3 10 9760 https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/84f8a650bb516b7e73547679b8e6c7eb.pdf a4b167b035e5b943c2c838a17b0617bb PDF Text Text ROUNDUP OF E 1ST (SIC AL MVERICKS THE RANGING OF TOM HCP.N Iteny -time it has been said, especially in recent years and so proclaimed by uninformed authors, that Tom Horn was not hanged and that the body of an unknown tramp was substituted for that of Horn, In a recent conversation With Dr* G, P, Johnston, who was present at the time Horn was hanged, he stated that he held Tom Horn’s pulse and told executioners when he was dead and when to cut him doivn. That at that time he removed a cuff button from the sleeve of Horn’s shirt and has the button in his possession. Dr, Johnston went on to say that he doubts very much that Horn killed Willie Nickell J there was a neighbor of the Nickell family and somewhere way back the two families were very much on the outs, in other words, feudists. He stated that TYillie Nickell was killed with a bullet of large calibre, a "minnie'' bullet as Dr, Johnston described it, from an old smooth-bored musket such as vzas used during the Civil Vvbr. When he performed the autopsy he carefully took measurements, and found that the bullet killing Willie Nickell left a very large hole, whereas Tom Horn carried an up-to-date automatic gun that left a bullet hole about thesize of a lead pencil. The above statements made by Dr, Johnston cannot be denied, JOHN CHARLES THOMPSON, noted editor of the Cheyenne, Wyoming, Tribune, and author of the outstanding daily column, "In Old VJyoming," in an address before the "Westerners," Denver, said: For more than forty years there has endured in the minds of a numerous com­ pany a suspicion, which has acquired now the tenaciousness of tradition, that Tom Horn did not die at the end of a rope in the Laramie County jail at Cheyenne on November 20, 1903, This fantastic tradition is that the hanging of Horn was a mock exdcutionj that he was out down alive, revived, spirited away; that the cadaver car­ ried from the jail was that of an unidentified tramp; that it was the body of this tramp which was taken to Boulder, Colorado, and thore buried as that of Horn. I can testify othervj-ise—I'saw Horn hanged and I saw his dead body on a mortuary slab, I kn.ew him personally; there was no mistaking the identity of that body, Horn was a professional murderer. He operated in Wyoming in the ’90’s and in Colorado in 1900, then again in lYyoming in 1901, He was employed by a group of cattle ranchers to liquidate rustlers and sheep-owners whose flocks intruded in "cattle country," His fees for murder ranged from $500 to $700. He "dry-gulched" his trad© mark was a rook placed beneath the head of a victim for the purpose of proving to his employers that the "dirty work" had been his. He v/as hanged for ambushing a 13-year-old boy v/hom he mistook for the lad's father. No other murder was proved against him but there was general belief that he committed at least four others. He was hanged not because the murder of the boy was fastened upon him "beyond peradventure of a reasonable doubt," but on "general peinciple" that he "had it coming,". , , Before he appeared on the Wyoming scene, Horn had a notable career as a scout in Indian warfare and as a stock detective in Arizona and New Mexico, There is not much time to sketch this here. His Wyoming advent vzas during a troublous era there. The famous and irifamous "Johnson County invasion" was little more than three years past; the lynching of Jim Averell and "Cattle Kate" had been perpetrated only five or six years previously; there had been numerous other dark crimes to avenge alleged cattle stealing. There was "blood on th© moon" and Horn was to add to it. As the mid-nineties approached, the T/yoming Stock Growers Association, a powerful society of cattle-raisers, appointed a secret committee to employ a stock detective to obtain evidence against rustlers. United States Senator Joseph M, Carey of the firm of J, M, Carey & Bro,, the far-flung range of which in Laramie, Converse and Natrona counties was being raided by thieves, was chairman of this committee. The committee dug up Horn, whose real name was said to be Horner, and brought him to Wyoming, Soon after his employment, John C, Coble of the Iron Mountain Ranch Company, which also was suffering heavy losses to rustlers, is said to have broached a prop­ osition that Horn was ready to kill cattle thieves for a fee of $500 a head, Carey, horrified by this proposal, demanded and obtained tjje discharge of Horn, Thereafter Horn was employed independently by a group of big cattlemen, reputed to have included Coble, Ora Haley and several others. Forthwith things began to happen, A small-time rancher named Lewis was shot in the back while working in the corral of his ranch about 35 miles northwest of Cheyenne. This was in 1895, A brief period later, a neighbor of Lewis, Levi Powell, was murdered from ambush as he worked in his meadow, accompanied by his six-year-old son,,,. Now back to Horn's "last mile," ¥/e newspapermen were crammed into a little space at the ©nd of the platform adjoining Horn's cell; the visiting sheriffs were marshaled on the first-tier level below. The Irwin brothers, flanked by guards, stood beside them. The executioners and a venerable Episcopal clergyman. Dr, George C. Rafter, an acquaintance of Horn, were on the gangway at the opposite end of the platform. Beside the Irwins sitood two physicians. Dr, George P, Johnston and Dr, John H, Conway, They were gentlemen of the highest integrity whom nothing could have induced to contribute to a criminal conspiracy. �The Hanging of Tom Horn, continued Horn, his back against the cell grill, was half-reclining on his narrow bed, puffing a cigar. He was perfectly composed. His soft shirt v;as unbuttoned at the collar, thus exposing the scar of the wound he had suffered in the fight at Dixon, "Ready, Tom," said Proctor, Horn arose, carefully placed his cigar on a cross-reinforcement of the grill, strode firmly the few steps required to take him to the side of the gallows platform. He nodded to the Irwinsj sardonically scanned the peace officers below, "Ed," he commented to Smalley, "that's the sickest looking lot of damned Sheriffs I have ever seen," "Would you like us to sing, Tom?" said Charlie Irwin. "Yes, I'd like that," responded Horn. So, while Proctor buckled straps that bound Horn's arms and legs, the Irwins, each in a rich tenor, sang a rather lugubrious song popular on the range, "Life is Like a Mountain Railroad," The clergyman read his church's prayer for the dying, Horn, standing relaxed listened without a tremor, "Would you like to say anything?" asked Smalley, "No," replied Horn. "Tom," spoke up Charlie Irwin, "did you confess to the preacher?" "No," was the reply. Proctor adjusted the noose, formed with the conventional knot of 13 wraps to Horn s neck; drew a black hood over his head, Smalley on one side and a friend of Horn, T. Joe Cahill, on the other, lifted the doomed man onto the trap, nessj thA running water permeated the breathless stilllistLers tilt ? had begun to operate. To the straining ears of the listeners that little souno had the magnitude of that of a rushing torrent. malley, his face buried in the crook of his arm resting against the gallows was trembling, ° ’ "iVhat's the matter," came in a calm tone through the black cap, "getting nervous I might tip over?" Seemingly interminable, the sound of escaping water ran on. "Joe," said Horn, addressing Cahill, "they tell me you're married now. I hope you’re doing well. Treat her right." Indubitably, he was the best composed man in that chamber of death. Still the sinister sound of running water; then mercifully, the leaves of the trap Horn's body dropped through the opening. Thirty-one seconds had elapsed since h© had been lifted onto the trapl He fell only four and one-half feet, his head and shoulders projected above the gallows floor. This drop was not sufficient; his neck was not broken, Proctor had feared to arrange a longer drop, apprehensive that stoppage of the fall of a body so heavy as Horn's might tear the head off. The slam of the massive hangman's knot against the side of H rn's skull shocked him into unconsciousness, however, and he did not suffer. For 17 minutes the physicians, with fingers on his pulse, felt im­ pulses as a mighty heart labored on; then the pulse ceased. Tom Horn was dead—unconfessedi I did not see him die. Immediately upon his plunge through the trap the witnesses were required to leave, I hesitated sufficiently to watch the dangling ra, + precisely one-half turn-stopped. Proctor's reckoning in this respect had been accurate, ® 1 first man to get out of the court-house. I emerged at a hieh lone Ze? “v"' f?""* "’•kin ’ho hfa cZntZiZJd to “ ' ger rnrough the police line, "Is the son-of-a-bitch dead?" he demanded, replied, and loped on--I had an extra to get out. An hour later I saw the Horn cadaver on a a ola slab at the Gleason Mortuary, There was no mistaking the body—it was that of Horn. Take it from me, gentlemen, Tom Horn is dead notwithstanding. ’ the myth of a fake execution U, S. government establishes a hard and fast quarantine against importation of cattle from Old Mexico, It is believed the infection came from the second shipment of Brahma bulls from Brazil, which arrived in the harbor of Vera Cruz about May 1, 1946, The United States government strenuously protested the acceptance of this shipment, but the Mexican importers had too much pull in high places in Mexico City; and again it is demonstrated that virhen politics and sanitary measures are mixed, the result is bad for the livestock industry. The outbreak was traced to premises where this shipment of bulls had been held. It is not established that any of the bulls in question themselves had given visible evidence of the disease, due to the fact that they were vaccinated before leaving Brazil; but it is believed certain that they carried the disease to the premises v.'here the infection first developed. It is understood that Mexican officials are on their way to Washington to ask for help in combating the outbreak. �. ROUNDUP CF HISTCRICAL MAVERICKS TOM HCRN - David J, Nolan, Upton, writes: I vzas very much interested in the last issue of COIT COUNTRY, The story of Tom Horn, in which interest never seems to die out, was'in my opinion incomplete, I thinlc that if you will remember or look it up, especially in the files of the Denver Post for the yeo.r 1903, along about January or February,' that you will find the cause for the Tom Horn case being played up in a large way. It hinged on House Bill No. 100, which was introduced into the Seventh State Legislature by John Nolan, then representative from Tfeston County. The bill, if pass­ ed, would have abolished capital punishment in the State of ViTyoming. The exception that the correspondent for the Denver Post took was that it would provide that any per­ son under sentence of hanging in Wyoming, would have his sentence changed to life changed to life imprisonment. I have a copy of this bill as introduced, and that is just what it vzould do. The Denver Post played up the story, and it was vzorked strong that Represent­ ative Nolan was influenced by the Stock Growers Assn., of ".'yoming, to introduce this bill. The write-up was carried at that time in almost every paper in the West, and brought Tom Horn's name to people who would have never heard ot it otherwise. The story was played up by the Denver Post in such a manner as to oast re­ flection on Nolan and the Stock Growers Assn, to such a degree that the Seventh State Legislature went on record as barring the correspondent of the "Post" from the floor of the House of Representatives, But I believe that the reflections cast on Nolan and the Wyoming Stock Growers Assn, were unjust, as at that time there was grave doubt in many people’s minds as to the guilt of Tom Horn, as well as to the convictions of many other men who had been convicted and hanged on circumstantial evidence. In the case of Tom Horn, many people believed then, as they do now, that Horn was just "blowing his top" when he confessed to Joe LeFors that he had killed Willie Nickels, mostly because he wanted a job and thought that vzas the only way to make the job secure. The story that the hanging of Horm was bvmgled v/as passed around in ’./■yoming for years aftenmrd. The story passed around was that when Horn was dropped through the trap on the scaffold, he was dropped on a short rope that did not kill him; that he even got his feet above the platform and thrashed around until he strangled to death, as he could not get the rope loose because his hands and feet were bound. They had it that all the vzitnesses to the execution'vzere sickened by the sight, but of course this story may have been pure imagination, THE DENVER POST, MARCH 25, 1947, SAYS; Laying a Ghost Unlike Jesse James and Rails Gambler Jim Fiske, Tom Horn, "professional murderer" at 0500 to $700 a head, has inspired no ballads, but his ghost still rides on. Horn'was hanged in the Laramie county jail in Cheyenne, Wyo., Nov. 20, 1903. The court, the sheriff and the sheriff’s witnesses all knew it. But for more than 40 years, Wyoming has buzzed with the fantastic yarn that Tom Horn was not hanged at all; that, through connivance of big cattlemen,the body carried from the jail on that hanging day and buried in the Boulder, Colo., cemetery, was that of a tramp; that Horn himself was smuggled, alive, out of the building and avzay. Torrents of words and gallons of printer’s ink have not yet stilled the story. Time and