a small frame building on his lot, in which he carried a small stock of groceries and a line of grain and stock-feed. The employes of the store slept in this building, and for the first few years their beds were surrounded with sacks of grain to protect them from bullets often fired during the night by cowboys who had come in from the range to celebrate. The pros­ pects for Casper to become anything but a shambling, temporary frontier village were not very encouraging. Town lots were sold at a very small price and the buildings erected were put up as cheaply as possible. Most of the people in business here were of the opinion that the railroad would soon be extended; and it was their in­ tention to move further west with the railroad. Application was made for the in­ corporation of the town of Casper by John Merritt on April 9, 1889, to the Board of County Commissioners of Carbon County; there was no Natrona County then. The county commis­ sioners acted favorably upon the ap­ plication, and a to.vn election was ordered to be held on July 8, 1889. A mass meeting of the citizens was held at the Congregational Tabernacle on July 6 for the purpose of nominating candidates for mayor and councilmen; at the first town election George Mitch­ ell was elected mayor; Robert White, P. A. Demorest, A. McKinney and John Adam, councilmen. People who lived here then were Photograph from Casper Chamber of Commerce A CROSS SECTION OF CASPER, WYOMING Taken from a point somewhat to the left of the view on page 15, showing in the background an extensive vista of comfortable homes, nearly all built within com­ paratively recent years. The oil tanks seen at the top of the opposite page are only a short distance over to the right (across Center Street) from this view. 16 �Motor Travel From a Diary of 1849 Account of Crossing the North Platte Nearly 75 Years Ago.* W. P. Woods , hursday, June 21, 1849.—We an early start and drove 12 Tmade miles to the mouth of Deer Creek, where we found teams crossing the Platte. Four boats, each consisting of two dugouts fastened together, had been made by emigrants who had crossed before and gone on, others buying their rights and continuing the work. We paid $3 per wagon for the use of the boats, and swam the oxen. Just before reaching here the acci­ dental discharge of a gun by a mem­ ber of the Pittsburg Company, who was unloading a wagon to make the crossing, killed a man from Illinois, the ball passing through the body just above the heart. A man was drowned here yesterday; and just 12 miles above seven men have been drowned in two days while rafting their wagons across. Buffalo have been seen again today. A party of soldiers were met returning to Fort Laramie with some stolen cat­ tle and horses, and two of the thieves. We have driven the wagons on to the bank of the stream and the cattle over the hills to feed, and are waiting for supper. Friday, June 22, 1849.—We were roused early and in good season com­ menced crossing our wagons. The line for two miles along the river bank presented as busy an aspect as it ordi­ narily does in St. Louis, or any other small town in the States. Wagons in * See reference to this diary in “Picturesqu^^ and Historic Wyoming,” page 15, column 1. / pieces, boxes and chattels of al! kinds made a scene of extraordinary activity far out in this uninhabited western country. Our “boat” was called the “Two Pol­ lies and Betsy,” from there being two dugouts, with a log between them. Joining forces with the twelve Cincin­ nati mule trains, the “boat” started off in style with 30 men to cordelle it against the current. The men were obliged to work in the water, which rendered it quite unpleasant; but by ' 4 o’clock p. m. we were across and then drove the oxen down to swim. With all of our efforts, swimming and wading from that time until dark, we could only get three of, them to cross; so had at last to let them re­ turn to the shore, and weye obliged to keep watch of them until tnorning. The water is remarkably swift and cold, the low temperature probably due to our proximity to the snows of the moun­ tains. To the south of us, about four miles from the Platte, there arises a range of very high, pine-clad hills, which appear to terminate in the_Laramie Mountains. Saturday, June 23, 1849.—Again re­ sumed our labors by recrossing the river for the purpose of crossing our ox-teams, but at first with no better success than the day before. Here we witnessed scenes far surpassing any­ thing the imagination ever conceived— .the long to be remembered crossing of the Platte. No pencil can portray or pen depict the scene as it really was. From the report of the Fremont expedition of 1842 HOT SPRING GATE, WYOMING A deep channel cut by the North Platte River for about 400 yards through a sandstone ridge. Near this spot the westward Oregon Trail leaves the North Platte and crosses over to the Sweetwater River. 20 Fancy for one moment our feelings on observing the vast aggregation of oxen, mules, horses and wagons, mixed indiscriminately with men clothed, half-clad and even almost naked, en­ countering the elements that were tem­ porarily stopping our progress. By about noon we succeeded in crossing; but . both men and teams were ex­ tremely exhausted. /' The onlookers witnessed sights ranging from the laughable to the alarming. In one place six men were assisted ashore by hanging to the tail of a mule, with a rider on him at that, while in another case, extreme effort.s were being made to save a man from drowning. A boat sank with a wagon containing women and children, but was saved by striking a bar. I was carried by the swift current outside the jam of cattle, and saved myself by catching hold of the tail of one as I passed him, and letting him tow me to shore. Those scenes are over, though we shall long remember the crossing of the Platte. We yoked mir teams and drove on over a very rough and sandy road for about four miles, where we encamped on the river bank to feed our oxen and rest ourselves. Many a man here wishe.s himself back in the States. For two days a dense cloud of smoke has been rising from a hill far off to the south; it may be pine timber fired by Indians or hunters, or a bed of coal on fire. We are camped in a pleasant spot among a grove of cotton­ woods; the smoke from the stoves curls up among their branches. It has rained and hailed a little today; but at times the sand was so hot that I could not endure it barefooted, and preferred walking along on the prickly pears. Tractors Supplant Horses The tractor is slowly shoving the horse from Pennsylvania farms. In the past year 10,000 horses disap­ peared. There are apparently ample horses to go around, because, while the num­ ber decreased, the price has also gone down an average of $12. Over 218,000 farmers use not quite an average of three horses and mules. According to the Agricultural Depart­ ment the horse and mule power on the average Pennsylvania farm is worth less than $270. �Motor Travel The Indians of today frankly acknowl­ edge their ignorance of either its his­ tory or meaning. One Crow chief said, “It was built before the light came,” meaning it was prehistoric, while an­ other claimed it was a shrine for the worship of the sun. The Medicine Wheel can be reached by highway from Sheridan, Wyoming. The Shoshone Dam, built between the almost perpendicular walls of the Shoshone Canyon, backs up millions of acre feet of water, which serve to run a hydro-electric plant and furnish water for 136,000 acres of highly productive irrigable land in the Big Horn and Shoshone river basins. The Yellowstone Highway may be seen at the base of the right wall winding up­ ward and upward on its way from Cody to the eastern entrance of Yel­ lowstone Park. This scenic stretch of highway is rivaled for beauty by the Wind River Canyon road on the Yel­ lowstone highway and Two-Gwo-Tee pass route to the southern entrance of Yellowstone Park, through the famous Jackson Hole and Teton mountain country. Moose, elk and deer are still plenti­ ful in that vast region. Wyoming is the last of the big game states. Here in this virgin wonderland, the “Jackson Hole,” flanked on one side by the Tetons and on the other by’ the Wind River mountains, elk, moose, deer and mountain sheep are making their last stand against the onward march of civ­ ilization—the greatest foe to wild life. To the real sportsman, Wyoming is the greatest playground in the world; with the protection of the State the great elk herds which range in the Jackson Hole country, bordering the Yellowstone Park, are holding their own, while the moose and deer are said to be actually increasing in numbers. The antelope is the most interesting of all the game animals in the State of Wyoming, and in spite of the strict game laws the species is slowly dimin­ ishing. The largest live glaciers in the United States surround Gannet, Helen and Chimney Peaks in the Wind River range of the Rocky Mountains. These glaciers are located in Fremont County, Wyoming, and can be reached by pack train from Lander, Wyoming. The trip is not difficult for anyone who can ride horseback. There is a variety of scenery, lakes, canyons, streams, waterfalls, and a wall of ice five hun­ dred feet in height, clear and streaked with blue and green metallic tints. The water, as it leaves the snout of the glacier, is not unlike that which is discharged from the battery of a stamp mill. The stream passes under a natural bridge; from the top of this bridge one sees the water, blue and clear, disappearing