again, newspapermen and others are told, "’Thy, Tom's alive and'kicking, living right now in Chugwater--or Sundance, or Big Piney, any old place." The persistency of these tall tales recently promptly John C. Thompson, vet­ eran editor of the Cheyenne Tribune, a witness at Horn’s execution with T. Joe Cahill, the Irwin Brothers and others, to tell about the hanging again. His eye-witness account was presented in an address to the Westerners in Denver and'was then published in COW COUNTRY, official bulletin of the ''Wyoming Stock Growers Assn, It gave full details. Horn, he said, "indubitably was the best composed man in that chamber of death." In conclusion, Thompson said: "Take it from me, gentlemen, Tom Horn is dead, the myth of a fake execution notwithstending." Thompson’s story is a little classic in the chronicle of the Wyoming cattle­ men’s campaigns against the cattle rustlers. In the mid-’90s, the '^lyoming Stock Growers Assn, named a secret committee to engage a stock detective to obtain evidence against the, thieves. The late U.S, Sen­ ator Joseph M, Carey was the chairman. The committee dug up Horn, who had vzon a name as an Indian scout, stock detective and daredevil in the southwest. Soon aftervzard one cattleman vzas said to have reported that Horn was ready to kill cattle thieves at $500 a head. This proposal so horrified Senator Carey that he demanded and obtained Horn’s discharge. Thereafter, Thompson says, other cattlemen employed Horn independ­ ently. Subsequently, five killings were laid to Horn, the last that (for vzhich he hanged) of a 13-year-old boy whom Horn had mistaken for the lad's rancher father; Today Tom Horn’s crimes, committed secretly in the name of law and order, seem only like an incredible and ugly dream from the past. They don’t jibe with the dignity and fairness expected in the achievement of law and order. Horn's record and the "Johnson county war" which preceded his furtive forays on the range are only grim memories now of a grim western era. But Thompson's record of Horn's "last mile" is a nugget for any collector's mine of western lore. �HELL’S HALF ACRE on your way to the Yellowstone National Park ********************************** ***************************************************************** I ****************K-*********************************************** ’ VISIT �HELL’S HALF ACRE, an enormous depression in the rolling plains of Central Wyoming, cohsists of several hundred acres of had lands, and is con­ sidered as one of the numerous scenic spots in Wyoming. It is located between Casper, Wyo­ ming, and the Yellowstone National Park, fortyfour miles west of the city of Casper, on U. S. Highway 20. At Casper (the hub of Wyoming) there are plenty of hotel and tourist facilities and HELL’S HALF ACRE is only an hour’s drive to the west. In traveling over Highway 20, through Central Wyoming, there are many places of interest to the tourist, such as the Natural Bridge, about fortyfive miles east of Casper. In Thermopolis on the same highway is the largest hot water mineral spring in the United States. By traveling Highway 20 you can reach the Yellowstone National Park by either the east or south entrances, through the east by the way of Thermopolis, Worland and Cody or through Riverton, Lander, Dubois and Moran in the famous Jackson Hole country over Wyoming Highway 320 from Shoshoni, which town is the junction of Highways 20 and 320. The views on the outside of the “first day envelope” are only a few of the fantastic sights that greet the eye of the visitor to HELL’S HALF­ ACRE. The pictures as reproduced on this en­ velope are pen and ink sketches from photographs of formations in HELL’S HALF ACRE. You will also see such formations as the PULPIT, SA­ TAN’S CAVERN, SATAN’S FOOTSTOOL, THE MOSQUE, IDOLS, THE PAINTED CLIFFS, THE DRAGON, THE SENTINEL, REGISTER, (in­ cluding names from practically every State in the Union and several foreign countries.) Many other weird and peculiar formations are located in this grotesque cavern. One columnist has written: “It is a broad basin, filled with freakish for­ mations resembling columns, pillars, spires, minarets, pagodas, all in many fantastic colors.” Indian legends bring to us that late in the six­ teenth century HELL’S HALF ACRE was called the “burning mountain,” but it is not known whether those conditions existed at that time or whether it was known by that name from other legends, because history of the first white man to reach this location in 1807 does not state that it was still on fire. It is claimed by some who are acquainted with the volcanic regions that it is very similar to those districts, and if such is true, it would lead to the conclusion that the leg­ ends had been handed down for the hundreds of years from the time that it was an active volcano. There is some evidence to bear out this theory, as considerable lava and petrified wood is found at the bottom of the depression, which in many places is 500 feet in depth. Some people claim that it was a burning coal vein, but due to the ruggedness and varying depth, this theory is ques­ tioned by scientists. However, it is generally un­ derstood that erosion of hundreds of years has had its effect, and the wind, rains and snows have done wonders in carving out the fantastic and colorful sights that await the visitor. Inasmuch as geologists, archaeologists and other scientists do not agree on its origination or how it was formed, it would be well for the layman to take it as nature has provided and see the wonders that have been developed by Mother Nature, the foremost of all artists. HELL’S HALF ACRE is claimed by a great many to be one of the most beautiful and peculiar works of nature they have ever seen. Different from most places of scenic beauty throughout the United States, HELL’S HALF ACRE is just off the highway, and no admission is charged to see any or all of the sights. In your travels from Casper to HELL’S HALF ACRE you cross Powder river, made famous dur­ ing the World War, and described as “a mile wide and an inch deep.” Indian arrow heads and other artifacts have been found at the bottom and around the rims, thus proving that it was used by the Indians as a camping place, and, no doubt, bears out the theory that it was used as a “buffalo drive,” or “trap.” �******-55-*********'»***************** “THE DEVIL’S IN” CURIO STORE HELL’S HALF ACRE Colored post cards of HELL’S HALF ACRE at 3 for five cents; packets of eight photographic pictures of HELL’S HALF ACRE at 25c per packet. All kinds of curios of the west. V. W. MOKLER Box 1 Casper, Wyo. Box 1 Hell’s Half Acre, Wyo. ********************************** �FIRST DAY MAlLiNO Mr. & Mrs. A. J. Mokler, 655 So. Park Ave., Casper, Wyoming “THE GATEWAY” Hell's Half Acre, Wyoming. ���fU ■r-c ,AXZ/*'uV AZ^-’ a/p ^-,0'-^''^ W- QaM^u. Tr9-‘‘^^-^ 1xt)t^ CA-AZ -i^ (La^z^zr''^^^ AA'-A-^ ii-^'' Czf^c cr\^ / ^t..'^~'t~'^^~r^ r- ‘dZ'Z^^ Z J ■'’H' ?1 igpj !T-^ -'■} ,: ' i,w, '^if^ . ’ -■>■• ?'J :' J ."’ 0©^-<''X^-t7 M(/ii' "”^ii^7'’~"'"'’^-^' ■ -' ■ ... .. _. .. ... .: ... . : ;,. . . . .. 1 . . .jJ........... - '\. ,. 'T'^'^r^ 11^ , _ I . _ . tJ.. .'L'.. . .- „-:— -I �•, _ .'...:______ • ■, . . _’ ''yy'c^ f ■ , ‘’U- . - .y.,- ■■•;■ '• —-- ;; :'! ■'£' i,. . 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I"'.- .-.. jw;. v?i;iJFe!,C5-9T tiflljxjif!’?’? i- '.;; E^^j C.it.T - . ................. p. ... ■ ....1..J. ..»,,.. .;E.i... .„ .,-4^-. . i—wi.i I ^ ■!. I. ■ L. 1 —. I II — 1^1.1.—.11 ., £,■ ■ ,--.■ --•■'»• "l^l* ■■!■; mt w''. ' " I’y-*!' ■ ~ — , ^• !r. -■:i. 1 --------------------- ----- ---------''" . ' ----------- -- --- .. .,^-.._ i ■ .- j^..*4^....4--.-..li.L ^ .■ . x^^~jnIuX2£4U- :----- ___._—. -'f,. -.''=._ 1, ^ZV".- ,ri ==a=Tr-- .’.,.1.11 not,' '';.g8S^5gai.‘.E:aT . i. .. .„ J 1 . �28 The Mountain States Monitor, March, 1927 LOOKING OVER THE RIM ROCKS INTO “HELL’S HALF-ACRE.” NEAR CASPER, WYOMING Hell's Half Acre By Carrie fTMiams, Casper, JTyoming Instead of a half acre, this place contains GREAT point of interest near Casper, about three hundred acres of land. Wyoming, and in Natrona County, is It is a wonderful sight and one that cannot the natural curiosity known as “Hell’s Halfhe anticipated as it is approached. As one Acre.” drives along the west Yellowstone highway This name is very misleading as to area. toward Thermopolis there is nothing in the A landscape to warn you that the traveler is nearing one of the most interesting spots in this part of the state. After leaving Casper and traveling west for about fifty miles, there are signs advising the (Continued to Next Page) traveler where to turn off from the highway. There is an unfounded Indian legend in The rim of “Hell’s Half Acre” is only a few which the name “Enchanted Land” is used, feet from the road. but has no foundation and really is not at — One staiide-en the edge and gazes- down intoall-suitable to the weird place:-------- — -----the immense pit and wonders, awe-struck, what You may wonder how it received its present could have caused these formations. Stories name, which seems so inadequate. Some­ of rattlesnakes, etc. keep some folks from where on the north side of the Platte river venturing down, but most always curiosity is a piece of boggy land, about twenty-two gets the better of their fears and they go miles from Casper. Around a large bend in down to better examine and view what seems the river is a nice stretch of meadow land, to be an ever-changing scene. making a fine grazing patch for cattle. But In this great depression there are caverns in order to reach this meadow from the north which appear bottomless, crevices and pits; it is necessary to pass through a patch of bad also what seems at a glance to be the ruins of land, with the appearance of white ashes, a man-made creation; towers, spires and many but which proves to be a scum of alkali over fantastic forms difficult to describe. Then the the marsh. The cowboys coming through this light effects as the sun and shadows strike way with cattle called it “Hell’s Half Acre,” on the rocks reflect gorgeous colors in laven­ and later some one confused the two places der, red, white, etc. until the name seems to be a fixed one for the The name, “Hell’s Half Acre,” is not very wonder spot. appropriate. One of its former names, “Dev­ / Another item of interest in regard to this region is the fact that fossils of prehistoric il’s Kitchen,” seems far more suitable. animals are found in the vicinity. Professor Years ago, when the Indians had possession Reed of the Wyoming University made sev­ of this land, it was called the “Burning Moun­ eral very important discoveries in 1907. These tain, Near Powder River.” Bonneville visited he mounted and placed in the museum of the the place in 1832, and the place was then said University at Laramie, Wyoming, and they to be “abounding with anthracite coal, the are considered very valuable. earth hot and cracked, with smoke and sul­ In March, 1922, through the efforts of the phurous vapors arising as if from concealed Casper Chamber of Commerce, an act of fire.” Congress was passed which withdrew this land A man named John Colter visited here in from all forms of entry, and Natrona County 1808 and told such stories of its hidden fires agreed to accept it and protect it as a public and all its terrors and smells that it was park if the land be given to the county. In named “Colter’s Hell” by the trappers. There December of the same year Senator Warren is no doubt, in view of all evidence, but that introduced the bill favoring the turning over it is an old bumed-out coal bed. of this land to Natrona County. �' ' :a r ■■••■■'< CH30kfci> ' ■k’. 3<=jT-si-8 . �Hell’s Halfacre—In Wyoming’s Wonderland '' In that interval between sunrise and sunset, when Time, acting only as a color organ casts dancing lights and shadows upon this stage set by Nature in a mood of strange unrest, the expanse of caverns, chasms and peaks pictured here is a thing of intricate grandeur. But when the shadows of evening fall, the blackness of night descending upon it transforms the scene into one of stark beauty, suggestive of a mythical lane of terror, worthy of the name given it—Hell’s Halfacre. Not a half acre, but interminable acres stretching finally into nothingness, this peculiar formation Casper, whose rocks and soil bear every color of the rainbow; Located on the Yellowstone highway, it draws hundreds of tourists every year to view �Agents UilL Half a dozen Stand­ ard Oil agents from Wyoming. No. 1: L. G. McKinnis, Lusk. Wo. 2: Allan C. Jones, Torrington. Ao. 3: Hans Gautschi, Lusk. No. 4: Clarence Saw­ yer, Torrington. No. 5: Howard Gilkeson, Sheridan. No. 6: Robert L. Gal­ lant, Cheyenne. �Devil’s Bee Hive, Hell s Half Acre, Wyoming. �LIB BLOfSJ OFF X9 HADES nll«8 vest of CospoTc «i the Yellowstoae Mgta«By« ia <ma of tlMi ffloat wmdarfol MuplM world. It has bean viewed Batsre*s haaadiiRnrlc aoan aagnibaaro In the thocaMmdae ea^ eno of whoa forraod his oan theory with referonoe to it. There any be »ore subliae wlova along the Arkaana and Colorado rivers, more iBqpressiva aoeaes al«ig the trails of Tellowstono and Glaeier imrks, but oertainly no laor^ strange and unaooountable wondw* than Hell*8 Half Aoro. There it ia, a great basin, in which has been wrought and set down by a master arohiteot, ammtain ranges, plaim, hills, valleys, castles, kos- q^es, pyranids, watah tearars, anoimit ruins, eavems, tunnels, shafts, all in varigated oolorlng aad aat^rials unlike ai^ythiag in the adjacent regitm. of tiae and aeticnx of the olesieata Iwvo done their share in adding fora and graoefulnMS wmtour to the eeaq^site pheneamum. SoiKf iiliyila and ad^ Hell's Half Aere is mystery, one knows. Ho one ev«r will know. Soima^tists nay grope and spin theories. So the layman. For truth and exaotness we aeoept wlmt pleases us. For the origin of Hell's Half Acre, the mythology of Mount Casper ante­ dating that of Mount Oly^ius possibly offers the most rational oqplanation. the fanciful tale goes, it is related that in the heaving and bulging of the earth's surface ia the cooling process from a molten state after having been thrown off from another planet Mount Casper suddenly appeared one morn­ ing in early spring. In time trees gi^ew, grass and flowers came and on the lower stretches ths fragrant sagebrush made its appearance. With the jmssing of tile centuiries came the beasts of the field and the fowls of the air. �Lid Blown Off In iladesj Page twoJ Ftnally 1±ie gods, the anoestora of those who later reigned in Olympus, the nsraM and legends eonoeming them being to great extent lost or rmaodeled to glorify those of the later p«*lod« The tale of Hell *8 Half Acre, however, surviTed and ochsm down to the present day through an Indian ehief to early travelers on the Or^«m trail. In brief it runst The son of the tyraimical ruler over all things on Moiast Casper, fell into dissolute habits and for punishment -was banished to hell. On his arx*ival he undertook to teach Satan, the ruler of the lower regions, an earthly gambling gsiae. While thus engaged, Satan assigned the duty of stoking the grMt fumaoes under the middle kettle to the imps with idiioh hell at that tine and erwr sime has been overinin. The imps, in the absenoe et ^9 master, and after the nature of imps, labored assiduously and brought great stores of fuel which they poured into the vast fumaoes eausing auoh exeessiTs hMt that the gases from the sulphur with which -^e middle kettle ws filled and into whi<di sinners from earth were to be tossed, eaqploded, blowing the roof hell md eausing a terrific uph^val, Wmb de^light eeme the next morning Hell's Half Acre was there to greet the chance passerby. That is the story. It is not for us to doubt its authenticity. If any geologist er other soientist can read a suure plausible <me from the inresant scene we will give it velotaae. Bibliography: Col. W. H. Huntiey la Casper Hally Tribune, Septeidjor 19, 1921. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes Subject The topic of the resource Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper Casper (Wyo.) -- History Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.) Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History Description An account of the resource The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letterbox 1-E Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alfred J. Mokler Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a> Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cow Country The Mountain States Monitor Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1927 1940 1947 Description An account of the resource This Letterbox contains an essay titled "Roundup of Historical Mavericks," Cow Country (January 25, 1947), a Visit Hell's Half Acre mailing card (1940), a handwritten article, and an article published in The Mountain States Monitor (March, 1927). Researchers will also find an article titled "Lid Blown Off in Hades." Type The nature or genre of the resource text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource ENG Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from their use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center) Relation A related resource Alfred J. Mokler Papers https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/3d92b455efb385632f9590b2952d3ebe.pdf bb1daed96e6f8733ec16640d44f7b579 PDF Text Text Frank Julian Writes of SOME EARLY RANCHES By FRANK JULIAN (Editor’s Note: ’The author of the following interesting article came to Natrona County in 1896 and has lived in this county continually since that date. He first came to Wyoming in 1889. Mr. Julian is an authority on horti­ cultural matters and has won scores of blue ribbons for his work as a horticulturist. The article below deals with the ownerships of Natrona County ranches in the early days.) In the year, 1870, a young man who had come to this country with a wagon train, stopped and said to himself, “This country looks good to me and I believe I will stay here.” He built a half-dugout half-log cabin at a point about three miles southwest of the mouth of the Sweetwater river and at the south­ east comer of the Sweetwater rocks. Prom Rawlins, his closest town, he packed in supplies on a horse. He lived here for three years, hunting, trapping and looking the country over. ’This man was Tom Sun and in the spring of 1873 he picked as the most promising land for his fu­ ture cattle ranch,” the Sweetwater river country just above Devil’s Gate. His son, Tom, now owns the ranch and it is known as the Tom Sun Ranch. THE FL COW RANCH at the head of Poison Spider Creek was started in 1822 by a Mr. Wade. Wade ran the FL for several years before selling it, along with the UC Ranch and lower UC Ranch on Horse Creek, to Robert Taylor, The late Oscar Helstand was Mr. Wade’s last fore­ man at the FL. Robert Taylor, who was later a senator from Natrona County, ran sheep on these rjinches for a great many years before selling the properties to the Grieves who still own them. About ia7»-Alex' »wan -Df Chey­ enne and Scotland started the Two Bar Ranch on Bates creek. This ranch is now owned by John Tobin. Mr. Swan also started the 07 about this time. The 07 is located at the lower end of Bessemer Bend and is now owned by Mr. William Hufford. Mr. Swan also owned ranches on the Chugwater, using these mostly for stock cattle. He called his company The Swan Land and Cattle company. ’The Pathfinder Reservoir now oc­ cupies the land Which was formerly the TW Ranch, owned by A. J. Both­ well. Mr. Bothwell started his ranch on the Sweetwater river at the mouth of Horse creek, about four miles below Independence Rock in 1882. It was a cattle ranch until 1907 when the U. S. government bought it for the Pathfinder Reser­ voir site. THE DUMBELL RANCH located just below Devil’s Gate was started in 1882 also by Dr. Schoomaker. This prc^erty is now owned by William Grieve. About 1881 two ladies from Eng­ land started the Goose Egg Ranch on the Platte river at the mouth of Polson Spider. They employed a gang of stone cutters for about one year, cutting and dressing native stone for the two story ranch house. In 1886 they sold Goose Egg to J. M. Carey and his brother. While the ranch was operated by two ladies from England, William Ervlne was their range foreman, Ervine later left here to go to northern Wyoming where he managed the Half Circle L Ranch for many years. rest of their lives. In 1908 he passed away and in 1914 she passed away. It takes a lot to feed four healthy youngsters and two grownups. Then there were the transients that ex­ pected to be fed. I have heard cow­ boys say that Mrs. Stroud never allowed anyone to go by her place hungry. She was a fitting wife for a frontiersman. An expert shot with a rifle, many are the elk and ante­ lope she added to the family pot from her dooryard. The station four miles east of Cas­ per is named Stroud after this fam­ ily. The Stroud ranch is now owned by Homer Lathrop. Of the youngsters mentioned, three are now living. Mrs. Laura McGrath and Mrs. Bell Patton in Casper and Charley Stroud in Washington state. THE FIRST HOUSE built on Can­ yon creek was a log cabin, 16’ by 20’, and was located at a point about two miles east of the m.outh of the creek on the north side. It was built by Jack Roberts who came up the trail from Texas with a herd of steers in 1882. Roberts did not stay long, but shipped his cattle out and left the country. He did not file on the land and Mr. Boney Earnest filed on it, added four more rooms to the cabin and made it his home ranch. Earnest lived here until 1907, when he sold to the government for the Pathfinder reservoir. FRANK JULIAN THE OLD GOOSE EGG ranch house received much publicity in Owen Wister’s book, “The Virginian,” for it was there the babies’ clothes were changed, causing some parents an anxious hour or two. This ranch, comprising 1,200 acres, was later sold to D. N. Speas who, in 1888, had located his Cross S Ranch at the upper ehd of Bessemer Bend, Mr. Speas passed away several years ago, but his widow, Mrs. Mary N. Speas, still lives on the ranch. In 1880, J. M. Carey oi Cheyefne located his CY ranch two mi]e.< southwest 01 where Casper is today. For a good many years he ran cattle on the CY and this ranch is now owned by Harry Yesness, Casper clothier. Mr. Carey at one time own­ ed the Y Ranch on the Greybull, the SO Ranch down the Platte at the i mouth of Boxelder, the C Lazy Y also on the Platte and his home , ranch, Careyhurst, on Boxelder. Mr. Carey, who passed away several years at a ripe old age, served one term as governor of Wyoming and also as United States senator from Wyoming. THE WRITER BUILT the next cabin on the creek, near the mouth on my homestead and I lived there ♦' • • until I sold it to the government. FRANK ERVINE took up land at The first house built on the little the Cottonwoods mentioned above Canyon creek was a three-room the Earnest ranch on Big Canyon hewed log built by Mr. Dan Fitger creek and was named for a nice for Pedro Arisola, a Spanish-Amer­ ican who was a cowboy for the Pick outfit. Arisola did not prove up on this land, but left to work in Utah. In 1896 I bought his Improvements, moved the fencing and sold the house to Mr, E. M. Irwin who filed on the land and proved up on it< Irwin later sold to Mr. Roy Cardwell and moved on down the creek to a new location, which is now his THE V BAR V ranch was located i on the Muddy in 1881 by B. B. I Brooks. This ranch is about 251 miles east of Casper, and Gov. Brooks built it to a large ranch in a few years by buying small holdings. The V Bar V is now owned by Dr. H. E. Stuckenhoff of Casper. Mr. Brooks served two terms as governor of Wyoming and was prominent in | oil and banking circles. At the time of his death, a few years ago, he was president of the Wyoming Na­ tional Bank. His widow, Mrs. Mary N. Brooks still lives in Casper. IN 1876 JOSHA STROUD took the advice of Horace Greeley to go West young man, go West, Taking his wife and four young children he left his home in Indiana and in a reasonable time he arrived in Chey­ enne, Wyo. He lived in Cheyenne for several years and then decided to file on a piece of land about four miles from where Casper is now located, where the Oregon ’Trail crossed Elkhorn creek. After filing on this land, he took out a ditch, put in a garden and some alfalfa and i they made themselves at home. For I the next four years he had to haul his supplies from Cheyenne with home ranch. At this point a bear little grove of cottonwoods that grew there on the creek. story will be in order. In 1900, Henry Cardwell establish­ MR. FITGER, while building. the ed a homestead on little Canyon creek, just where it comes out of the Arisola home, had his brother-in- Pedro mountains. After living there law, Hans Neilson, working for him. a good many years, he sold it. Don Hans was wrangling horses one day Ervine now owns this place and* uses down at the cottonwoods, a place 1 it as his home ranch. Don also will mention later in this article. He owns his homestead west down to­ was up on a cliff looking down on a wards the river and two homesteads little brush patch. Wanting to try on Big Canyon creek, the Frank out his new 45-90 Winchester, he Ervine place at the Cottonwoods and threw a rock in the dead brush, plenty of leased land from the gov­ thinking to scare out a deer. .A deer ernment. did not come out, but a bear did. Hans downed the bear in two shots, AT THIS TIME I want to menand out came another bear. Well, tion a spot I found in the Pedro he shot bears for a few minutes and mountains, It is about two miles then got too scared to go down and south and a little west of the Ervine investigate. Hans went over to home ranch and is almost inaccessi­ Boney Earnest’s for help, but Cap­ ble. I discovered while hunting tain Bayley was there alone and deer in the winter of ’96. Some thought it too late in the day to boulders have been arranged by hu­ hunt crippled bears. So they waited man hands and there are pieces of until the morning to go down and arrow lying around. I asked Boney look the situation over. In the Earnest what he knew about it and morning they found five dead bears, he said they called it an old Indian meat and hides all spoiled in the fort. He thought two bands of In­ July weather. dians had fought to the death at Hans became a good cowman and this place. He said, “Your guess is was foreman for Dr. E. P. Schoo­ as good as mine.” maker on his Dumbell ranch on the I also must mention a spot I found Sweetwater river. I knev/ him very on the Platte river near my house. well. In 1900 he moved to Canada. It looks like a house had once stood In 1894, Horatio Burtch filed a there and the remains of a fireplace homestead on little Canyon creek, are around. I found it in 1877 while about one mile above Pedro Arisola’s place. He proved up and sold it and it now belongs to Roy Cardwell. Burtch was a rider for the Pick out­ fit for many years. fishing at the mouth of the cree' It looks just the same now as it di then. Someone must have live there at some time in the past. �Vol. 2 SEPTEMBER, 1925 No. 1 Independence Rock and other Historic Land Marks Along the Casper - Rawlins Route seekers for gold in California, and then later by the settlers bound