through a deep box canyon, dashing over rapids to the foot of the mountains. These glacial streams never fail, and the dryer and hotter the summer the stronger the flow. Independence Rock, a mass of black granite rising out of the plains, about 55 miles southwest of Casper, which was the halfway station or resting place for the wagon trains on the “Old Oregon Trail” from Indepen­ dence, Missouri, to the Oregon coun­ try, is probably the most interesting landmark on the whole of that historic route. It was here that the Oregon travelers stopped to rest and refresh themselves. Here also they found pure fresh water and an abundance of feed for their stock; here they cared for their sick and buried their dead. Many graves of emigrants, even now discernable, bear mute testimony to the toll of death resulting from the saving of a vast territory for the United States. From the very first, emigrants made Independence Rock their camp­ ing place; and the custom of inscrib­ ing on it their names caused Father De Smet to call it “The great register of the desert.” Robert Stuart and his party passed by the Rock in November, 1812; Na­ thaniel Wyeth was there in May, 1832; Captain Bonneville’s party was there in July, 1832; Rev. Samuel Parker was there in 1835; Dr. Marcus Whitman and his bride and Rev. H. H. Spauld­ ing and his bride were there in 1836. These were the first white women that crossed the Rocky Mountains, and were the first white women to cross the American continent by wagon. Father DeSmet was there in 1840, John C. Fremont and Kit Carson in 1842; and from that time on until and including 1852, an ever-increasing tide of emi­ gration and travel went by on the way to the Oregon Country and California. Thousands of names, monograms and dates are chiseled on this massive rock, some of them dating as far back as 1832. Independence Rock is 193 feet high at the north end, 167 feet high at the south end, 1,950 feet in length and 787 feet in width. On July 4, 1920, Wyoming Masons celebrated the 58th anniversary of the first meet­ ing of Masons ever held in what is now the State of Wyoming, which con­ vened on top of Independence Rock, July 4, 1862. One of the best and most interesting pictures of the rock will be found in Chittenden’s “Fur Traders of the Far West.” Wyoming’s historical and scenic wonders are more attractive and in­ teresting than can be found in any other state in the Union. It has a splendid, healthful climate. The win­ ters are moderate; the summers are cool in the mornings and evenings, and pleasant in the middle of the day. Wyoming is a vast natural parkland, covered during most of the year with almost indescribable beauty. Photograph from U. S. Geological Survey ONE OF THE RED BUTTES OF WYOMING These conspicuous natural monuments are the result of extensive erosion from red sandstone of the Casper formation. This particular one is along the Overland Trail, or Lincoln Highway, about 9 miles southeast of Laramie City; but there is also an extensive area, known also as the “Red Buttes,” south* west of Casper. 19 �Motor Travel From a, drairnng by Blanche McManus THREE STAGES OF WESTERN TRAVEL First, the typical and picturesque cowboy and pony, now gradually disappearing^ second, the steam locomotive, whose tracks now almost literally gridiron the trans-Mississippi River country; and, third, the motor car, which within the past 25 years has become the well-nigh universal means of travel in the “wide, open spaces.” resembles the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. It has been dedicated by the Federal government to Natrona County for park purposes. This place was visited by a detachmenLof Captain B._L. F. Bonneyillelsparty in July, 1833, and was named by them the “Burning Mountain,” as it was at that time emitting sulphurous fumes and gases from burning bitu­ minous deposits. Captain Bonneville, an army officer, who secured a special dispensation from the army to conduct a party of fur trappers and hunters through what is now Wyoming, guided the first wagon train from the Missouri River up the Valley of the “Platte,” then called the “Nebraska,” and on into the Green River country which was then, except for the Indians, a hunters’ and trappers’ paradise. The Wind River Canyon Highway, one of the most beautiful in the West, passes through a most wonderful can­ yon of the Rocky Mountains, where its almost perpendicular walls tower 2,000 feet above the level of the river. This cuts through a crack in the rim of a natural basin in which is the city of Thermopolis, where some of the most famous mineral hot springs in the world are located. Among the numerous interesting formations is a huge shaft of granite shaped like the Washington monument, which stands out on a base