for Oregon. In Alfred J. Mokler’s History of Na­ trona County, Wyoming, we find the fol­ HE Old Oregon Trail is said to have been 2,000 miles long. Doubtless to lowing story of Independence Eock. “Independence Eock, the ‘Eegister of most of the pioneers westward bound it seemed to be 20,000 miles long. This pio­ the Desert, ’ is probably the most interest­ neer route is generally conceded to have ing landmark on the whole of the old Ore­ begun at Independence, Missouri. If we gon Trail. It was at this spot the weary ■aro-tn ju(]ge by the atm-les of misfortunes., ])ilgrims, who traveled bv slow-going teams stopped to rest and refresh themselves. Whi('h occurred along this famous route and the time it took to travel its course It was here that they found pure, fresh we are certain to conclude that it was in­ water and an abundance of feed for their stock. It w’as here that they gathered deed a trail. It has been a question as to who laid out about the campfires in the evening and the “Oregon Trail” and it will undoubt­ sang the old-time songs while the young edly remain unanswered. It seems to have people danced in the moonlight on the been the natural route and was undoubted­ well-beaten area. It was here that they ly selected by the earliest explorers and cared for their sick and buried their dead. trappers. These were later followed by “This isolated mass of granite stands missionaries, then by Mormons, later by out on the desert plains at the foot of the Remove not the ancient landmarks which thy fathers have set.” Prov. 22-28. Eocky mountain range in the Sweetwater country. When the emigrants reached here from Independence, they had traveled 838 miles, and they considered that they had covered half their journey. The Sweet­ water Eiver flows along the southern base and, according to many writers and his­ torians the old Oregon Trail was on the north and west sides of the Eock, where -the—county road is-now loc-ate4-,--and thc-old bridge was supposed to be just east of where the new county bridge was built in 1920. This was not the ease however. The old Oregon Trail crossed the river about a mile east of the Eock, w’here the Sweetwater stage station was located, and passed by the Eock on the south side of the river, and of course south of the Eock. “From the very first the emigrants made Independence Eock their camping place View of the new treated timber bridge over Sweetwater River, Natrona County, Project No. 164B, Casper-Rawlins Road under con­ struction. Historic Independence Rock in the background, old Oregon Trail in the foreground. The original route of the pioneers was around to the right or south of Independence Rock, while the new highway passes to the left or north of the Rock where suit­ able markers have been installed to perpetuate the memory of the pioneers of those days. This point is 56 miles from Ca sper and 65 miles from Rawlins. �4 WYOMING ROADS September, 1925 and the custom of inscribing on it their bows, arrows, lances and shields; no more names caused Father DeSmet to call it will it mark for weary migrating hosts a INDEPENDENCE BOCK ‘ ‘ the great register of the desert. ’ ’ The spot of solace and of rest; for it forever, Probably discovered by returning AsIndians in the early days came here to probably, will remain only the quiet soli­ torians, 1812. Given its name by emi­ paint their picture—writing on its smooth tude of a lonely place, peopled solely by grants who celebrated Independence walls. It is said to have been named the memories of sunshine and shadow from ‘ ‘ Rock Independence ” by a party of trap­ day here July 4, 1825. Captain Bonne­ days that are no more. But as the soft pers who passed there early in the nine­ whispering winds of summer play about ville passed here with first wagons, 1832. teenth century. It is known that Robert its massive flanks let us believe they bring Whitman and Spaulding, missionaries. Stewart and his party passed by here in to it a message to mingle with those memo­ With wives, stopped here, 1836. Father November, 1812. ries; let us believe they re-echo to it as DeSmet saw it and owing to many they pass the Song of the West, which tells “There is no record of the exact date names upon it called it the “Eegister to us all: of the first white man to pass this way, of the Desert,’’ 1840. Gen. John C. ’At first ’twas the lure of metals, the dullbut Rev. Samuel Parker, who was there Fremont camped here with U. S. army, red stream borne gold. on the 7th of August, 1835, says ‘this rock Aug. 2, 1842. Fifty thousand emigrants When the weaklings died by the roadside, takes its name from the circumstances of passed here in 1853. It is the most fa­ when the slid snows buried the bold. a company of fur traders suspending their mous landmark on the And then ’twas the lure of the ranges, the journey and here observing in due form miles of unbroken sod. the anniversary of our national freedom. ’ OLD OREGON TRAIL Where the herder spread his blankets Captain Bonneville was here on or about ’neath the scintillant stars of God. the 14th of July, 1832, for he says: ‘On A bronze tablet measuring 24"x36" was But now ’tis the song of the water fioodthe 12th of July we abandoned the main ing the thirsty soil; stream of the Nebraska (now the Platte), placed on the northwest corner of the which was continually shouldered by rug­ rock recently and bears the above inscrip­ The grind of the stamps, quartz crushing, the gush of the spouting oil. ged promontories, and making a bend to the tion. The crash of the fall­ southwest for a cou­ ing timber, the ple of days, part of murmuring fields the time over the of grain. plains of loose sand, The hum of the encamped on the 14th blooming orchards, on the banks of the the road of the la­ Sweetwater, a stream boring train’.’’ about twenty yards How fitting that qua. in breadth and four of the highways of or five feet deep, the Wyoming Federal flowing between low Aid System passes banks over sandy by this venerable soil, and forming one landmark! The new of the forks or up­ highway from Casper per branches of the to Rawlins follows Nebraska. Frequently the old County road, the plains were stud­ Mastic wearing surface under construction on the new treated timber bridge over ded with isolated Sweetwater River, Natrona County, on Federal Aid Project 164-B, showing a portion in some places cross­ of the famous Independence Rock in the background. ing and in some places blocks of rocks, some­ paralleling the old times in the shape “In the year 1843 the Oregon Trail first Oregon Trail. That section of the high­ of a half globe, and from 300 to 400 feet high. These singular masses had occa­ became a great national highway, when a way passing close by the Rock is known sionally a very imposing and even sublime thousand homeseekers passed over the as Federal Aid Project Number 164-B., re­ appearance, rising from the midst of a Trail with their teams, ‘ and each year cently completed. The new highway thereafter’ writes Ezra Meeker, ‘wagon savage and lonely landscape.’ passes to the West side of the rock where ‘ ‘ Captain Bonneville was preceded by teams passed over the whole route to the Nathaniel Wyth, who was there during the Oregon country in varying numbers, wear­ suitable markers have been placed, and month of May of the same year. Dr. Mar­ ing the track deeper and deeper, until fi­ to the South crosses the Sweetwater over cus Whitman and his bride, who were mak­ nally the greater exodus in 1852, when a new treated timber bridge, replacing the ing their wedding tour as missionaries to a column of 50,000 strong moved out from County bridge mentioned in Mokler’s His­ the Indians on the Pacific coast, and Rev. the Missouri rvier and lined the Trail with tory. H. IT. Spalding and his young wife, were dead, 5,000 or more in number for that Just adjacent to the rock at the point at the rock in 1836. These were the first one year alone. Fully 300,000 people where the tablet has been placed is one of white women that crossed the Rocky crossed over what might be termed the the standard markers of the Oregon Trail, mountains, and of course the first white eastern section before the advent of the similar to a number of other markers women to set foot on Independence Rock. Pacific railroad in 1869, which diverted which have been placed at various points “Father DeSmet was here in 1840. He later traffic, and the Trail again became a along the route. writes: ‘It is the first massive rock of solitude.’ ’’ The highway also passes near Devil’s that famous chain which divides North In 1920, Judge W. A. Riner of Cheyenne, America, and which travelers call the back­ in an address at Independence Rock before Gate, another object of historic note, bone of the universe. It is the great regis­ several hundred people eulogized as follows: thence through what has been known for ter of the desert; the names of all the “No more will this great rock behold years as Muddy Gap, and a few miles fur­ travelers who have passed by are here to the wild troops of savages, bedecked with ther to the southwest joins the Rawlinsbe read, written in course characters.’ paint and war plumes, fluttering trophies. Lander road. �I p/' The Blackfeet Indians The Blackfeet (Algonquian) Indians were the scourge of the Upper Missouri country during the existing period of the wars between the white man and redmen in the North­ west country. The territory of the Blackfeet was the watershed of the Missouri river above the mouth of, and including, the Milk river, although it may be a doubtful ques­ tion if the territory above the Three Forks ought not rather be considered as common or fighting ground of the various tribes. The heart of the Blackfoot country may be taken as the immediate valley of the Missouri, near the mouth of the Marias, where the river makes it great bend from north to east. There were included under the general term Blackfee1j4’our distince bands; the Slackfeet proper (Siksikau), the Piegan (Pikuni), the Bloods (Kainah), and the Groventres of the Prairies or the Falls Indians (Atsinai), numbering all told about 14,000 souls. The origin of the naraS”Blackfeet" is said by tra­ dition to arise from the fact that in some of the tribal disputes of this nation the Siksikau separated from the rest of the tribe, then on the Saskatchewan river, or even farther north, and resolved to take up their new abode in the south. It was in the fall of the year when they reached the valley of the Missouri, and prairie fires had swept the country in every direction. After traversing this burnt district until their moccasins were blok with the ashes, they were met by a band of Crow, who, from their appearance, called them Blackfeet. This tradition may not be entitled to any greater weight than the following which accounts for the bitter hostility of these Indians to the whites. When they first saw the effect of firearms they were so much impressed that they wanted to know where they could procure some powder. They were told that it was a kind of a grain, which, if sowed in the spring, would, like any other grain, multiply in the harvest. They procured a large qxiantity of the powder at great cost and made the experiment. Nothing could ever induce them afterwards to treat the white man as a friend. BEbnencv^t cEnxwvr ccw*ai i-IVIWOHV COnUXA '•.* M’ 2--:' f �trail memorial ASSor, CENTEN A RY April 10, 1930 CELEBRATION December 29, 1930 PRESIDENT HOOVER’S PROCLAMATION Washington, D. C., Feb. 22 1930 President Hoover in a formal proclamation today cal­ led upon the nation to commemorate April 10, the one hundreth anniversary of the de­ parture of the first wagon train from St. Louis, Mo., toward the Oregon country. The proclamation read: “The congress by unanimous vote has authorized commemoration of the heroism of the fathers and mothers who traversed the Oregon Trail to the far west. “On April 10, 1830, the first wagon train left St. Louis for Oregon, pioneering the way for the thousands of men and women who settled the Pacific states. On Decem­ ber 29, 1830, Ezra Meeker was born, who carried over into our day a personal memory of this historic epoch. The Oregon Trail Memorial association, which he founded and which includes men and women in all walks oi life in all parts of the country, has spon­ sored the movement to observe the period from April 10 to December 29 of this year as the covered wagon centennial, to recall the national significance of this centenary of the great westward tide which establish­ ed American civilization across a continent. “Therefore, I Herbert Hoover, president of the United States, do call upon our people to employ this fitting occasion to commem­ orate the lives and deeds of the heroic pioneers who won and held the west. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. “Done at the city of Washington this twenty-first day of February, in the year of Our Lord, ninteen hundred and thirty, and of the independence of the United States of America, the one hundred and fifty-fourth. “HERBERT HOOVER.” by Joseph G. Masters, Omaha, Regional Director BLAZING THE TRAIL ma advent of the first wagon train over the Old Oregon Trail. On that date Capt. Wm. Sublette set out from St Loins with ten wagons and two Dearborn carriages for the Rendezvous on Big Wind River in Wyoming. He followed the general route of Robert Stuart of the Astorians and others of the great iur-trapping brigade. These tracks were followed a little later by the men of the covered wagon who set out for homes in that far-off country of Oregon,—hence the name The Oregon Trail. ' ihele was born 'thaf same year—December 29, looO near Huntsvielle, Ohio—a man who was to make the long journey in 1852 as a pioneer to Oregon. Many years later (in 1906) he was to retrace the tracks of the old trail with an ox-team telling again the story of its romance and tragedy to a generation that had never known that terrible battle through the great American wilderness, across miles and miles of trackless and treeless desert, over almost impossible mountain bar­ riers, through torrential streams that took its human toll as well as that of the sturdy oxen, and past mountain defile with its waiting ambush of the lurking savage—all in the old ox-wagon making from twelve to fif­ teen miles per day. This man, Ezra Meeker, made still other trips over this great high­ way by ox-team, automobile, air plaine; erecting many monuments at the great landmarks along this mighty highway. He may well be called the “Daddy of the Trail,” and so conspicuous has been his services in ex­ ploring and marking its pathway, in making known its struggles and hardships, in organizing the Oregon Trail Memorial Association, that it is altogether fitting that the one hundredth anniversary of his birth, mark the closing date of our centenary celebration. At the age of 98 this remarkable old man set out again from head­ quarters in New York in an “ox mobile” given him by Henry Ford for one more trip over the great sunset trail. By the time he had reached Detroit he was so ill and so nearly worn out that he was compelled to finish the journey to the land he loved in a pullman. Here at Seattle, surrounded by his loved ones, he crossed the last great divide, December 3, 1928. His last words form our challenge today: “I am not quite ready to go; my work is unfinished.” THE GREAT TREK The Oregon Trail and the Santa Fe Trail were one for 41 miles out of Independence, Mo. At a point just west of what is now Gardner, Kansas was a sign post pointing to the northwest with the legend “Road to Oregon.” The trail crossed the Kansas or Kaw just west of Topeka, crossed the Big Blue at Marysville, and entered Nebraska at the south­ east comer of Jefferson county. Just a short distance north was the famous Rock Creek station where Wild Bill Hlckock killed McCanles in the ’6O’s. This is about six miles southeast of Fairbury. A mile south­ west of this spot, high on Inscription Rock, may still be seen the names, “Kit Carson, Col. John C. Fremont, 1842.” Three and a half miles north and a half mile west of Fairbury one may see Dripping Springs and the Mormon graves nearby. Six miles north and a half mile west is Winslow Grave. From Jefferson county the trail went west along the Little Bl le four miles north of Hebron, past what is Oak, Nebraska where in tht terrible Indian raid of 1864 a part of the Eubanks family was murdered and Mrs. Eubanks and Laura Roper were taken captives by the Indiana. The trail followed west past Spring Ranch to the Old Dinner Station, (nine miles southwest of Hastings,) on northwest to the Lone Grave five miles northwest of Kenasaw. Thence Platte River and joined the Nebraska City Road (which left Nebraska City, ran west to Ashland, north of David City SIX miles north of Osceola to Dog Town and Point City, two very small towns a mile north of Lowell.) Both towns have long since disappeared. From here the trail ran west to Fort Kearney, the site of which is four M south and four miles east of Kearney and is now owned by the state of Nebraska. On the north side of the main highway may be seen the deep trenches of the fort. A part of the modem flag pole may b^found over among the trees. west to Plum Creek where occurred some of . hardest f^hting with the Indians. On west it went to the stage stations near Gothenburg, west past Brady’s Island to Ft. McPherson Oust southeast of the present national cemetery across the river from Maxwell). The trail passed at the bottom of Sioux Lookout behind which Indians would hide and swoop down on the passing wagon-trains I he Oregon road went on the south side of the South Platte to a point tour miles west of Brule, Nebraska where many crossed and made their way over the high table land to Ash Hollow' which is just south across the river (and east) from Lewellen, Nebraska. What a wonderful place IS Ash Hollow! As one approaches from the north there is, on the right in the little cemetery, the grave of Rachel Patterson, a ’49’er, whose original grave stone now rests beside a beautiful Oregon Trail Marker Farther up the canyon south is the pond now formed by the spring which offered such a wonderful camping place in trail days. There were many trees too, in the hollow in the old days. About three or four miles up the canyon high on the west side of Windlas Hill one may still see the deep gulches of the old trail ruts as the wagons were let down the long hill to the bottom of the canyon. Instead of crossing just west of Brule many kept on up the south Platte to where Pt. Sedgwick was built later, the site of which may be seen today six miles southwest of the present Julesburg on the south side of the river. The trail crossed the river here and came out on the north side, just below Lodge Pole Creek. This branch of the trail follow­ ed west to a large pine tree, struck northwest to Mud Springs (now Simla), going just east of famous Court House Rock and Jail (ten miles south of Bridgeport) on to the North Platte where it joined the trail made by those who had gone via. Ash Hollow. Wonderful Chimney Rock so famous in trail days is just south of Bayard, Nebraska. These great landmarks could be seen for days enroute for it must be remembered that Oregon Trail Caravans moved only about a dozen miles a day. Scott’s Bluff was the next great landmark and the old trail here made its way through Mitchell Pass where so many thousands of wheels cut the gulch so deep that only the bare tops of the wagons might be seen by an observer a few feet away. Prom here the trail swept into Wyoming to that wonderful haven and refuge. Old Fort Laramie. This great fort was the mecca of all who moved west over the trail,—ibr here they could rest, purchase supplies, and have their wagons repaired and their oxen or mules shod by the blacksmith. In the old days the fort was adobe. In 1849 the government bought it as a military post. Three of the old buildings erected in the early ’5O’s—the suttler’s store. Old Bed­ lam, and the guard house,—are still standing. Prom this point the pioneer battled to a point three miles west of what is now Gasper where later was built Platte Bridge which was destooyed by the Indmns who, (in the terrible attack on a wagon train in 186^) killed CaspOrfcollins for whom the city was later named. The trail here crossed to the north side of the river and for the last time joined �the California and Mormon Trail (called also the Overland Trail and the 3 a board or headstone, and hundreds of graves left without Oregon Trail) which took its beginning at Kanesville (Council Bluffs), this affectionate token ot remembrance, furnished abundant evidence of Omaha, and Mormon Hollow north of Bellevue. One branch of this the unsparing hand with which death has thinned their ranks. The trail ran through a part of what is now Omaha. The Mormons crossed ®attered fragments of the vehicles, provision, tools, etc., in­ the river and built Winter Quarters on the present site of Florence. +tended to be taken across these wild plains, tell us another tale of reck­ During the winter of 1846-47 some 500 died and their graves may be less boldness with which many entered upon this hazardous enterprise, seen in Pioneer Cemetery, west from the park in Florence. undertake this long trip except with very good animals, The Mormons began their great journey to the Promised Land in the vehicles and with a good supply of light provisions, spring of 1847. Their road, generally speaking, was that followed later such as tea, coffee, sugar, rice, dried apples, peaches, flour and peas or by the Military Highway, the Union Pacific, and the Lincoln Highway. Deans. Three miles southwest of Central City was the famous Cottonwood tree STORY OF MARCUS WHITMAN which has long ago disappeared but now replaced by one of concrete. In the summer of 1832 three Flathead chiefs and a Nez Perce came As the caravans dragged their weary miles over the two trails in to Saint Louis seeking the “Book of Heaven” and the White Man’s God Nebraska they could often see each other across the Platte,—the great whom they had heard about in their home beyond the Rocky Mountains. white winged argonauts moving always into the Great West. The story of this search spread so that in the spring of 1835 Dr. Marcus From Platte Bridge west of Casper the old trail made its way 55 Whitman and Samuel Parker set out from New York as missionaries to miles southwest to great Independence Rock,-a mighty landmark of the these Indians. Going west to the Green River Rendezvous they found the desert covering 27 acres. This was a famous place for camping, for mar­ Indians anxious to have the missionaries in the homes of the red men riages, and even many who died near were carried here for burial,-for Thereupon’ Whitman arranged to take back with him two Indian boys graves out on the desert or along a stream were so difficult to mark that and tell the story at home. Here Dr. Whitman removed two arrow heads they were seldom found in later years of search. Five miles west of here irom the back of the famous old mountaineer, Jim Bridger, while the Inwas Devil’s Gate, a great gap where the Sweetwater cut an enormous dians looked on with the utmost wonder at such surgical skill. gorge directly through the mountain range. And now came that delight­ ful drive west along the winding channel of the Sweetwater out on the Green River Rendezvous of 1835 related by Parker of the great Kit Carson, that is worth telling open prairie and the desert. All along through Nebraska and to South here: I will relate an occurrence which took place, near evening, as a Pass in Wyoming might be seen thousands of buffalo in the early days of the trail. Black tail deer, antelope, elk, grouse, prairie chicken, sage specimen of frontier life. A hunter, who goes technically by the name of the great bully of the mountains, mounted his horse with a loaded rifle chicken, and occasionally mountain sheep were to be had by the skillful and challenged any Frenchman, American, Spaniard, or Dutchman, to shot of that day. Split Rock, Dangerous Three Crossings, the great Wind River Range, fight him in single combat. Kit Carson, an American, told him if he wished to die, he (Carson) would accept the challenge. Shunar defied Rocky Ridge, and Burnt Ranch (of later days) were all of the utmost in­ terest to the trail-maker. When the crest of gentle South Pass was him. Carson mounted his horse, and with a loaded pistol, rushed into close reached and the weary traveler could look off to the Pacific Slope there contact, and both almost at the same instant fired. Carson’s ball entered Shunar’s hand, came out at the wrist, and passed through the arm above was an unbounded joy,- and yet this was only the half-way mark. How the elbow. Shunar’s ball passed over the head of Carson; and while he fortunate that so many could not realize the terrible journey still ahead. went for another pistol, Shunar begged that his life might be spared.” Camping at Pacific Springs just over the Divide the weary caravans It was spared. finally crossed the little Sandy, the Big Sandy, the Green River and made their way on to Fort Bridger. From this point those going to Utah Dr. Whitman told his story of the Indians to the American Board but most of all to Narcissa Prentiss, a beautiful strong and courageous and some going to Californiii turned south, but many swung again to the great Northwest with a renewed determination to go on to Oregon. young woman who had wanted since early girlhood to go west as a mis­ These with others who had followed up Ham’s Pork, to Smith’s Fork, now sionary. Dr. Whitman and Narcissa were married and with Rev. H. H. crossed the mountains and went down Bear River to Soda Springs with its Spalding and his wife, Eliza Spalding, together with the two Indian boys medicinal waters bubbling high in many sprays and jets. As the Bear and Wm. H. Gray, set out with two well filled wagons in the spring of River made its great loop and turned to the south another road led away 1836 for the mountains. They moved west to the landing near Liberty, to California. The Oregon Trail then took a northwesterly course Missouri. Dr. and Mrs. Whitman and Mrs. Spalding proceeded by boat to through what is now Pocatello to Fort Hall on the banks of the Snake what is now (Council Bluffs while Gray and Spalding came overland with River. the wagons, eight mules, twelve horses, and sixteen cows. From Fort Hall the old trail swept around that vast semicircle of the They crossed the Platte River in boats of skins, and fortunately fell SnaKe in southern Idaho, on past Thousand Springs for 40 miles along in with the expedition of the American Fur Company, under the highly the Snake. It crossed the Snake at (Renn’s Ferry^Idaho where we found _skn!ed leadership of Fitzpatrick. The company caravan consisted of 19 a rearOregon TraTil grave,—marked with three-fourths buried wagon-tires. carts each with two mules hitched tandem, one light Dearborn wagon, The trail crossed again at Ft. Boise and left the Snake at Farewell Bend, and two mules and two wagons belonging to an English nobleman, “titles Thence it made its way up Burnt River, over the Powder, down Ladd’s and all on.” He had with him another of blood “Who, between them, had Canyon, to the Grand Ronde, over difficult Blue Mountains, and down three