half-way up the wall, and rises to a height of 750 feet above the base. The forma­ tion is capped by a sphinx-like head so apparently exact in its proportions that it has the appearance of having been chiseled by a master sculptor. Ancient castles, great tombs with sol­ diers standing guard, pyramids that might rival those of Egypt, were their history known, all look down upon the river and highway. - They Imve-- looked down fw aeonsof time, unmolested, as the walls are so high and precipitous that none have dared explore them. Small waterfalls and springs spouting water so pure and clear that it may safely be used in a storage battery, add to the many interesting things to be seen in this great canyon, which has only within the last decade been made to yield to the tools of man. Probably no other relics of early Indian occupation of the United States are so shrouded in mystery as the medicine wheels of the Big Horn Mountains in Wyoming. These, dis­ covered in the early part of the present century, have since been an object of much discussion and conjecture as to their origin and antiquity. In the American Anthropologist of March, 1903, C. S. Simms, of the Field Columbian Museum, gives an account of the wheels found on the summit of Medicine Mountain of the Big Horn Range at an altitude of over 12,000 feet. Mr. Simms was conducted to the spot by “Silver Tip,” a prospector and hunter who had lived with the Indians when a boy. The circumference of the wheel measures 245 feet. In the center, which corresponds to the hub of a wheel, is a circular structure built of stone, about three feet high; from this radiates twenty-seven lines of stone, forming the spokes. The outer circle or rim is marked at seven different places by stone structures, erected on the rim, except the one on the south, which is built several feet beyond, but connected to the whole by an elongated “spoke.” The eastern rim structure differs from the others in construction, and is nearly square; and, unlike the others, is higher, while the opening faces out instead of in. On the projecting slabs of this struc­ ture rests a perfectly bleached buffalo skull, so placed that it looks into the rising sun. Within the central struc­ ture, which resembles a truncated cone, there is a slightly circular depression in the ground. While the existence of the Medicine Wheel is, of course, known to the Crow Indians, and was undoubtedly erected either by their forebears or an earlier tribe, none know of its origin, excepting that it was made by “people that had no iron.” Several years ago a trip to the Medi­ cine Wheel was made by Doctor Long, of Sheridan, Wyoming, going up through the main canyon of the Little Big Horn. He says in writing of the trip that the history and origin of the Medicine Wheel is veiled in obscurity. From an old print INDEPENDENCE ROCK, WYOMING Famous as a resting place for emigrants on the long western trail; and the scene, on July 4, 1862, of the first regularly conducted Masonic Lodge meeting in Wyoming. A later view of Indepen­ dence Rock was shown on page 12 of Motor Travel for March. 18 �Motor Travel Photograph from Casper Chamber of Commerce A WYOMING “TANK FARM * Looking southeast over a number of immense oil tanks toward the Standard and Mid-West refineries: the city of Casper is in the left background and Casper Mountain in the extreme distance. There are more tanks in, this immediate vicinity than could be included in the view. Scenes like this may be duplicated to-day in several parts of the State of Wyoming. compelled to put up with many incon­ veniences and hardships that we of to­ day would think were terrible if we had to endure half the privations they did then. But they struggled on, and after about ten years the town proudly boasted of a population of 8J0; in 1910 our population was 2,639; in 1922 we were credited with 11,447, but we really had a population of 18,000 or more; and today there are at least 32,000 people living in the city of Casper, making it the largest in the state. We were made a city of the firstclass in January, 1917; we have thirty miles of paved streets, and the best water works system in Wyoming. The largest oil refineries in the United States are located here; and Casper is blessed with a happy, healthy, con­ tented and prosperous people. The first step toward the division of Carbon County and the organization of a new county was taken when a bill was introduced in the territorial leg­ islature in 1888 for such a purpose. The bill passed the legislative body, but was vetoed by Governor Moon­ light; the legislators passed the bill over the governor’s veto. On January 31, 1889, a petition was formally pre­ sented to the governor requesting that three commissioners be appointed for the purpose