servants, two dogs, and four extra fine horses to run and hunt the the Umatilla to the Columbia. Here the emigrants floated down the buffalo.” great river to the places they wished to settle. The vast trek of over two There were almost no trail marks of any kind except that of the thousand miles across the western half of the continent was at an end.They buffalo which were often worn deep and at right angles to the road they had reached home at last and were now ready to settle down as the were to take up the Platte. So out on the great sea of billowing prairie empire builders of the West. launched this interesting caravan with the first white women ever to go ALONG THE TRAIL over the dim trail which in time was to be called by the Indians, “The There were usually two, three, and even four or five tracks of the old Great Medicine Road of the Whites.” They killed game as they went, trail in the sod or desert. As soon as one was cut deep another would traded with Indians for buffalo meat, made two dug-out boats with be formed, and, often a driver would make a new track in trying to find which they crossed the Platte when they reached Fort Laramie. Some­ a better road or cutoff. Frank Helvey who first saw the Old Trail in times the nobleman’s dogs would give chase to the fleet-footed antelope what is now Jefferson County, Nebraska in 1858 thus describes it: “I but were generally so outdistanced that Sir William would return to the shall never forget that sight. Endless lines of white top wagons, drawn train swearing that the antelope could outrun a streak of lightning. by oxen, mules, horses winding and trailing through the blinding clouds From Fort Laramie west Dr. Whitman was determined to take of dust that hung in the air, and driven to their utmost energy by the his wagon and the fur company retained a single cart with the goods goading and hallooing of many men. I had never before seen such a loaded on pack animals. A special detail of men had to help the wagon sight so we camped that night near by and watched the wonderful scene and the cart when they overturned or were stuck in the mud. At the of the twinkling miles of camp fires up and down the whole valley.” crossing of the Platte below Red Buttes buffalo were killed, their hides Father DeSmet who made so many trips into the Old West as a mis­ sewed together and stretched over frameworks of willows. With tal­ sionary says, “The 2nd day of September, 1851, we found ourselves on low thoroughly rubbed into the skins and dried, these “Bull boats” ser­ They made their way the Great Route to Oregon, over which, like successive ocean surges, ved as excellent conveyances across the river. the caravans, composed of thousands of emigrants from every country past Independence Rock (after carving their names on the south side) and clime, have passed during these years to reach the rich gold mines to be met soon by one of the wildest cavalcades ever seen in the moun­ of California, or to take possession of the new lands in the fertile plains tains. and valleys of Utah and Oregon. These intrepid pioneers of civilization Joe Meek, the old mountain man with his band of trappers and a doz­ have formed the broadest, longest and most beautiful road in the whole en Indians came over the hill from the west riding like wild men to give world—^from the United States to the Pacific Ocean. On the skirts of the Whitman party a real welcome to the mountains. On they came, this magnificient highway there is an abundance of grass for supplying riding faster and faster, yelling louder and louder, and gesticulating the cattle and animals appertaining to the caravans which are incessantly more and more madly, until they met and passed the caravan, they dis­ traveling on it, from early spring to autumn, every succeeding year. The charged their guns in one volley”. They paid great deference to the two road is fine, broad, and perhaps the longest in the world. This immense ladies in the party and told them many wonderful tales of this new life avenue is like a barn-floor swept by the winds. No blade of grass springs in the west. up, so unceasingly is it trodden by the feet of thousands of Americans The caravan soon passed Split Rock and moved on to South Pass and Europeans hastening to California. Our Indians, who had seen only pathless wastes, crossed at most by a hunter’s trail, thought, on behold­ where one may still see the markers calling attention to the tracks of ing it, that the whole nation of the whites had passed over it, and the the Oregon Trail and the fact that Narcissa Whitman and Eliza Spald­ the land of the sunrise must be depopulated. They could hardly ing were the first women ever to cross the Rocky Mountains. As they believe me when I told them that the multitudes who had gone were passed over this great divide and looked into the slope of the Pacific “they alighted from their horses and kneeling on the other half of the scarcely missed.” continent, with the Bible in one hand and the American Flag in the other, “The scene we witnessed on this road presented indeed a melancholy proof of the uncertainty which attends our highest prospects of life. took possession of it as the home of American mothers and the church of Christ.” The bleached bones of animals everywhere strewed along the track, the At the American Rendezvous on Green River they met the vast con­ hastily erected mound, beneath which lie the remains of some departed friend or relative, with an occasional tribute to his memory roughly course of trappers, Indians, traders in their wild orgy of yarns, trading, �fighting, drinking, racing, gambling and sometimes killing. From this point they set out with a Hudson Bay party for the long stretch to Fort Hall on the banks of the Snake. Whitman persisted in taking his wagon as far as this fort. Here Dr. Whitman converted the wagon into a cart and with it the party struggled forward to Ft. Boise where he was forced to leave it for the time being,—and, where it proved of immense service to the Hudson Bay Company in completing their fort. Four years later carts, and seven years later, wagons were to come on through to Oregon. It is to Marcus Whitman, however, that we must give the larger credit in making the great trail a roadway. From Ft. Boise they made their way along the Snake, thence up the Burnt River, down Ladd’s canyon into the Grande Ronde, thence over difficult Blue Mountains. Gray, who was a member of the party, says, “As the party began to descend from the western slope of the Blue Moun­ tains, the view was surpassingly grand. Beiore us lay the great valley of the Columbia: on the west, and in full view. Mount Hood rose amid the lofty range of the Cascade Mountains, ninety miles distant. To the south of K. t. H ood stood Mt. Adams, and to the north Mt. Rainier; while with the assistance of Mr. McKay, we could trace the course of the Columbia, and determine the location of Walla Walla.” Making their way down to the British posts of Ft. Walla Walla and Ft. Vancouver where they were courteously received and cared for, Whitman selected as the place for his mission, Waiilatpu, some 30 miles east of Ft. Walla Walla, while Spalding settled among the Nez Perces, 120 miles farther east. Dr. and Mrs Whitman at once erected buildings, called the Indians around them, planted and harvested their crops from season to season, attended the sick, taught the Cayuses the Christian faith, and fed and cared for many weary immigrants at the end of their long struggle across the continent. All of the time the entire Oregon country (now Oregon, Washington, Idaho) was claimed by the Great Hudson Bay Company for the British. One day in the fall of 1842 when Dr. Whitman was at Ft. Walla Walla, it was announced that the Hudson Bay Company was at last bringing settlers into the country. One of the guests was so greatly elat­ ed that he arose from the table and shouted. “Hurrah for Oregon, Ameri­ ca is too late; we have got the country.” Something surged deep within the heart of this great American. In two hours he was back at his mis­ sion and within twenty-four hours he swung into the saddle for a 4,000 mile journey to the capital of the United States. With a small escort he was at Ft. Hall in eleven days and knowing of the terrible snows in the mountains, he left the Oregon Trail and turned south toward the Santa Fe Trail. Passing Ft. Unita and Ft. Uncompahgre and striking boldly over the terrible snows of the moun­ tains the party lost its way. Lovejoy says that after hours of waiting in the storm, an old mule pointed his ears forward and when urged ahead guided the party back to the camp of the previous night. Whitman rode back to the fort, secured a new guide, and was again soon fighting his way through the terrible drifts, and gorges, over almost impassable barriers, through icy streams and with frost-bitten fingers, nose, toes, and ears, finally reached Taos. From here the party went to Santa Fe, where they picked up the well worn tracks of the Santa Fe Trail through New Mexico to that wonderful haven. Bent’s Fort, in Colorado. Thence Whitman made his way on east to Independence. He arrived at St. Louis about the last of February, 1843, and hurried by stage to Washington. Still dressed in his buckskin breeches and his great buffalo coat with hood, heavy fur leggings and boot mocassins, he arrived at the nation’s capital about the time the Secretary of State, Daniel Webster, was say­ ing, “But you are too late. Doctor, for we are about to trade off Oregon for the cod-fisheries.” It is said that he got a better hearing with the frontiersman, John Tyler, President of the United States. At all events, they at the capital, would remember the intrepid courage of one of America’s great men of the trails and his plea for the land beyond the Western Mountains. All the way east Whitman had stirred up the people by telling them of the wonderful country on the last frontier. As he came back to Inde­ pendence in the spring, a great party of 200 wagons and 1,000 men, women, and children were ready for that Great Migration in its mighty trek across the plains. Again following the trail into the great west this party organized, quarrelled, divided, but kept the divisions within supporting distance of each other. Whitman was always in the van pointing the way, swimming the streams to guide the caravan to the best crosslooking after the sick at night, and encouraging every one by hi® hopefulness and promise of land and plenty in the great western empire, ihis time they reached the Columbia with their wagons. Two succeed­ ing emigrations added greatly to the number of Americans spreading over Oregon. These tides of humanity were too staunch to be turned aside, or trifled with. Thus, in 1846, Great Britain recognized the Amer­ ican pioneer (who went into the west for homes) by signing the treaty giving to the United States the Oregon Country as far north as the 49th parallel. The great missionary and the emigrants had won, but Dr. and Mrs Whitman were to pay the great price. The Cayuse Indians, because many of their number had died of a strange malady, believed the doctor was the sourse of the illness, and hearing also the great numbers of whites now coming to the new land, brutally murdered Dr. and Mrs. Whitman, little Mary Ann Bridger, and Helen May Meek, daughters of the great fur trappers, together with some nine others in November of 1847. Six miles southwest of Walla Walla today the traveller and explor­ er of the Old Oregon Trail may behold the beautiful monuments an<f markers which a grateful and thoughtful people of a great state hav« erected to the memory and heroism of theseintrepid .......................... American pioneers. IN CAMP ON THE PLATTE “ An unoccupied spec­ tator, who could have be­ held our camp today, would think it a singular specta­ cle. The hunters returning with the spoil; some erect­ ing scaffolds, others drying meat (of the buffalo). Of the women, some were washing, some ironing, some baking. At two of the tents the fiddle was employed in uttering its unaccustomed voice among the solitudes of the Platte; at one tent I heard sing­ ing; at others some were engaged in reading, some the Bible, others pouring over novels. While all of this was going on,. that nothing might be wanting to complete the harmony of the scene, a Campbellite preacher, named Foster, was reading a hymn, pre­ paratory to religious ser­ vice.” Joel Palmer in 1846. A DAY WITH THE COW COLUMN IN 1843 by Jesse Applegate The above title represents the story of one day’s travel on the old trail and has now become a classic. It is written by Jesse Applegate who went out with the “Great Migration,” of the Whitman party of 1843. The Oregon Historical Quarterly (Dec. 1900) has done a great service in preserving such an intimate word picture of life on the trail. Some ex­ cerpts appear below: “The emigrants were also assured that the Sioux would be much opposed to the passage of so large a body through their country, and would probably resist it on account of the emigrants’ destroying and frightening away the buffaloes, which were then diminishing in numbers. “The migrating body numbered over one thousand souls, with about one hundred and twenty wagons, drawn by six-ox teams, averaging about six yokes to the team, and several thousand loose horses and cattle. “The emigrants first organized and attempted to travel in one body, but it was soon found that no progress could be made with a body so cum­ brous, and as yet so averse to all discipline. And at the crossing of the “Big Blue” it divided into two columns, which traveled in supporting distance of each other as far