of organizing the new county of Natrona; but on February 26 the governor announced that he would not make the appointment, and nothing more at that time could be done toward the forming of the new county. Governor Moonlight was succeeded by Francis E. Warren, to whom a new petition was presented early in 1890, requesting that three commissioners be named for the purpose of organiz­ ing the new county of Natrona. On March 3, 1890, Governor Warren made the appointments as requested in the petition; the commissioners took the oath of office March 5, and ordered that an election be held on April 8, 1890, for the purpose of electing county officers and the selection of a county seat, the candidates for which were Bessemer and Casper. Bessemer received more than twice as many votes as Casper; but they were declared irregular, and Casper was named the seat for the new county. The newly elected officers took the oath of office and at a regular meeting of the board of commissioners held on April 12, 1890, the county of Natrona, Territory of Wyoming, was declared duly and regularly organized. The county derives its name from the natural deposits of natron or carbon­ ate of soda found in numerous basins and lakes that abound within this part of the state. Teapot Rock, near the Teapot Dome oil field, about 35 miles north of Cas­ per, from which the Teapot Dome de­ rived its name, is an interesting land­ mark and responsible for the name as applied to nearly everything in the vicinity. This rock is approximately 75 feet from the base to the top. At the left may be seen the “spout” of the teapot, which has the appearance of being about to fall; but has been standing at the same incline for years. Actual production in the Teapot Dome field is small in comparison with many other Wyoming fields. Its giant neighbor, the Salt Creek field, which in the main supplies four different re­ fineries in Casper, is considered by eminent geologists to be the greatest light oil field in the world. It can pro­ duce 150,000 barrels of petroleum daily under present conditions, against 4,000 barrels from Teapot. If Teapot were unknown or undis­ covered, the oil industry in Wyoming as a whole would hardly miss its pro­ duction. Casper, the oil center of the Rocky Mountain region, undisturbed by the Teapot investigation, continues to turn its wheels of industry, and is looking forward to continued develop­ ment. Casper ships more oil by rail than any other city in the world. “Hell’s Half Acre,” a tract of natu­ ral scenery, a marvel to tourists and travelers, is located approximately 45 miles west of Casper on the Yellow­ stone Highway. It is peculiar in natural and picturesque scenery, re­ sembling a giant bowl or depression in the earth, covering approximately 320 acres, which from its great depth, the coloring of its walls and pinnacles and the beautiful weather carving on the surface shales and talcs, enhanced by the contrasting colors of the strata. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes Subject The topic of the resource Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper Casper (Wyo.) -- History Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.) Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History Description An account of the resource The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letterbox 1-L Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alfred J. Mokler Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a> Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Casper Tribune Herald Midwest Review The American Farm Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1925-1925 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Alfred J. Mokler Papers, NCA 01.v.1992.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections. Description An account of the resource This Letterbox contains an address to the Casper Literary Club on April 26, 1945, titled "This Changing World," a State of Wyoming Agricultural and Industrial Production and Miscellaneous Statistical Report, sections of the Casper Tribune-Herald from 1926, a paper titled "Know Your Wyoming," along with pages from The Citizen and Midwest Review from 1940 and 1925 respectively. Researchers will also find an article Mokler published in the May, 1932 issue of The Voice of the Sportsman, titled "Scenic Beauties of the West." There are also handwritten pages on the Oregon Trail, and pages from Motor Travel. The latter contain an article by Mokler titled "Picturesque and Historic Wyoming." This article discusses Casper and the first people to locate here. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource ENG Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center) Relation A related resource Alfred J. Mokler Papers