as Independence Rock on the Sweetwater.” “It is four o’clock A. M.; the sentinels on duty have discharged their rifles—the signal that the hours of sleep are over—and every wagon and tent is pouring forth its night tenants, and slow-kindling smokes be­ gin largely to rise and float away in the morning air. Sixty men start from the coral, spreading as they make through the vast herd of cattle and horses that make a semicircle around the encampment, the most distant perhaps two miles away. “The herders pass to the extreme verge and carefully examine for trails beyond, to see that none of the animals have strayed or been stol­ en during the night. This morning no trails led beyond outside animals in sight, and by 5 o’clock the herders begin to contract the great, mov­ ing circle, and the well-trained animals move slowly towards camp, clip­ ping here and there a thistle or a tempting bunch of grass on the way. In about an hour five thousand animals are close up to the encampment, and the teamsters are busy selecting their teams and driving them inside the corral to be yoked. The corral is a circle one hundred yards deep, formed with wagons connected strongly with each other; ths wagon in front by its tongue and ox chains. It is a strong barrier that the most vicious ox cannot break, and in case of an attack of the Sioux would be �BO contemptible intrenchment. From 6 to 7 o’clock is a busy time; breakfast is to be eaten, the tents strucK, the wagons loaded and the teams yoked and brought up in readiness to be attached to their respective wagons. All know when 7 ©clock, the signal to march sounds, that those not ready to take their proper places in the line of march must fall into the dusty rear for the cay. “There are sixty wagons. They have been divided into fifteen diinsions or platoons of four wagons each, and each platoon is entitled to lead in its turn. The leading platoon today will be the rear one tomor­ row, and will bring up the rear unless some teamster, through indolence or negligence, has lost his place in the line, and is condemned to that uncomfortable post. It is within ten minutes of seven; the corral but BOW a strong bayicade is everywhere broken, the teams being attached to the wagons. The women and children have taken their places in them The pilot (a borderer who passed his life on the verge oi civilization and has been chosen to the post of leader from his knowledge of the savage smd his experience in travel through roadless wastes), stands ready, in the midst of his pioneers and aids, to mount and lead the way. Ten or fifteen young men, not today on duty, form another cluster. They are ready to start on a buffalo hunt, are well mounted and well armed as ttiey need be, for the unfriendly Sioux have driven the buffalo out of the Platte, and the hunters must ride fifteen or twenty miles to reach them. The cow drivers are hastening, as they get ready, to the rear of their charge, to collect and prepare them for the day’s march. “It is on the stroke of seven; the rush to and fro, the cracking of whips, the loud command to oxen, and what seemed to be the inextricable confusion of the last ten minutes has ceased. Fortunately every one has been found and every teamster is at his post. The clear notes of a trum­ pet sound in the front, the pilot and his guards move out of the encamp­ ment, and take up the line of march the rest fall into their places with the precision of clock work, until the spot so lately full of life sinks back into that solitude that seems to reign over the broad plain and rushing river as the caravan draws its lazy length towards the distant El Dorado.” “They (the wagons) form a line three-quarters of a mile in length; some of the teamsters ride upon the front of their wagons, some march besides their teams, scattered along the line companies of women are taking exercise on foot; they gather bouquets of rare and beautiful flowers that line the way; near them stalks a stately greyhound, or an Irish wolf dog apparently proud of keeping watch and ward over his master’s wife and children. Next comes a band of horses; two or three men or boys fol­ low them, the docile and sagacious animals scarce needing this attention, for they have learned to follow in the rear of the wagons, and know that at noon they will be allowed to graze and rest. Their knowledge of time seems as accurate as on the place they are to occupy in the line, and even a full-blown thistle will scarce tempt them to straggle or halt until the dinner hour has arrived. Not so with the large herd of homed beasts that bring up the rear; lazy, selfish and unsocial, it has been a task to get them in motion, the strong always ready to domineer oyer, the_,weakt. -■Will I.—Il ■■ ' halt hl the front and rofbidfhu weak to pass thein.” " “But from the standpoint of the hunters, the vexations are not appar­ ent; the crack of whips and loud objurgation are lost in the distance. Nothing of the moving panorama, smooth and orderely as it appears, has more attractions for' the eye than that vast square column in which all colors are mingled, moving here slowly and there briskly, as impelled by horsemen riding furiously in front and rear.” “But the picture in its grandeur, its wonderful mingling of colors and distinctness of detail, is forgotten in contemplation of the singular people who give it life and animation. No other race of men with the means at their command would undertake so great a journey, none save these could successfully perform it, with no previous preparation, relying . only on the fertility of their own invention to devise these means to overi' come each danger and difficulty as it arose. They have undertaken to perform with slow-moving oxen a journey of two thousand miles. The ■way lies over trackless wastes, wide and deep rivers, ragged and lofty mountains, and is beset with hostile savages. Yet, whether it were a deep river with no tree upon its banks, a rugged defile where even a loose horse could not pass, a hill too steep for him to climb, or a threat­ ened attack of an enemy, they were always found ready and equal to the occassion, and always conquerors. May we not call them men of des­ tiny?” “It is now one o’clock; the bugle has sounded and the caravan has resumed its westward journey. It is in the same order, but the evening is far less animated than the morolng march; a drowsiness has fallen apparently on man and beast; teamsters drop asleep on their perches and even when walking by their teams, and the words of command are now addressed to the slowly creeping oxen in the soft tenor of women or the piping treble of children, while the snores of the teamsters make a droning accompaniment.” “The sun is now getting low in the west and at length the painstak­ ing pilot is standing ready to conduct the train in the circle which he has previously measured and marked out, which is to form the invariable fortification for the night. The leading wagons follow him so nearly around the circle that but a wagon length, separate them. Each wagon follows in its track, the rear closing on the front, until its tongue and ox-chains will perfectly reach from one to the other, and so accurate the measure and perfect the practice, that the hindmost wagon of the train always precisely closes the gateway, as each wagon is brought into posi­ tion. It is dropped from its team (the teams being inside the circle), the team unyoked and the yokes and chains are used to connect the wagon strongly with that in its front. Within ten minutes from the time the leading wagon halted, the barricade is formed, the teams unvoked and driven out to pasture. Every one is busy preparing fires of buffalo chips to cook the evening meal, pitching tents and otherwise preparing for the night.” “All able to hear arms in the party have been formed into three companies, and each of these into four watches; every third night it is the duty of one of these companies to keep watch and ward over the camp, and it is so arranged that each watch takes its turn of guard duty through the different watches of the night. They begin at 8 o’clock P M and end at 4 o’clock A. M.” Before a tent near the river a violin makes lively music, and some youths and maidens have improvised a dance upon the green; in another quarter a flute gives its mellow and melancholy notes to the still night air, which, as they float away over the quiet river, seem a lament for the past rather than a hope for the future. It has been a prosperous day; more than twenty miles have been accomplished of the great journey.” “But time passes; the watch is set for the night; the council of old men has been broken, and each has returned to his own quarter; the flute has whispered its last lament to the deepening night; the violin is silent, and the dancers have dispersed; enamored youth have whispered a tender “good night” in the ear of blushing maidens, or stolen a kiss from the lips of some future bride—for Cupid here, as elsewhere, has been busy bringing together congenial hearts, and among these simple people he alone is consulted in forming the marriage tie. Even the doctor and the pilot have separated for the night. All is hushed and repose from the iatigues of the day.” DATA AND DISASTER For the first few years after the opening of the trail by the SublettJackson-Smith initial wagon-train of 1830 only a few hundred set out each year. The year of 1843 with the Great Migration marked the first large numbers into the West. In 1844 from 500 to 700 went out; in 1845 over 3000 with 460 wagons made their way into the West; while in 1846 approximately 1600 went to Oregon and California. In 1847 at least 3000 Mormons made the trip over the two branches of the trail, finally reach­ ing Salt Lake; in 1848 a large number of Mormons and others were again found on the trail. This year may be said to close the pioneer-emigrant period. With the great gold excitement spreading over the world in 1848 and 1849, thousands upon thousands started for California. Some -went around the Horn (a few paying $1000 each idr passage), others via Panama, and by April 1, 20,000 had gathered along the banks of the Missouri ready to begin the trip over the trail just as soon as the spring grass would make its appearance to sustain the oxen and mules. The St. Joseph Advocate states that by May 18 of that year 2850 wagons had crossed the river at that point, and l^y June 1, 4000 wagons had passed Pt. Kearney on the south side of the river alone. It is estimated that from 8000 to 10,000 wagons went over the trail that year. There were often as many as ten oxen to each wagon. In the year of 1852, 500 wagons passed Fort Kearney in a single day. In a period of twenty-four hours, 888 wagons were counted on the trail between Fort Kearney and Julesberg on the south side of the river. In 1857 Albert Sidney Johnson passed over the trail with 2500 soldiers en­ route to quell the Morihons. Large numbers again fared forth with the “Pike’s Peak or Bust” discovery of gold in 1858 and 1859. In 1859 the secretary of the Columbus Ferry Co. at Loup Pork (just west of what is now Columbus, Nebraska) counted the following by the middle of June: 1987 wagons, 5401 men, 429 women and 48 children, 1610 horses, 406 mules, 6010 oxen, and 6000 sheep. With the moving of such vast hordes into the West, many started poorly prepared and outfitted. Worst of all, the dread scourge, the “Asi­ atic Cholera,” broke out in 1849 on the trail. Its victims would often live for only a few hours after the first attack. A multitude of graves soon lined both sides of the great roadway. Thus, the pioneers ol the plains lay dead in rows of fifties and seventies along the great highway. It is estimated that 5000 perished in the two or three years’ ravages of this terrible disease. Chenoweth, who ■went over the trail at this time, says, “But the name of cholera in a multitude—unorganized and unnumbered— is like a leak in the bottom of a ship whose decks are thronged with pas­ sengers. The disturbed waters of the ocean, the angry elements of Nature, when aroused to fury, are but faint Illustrations of the terror-stricken mass of humanity, when in their midst are falling with great rapidity the comrades—the strong, the young and the old—the strength and vigor of youth melting away before the unseen foe. All this filled our ranks with the utmost terror and gloom. This terrible malady seemed to spend its most deadly force on the flat prairie east of about Fort Laramie.” In 1860 the Omaha Republican estimated that a person could see from 50 to 100 teams at once on the trail. By May 23 of that year, residents declared that between 2500 and 3000, wagons had passed along the roadway of the trail. It was claimed on May 19, 1860 that 700 teams crossed in a single day between the Elkhorn and Loup Pork on the north side of the Platte. In the latter part of the ’5O’s the great firm of Russell, Majors and Waddell began their freighting business into the West. From April 25, to October 18, 1860 they had transported 2,750,000 pounds of freight. At one time this firm had in use on the trail 6000 wagons, 10,000 men, 100,000 oxen,, and many hundreds of mules. The enormous wagons carried from 5,000 to 15,000 pounds each. Stage coach travel was begun in 1858 across the 1900 miles from the Missouri river- to the western coast. At first it took 38 days carrying both passengers and mail, but this time was soon reduced to 24 or 26 days. In the early ’6O’s Ben Holladay had 135 stations, with 500 coaches and 150 drivers pushing on night and day to make the trips from river to coast. By 1860 the Pony Express riders were carrying the mail at break­ neck speed from St. Joseph to San Francisco in 10 days. Each rider carried the mail a distance of from 75 to 100 miles with two minutes for changing horses every 10 or 15 miles. Altogether, hundreds of thousands moved into the Far West as trappers, traders, voyageurs, gold seekers, soldiers of fortune, emigrants, soldiers, and settlers. One writer estimates that all in all there were 2,000,000 to pass over the old trail in helping to build the great westerB empire of the trans-Missouri country. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes Subject The topic of the resource Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper Casper (Wyo.) -- History Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.) Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History Description An account of the resource The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letterbox 1-F Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alfred J. Mokler Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a> Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Oregon Trail Memorial Association Wyoming Roads Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Alfred J. Mokler Papers, NCA 01.v.1992.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections. Description An account of the resource This Letterbox contains an article titled "Frank Julian Writes of Some Early Ranches," an issue of Wyoming Roads (September, 1925), a paper titled "The Blackfeet Indians," and a copy of the Oregon Trail Memorial Association's December 29, 1930 newsletter. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource ENG Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from their use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center) Relation A related resource Alfred J. Mokler Papers https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/365b4ef59748f7b926201d9d3f15e573.pdf 02c18ca9d5eb8638c93abc453145eccc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes Subject The topic of the resource Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper Casper (Wyo.) -- History Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.) Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History Description An account of the resource The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letterbox 1-H Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alfred J. Mokler Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a> Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Casper Tribune-Herald Malcolm Campbell Motor Travel Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1926 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Alfred J. Mokler Papers, NCA 01.v.1992.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections. Description An account of the resource This Letterbox contains an article by Malcolm Campbell, published in the Casper Tribune-Herald on Sunday, March, 14, titled Packer, the Man-Eater, and a February 1926 issue of Motor Travel, titled "The Wagon-Boss: A Picturesque and Efficient Transportation Factor in the Old West and Some Reminiscences of a Survivor of that Occupation." Type The nature or genre of the resource text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource ENG Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from their use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center) Relation A related resource Alfred J. Mokler Papers https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/1bb14a6f063970cfbd1514451d86a84f.pdf d21ca0854d1f2601c3e5405e5eeb104f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes Subject The topic of the resource Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper Casper (Wyo.) -- History Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.) Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History Description An account of the resource The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letterbox 1-I Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alfred J. Mokler Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a> Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Frances Seely Webb Casper Tribune-Herald Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1947-1948 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Alfred J. Mokler Papers, NCA 01.v.1992.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections. Description An account of the resource This Letterbox contains newspaper clippings of articles written by Frances Seely Webb on Casper's first homes. There is also a paper on Shoshone Cavern National Monument. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource ENG Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from their use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center) Relation A related resource Alfred J. Mokler Papers https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/6816d5feb479b50fd2758af2fb5ae5ae.pdf 06f923487e40d712ff453c670fb6e661 PDF Text Text 2iJ^ Q*A«jt-u. ^^424*^ .■ ■ ''' < ?> ■'' ■ ' ’ X/^., ■ jllK^-. ■ -nmTierrt t'-'*' . ^>i-’..--'t:-‘.-.-'.ai«..MM**i-^-'^^^i?^=^^*-'->^ ‘»'««^‘^«--»-«^. ':i-r'g-.. �yv^ ,C4-"(a^ ol-JLt^ ''~hA7v^ j)^ ~ /iLe(p^ iC- -tC 1*J-mX «M a^ ktCc^ 1-^-^ <vi ->«-t*-«^ Ji.t.>M>()^ i^LiiJ-^ A-.^^ £^ 444zv^ l3 A J2jL.&-rt>1^->^^ A^u./jA>ft>Uj a^ ^yUlXh>^<A4, 4' /^-CAiJIAA-A^ n '/' ' "iL^ "^k^ZDCkz <5-Aa-z1z t^'«. 6--^-*-*v *v\a>6o^ ^HAl .———J ;,ts_?iS^KE’=., �ADDRESS BEPCHE SHERIDAN AND JOHNSON COUNTIES PIONEER ASSOCIATION Av. Stor'/, VJyoraing, August g4th, 1947 By Russell Thorp We vvho have experienced many of the pioneer days have an obligation to interpret them honestly for the benefit of our successois. This involves not only the preservation and making accessible of documentary material but the arrangement of historical objects in such a way that a complete and accurate story of Wyoming and its environs will be unfolded to those who visit our state historical museum and other historic shrines such as Fort Bridger, Fort Caspar, and similar places. The citizens of Casper and Natrona County did a fine piece of work in re­ storing old Fort Caspar. The members of the V/yoming Land Mark Commission, of which I have the honor of being a member, are now at work, through the generosity of the recent legislature, in restoring old Fort Bridger. We hope to make it so attractive in its restoration that thousands of tourists will linger annually to enjoy it and will learn from it much about Wyoming that they otherwise might not know. Because of its geographical location, V/yomlng has and will continue to be a most important link in the chain of western history. Although it was one of the last territories to be settled permanently, it figured in every important era of western development. Back and forth across what is now our state, went various Indian tribes, pathbreakers, fur trappers and traders, explorers, missionaries, soldiers, emigrants, miners, cattlemen, stagecoach men, freighters, railway builders, and homesteaders. Right now there is unprecedented interest in Western Americana. No doubt this is due to the fact that here in the West lie unmined treasures in the form of unpublished lore, unassembled historical data, uncollected relics. Professors, students, vrriters, publishers and collectors of all kinds of western data are finding VJyoming a rich field for their work. We must be alert to protect our interests and to save for our ovjn citizens what historical material we have left, before it is too late. VJyoming has long been a free foraging ground. Think for a moment of what has already happened to many of our treasures of the past. You all know how various scientific expeditions have come into ths state and have carried away some of the most remarkable dinosaurs and archaeological specimens ever dis­ covered. Not a hand was lifted to prevent these things from leaving our borders and going into museums in the east, or middle-v>Fest. You no doubt know, too, how trucks from California and other states carried away load after load of petrified wood from our petrified forest north of Medicine Bow, because we had no lav; to protect the removal of such matter from the state. �The sane thing has been happening tc seme extent to our -hlstarical materials. As early as th? 1330’3, Hubert Bancroft came into Wyoming and neighboring states and collected extremely valuable original manuscripts, records, pamphlets and bocks which ho placed in his large collection in California. Bancroft is to be commended upon the fine histories which he published and also upon the fact that he has saved for posterity much valuable data on the old West. But the fact remains that records which might now be within our own state are novr out in California‘because Bancroft was first on the job. It is true, of course, that it would be impossible to pass a law to pre­ vent individuals from giving away, selling, or destroying things of historical value which they own, but the state could provide inducements of such a caliber that our citizens would want to entrust their relics, manuscripts, photographs and pic neer keepsakes into the hands of the state rather than to let them go elsewhere. If a fine historical museum building were erected that would assure permanent security to donations, there soon would be a stream of valuable things flowing into the keeping of the state. I do not wish to discount the excellent work already accomplished in Wyoming. Much credit is due organizations such as the D.A.R., the S.A.R., county historical societies, the University of Wyoming, and the state his­ torical S'-'Ciety for past endeavors. The Wyoming Historical Society was established by an act of the legis­ lature in 1895. As originally planned it was to be "a safe depository for valuable books, files of newspapers, pamphlets, manuscripts, maps, charts, portraits, mineral specimens, and articles of value illustrative of the history and progress of our State,” A splendid start was made with Robert Morris as the first secretary. Volume 1 of the Wyoming Historical C-'llecti^ ns was assembled and published. Exhibits of relics and minerals were placed on display in the Capitol in Cheyenne. But as the years went by and the demands for more office space in the Capitol increased, the interest in the historical society seemed to de­ crease. The collection of the society was pushed arcund until it landed at last in boxes in a basement vault. The State Librarian, who was ex-officio historian, had only $250 appropriated annually for the work of the society. This sum was not even sufficient to bind the newspapers. No money was provided by the legislature for publishing historical papers, nor for traveling about the state to collect data. In the report of the State Librarian for 1916-1918 there appeared the following statement: "Wyoming is far behind other states in historical work simply because the matter has not been thoroughly considered by the Legislature, -2- �In 1919, the Wycning Legjsleturs Croated the 'Office of State Historian and. apnropriatei $5,000 for her vjork. This v/as reCueed to $5,COO by the Governor. Tv.'o years lete:^ r Stele Historical B'ard, a State Historian, an Advisory Board, and a Slate HiotoricaJ. Society were provided for by law. Later, as an eo.'>n'riy nieasure, the governor reconinended that the historical department be letumed to the State Librar’y, aa it is today. Time does not permit a disoussion of whether this is a satrsfactory arrangement. I do, however, wish to bring out the fact that the state has receive many valuable donations because it has not had a separate museum of sufficietn size and quality to attract such donati'^ns. not mere heresay. I quote from the Second Biennial Report of the Historian for Wyoming for 1922: failed to historical This is State y *An offer has come to Wyoming for a complete library of Wyoming and v/estem literature which includes almost every published book on this section and which is valued at $75,000. The conditions under which the state may own this priceless library have not as yet been met—the erection of a suitable fire-proof building in which to house it. This is a wonderful opportunity vrhich Wyoming should not allow to pass." The state did allow this opportunity to pass. The collection, assembled by William R. Coe, which in its final state was valued at hundreds of thousands of dollars went to Yale University. It is perhaps the most complete collection of its kind. Its loss to Wyoming cannot be estimated. At present a number of federal bureaus are interested in historical projects of me type or another. Included among these is the National Park Service, which has its so-called Historical Technicians who are at work on many commendable things. In one instance, however, it is reported that an historical technician was asked to unearth historical data to prove a national m<^nument historic after the monument had been created. The monument might be within the borders of V/yoming. I shall leave the answer to you. It is within the power of these various federal bureaus to put their own interpretation upon our local history, to select and reject data to fit their desires. I feel confident that a well-financed, modem state museum maintained by our legislative support, could put a much more unbiased interpretation upon Wyoming’s history and could create greater pride in the story of the state’s achievements than could be developed by technicians who are not sc in tune with the citizenry of our commonwealth. Speaking of state pride—let us consider the case of the Minnesota Historical Society, which is the oldest institution in its state. It is housed in a massive, threestoiTr, fireproof building, erected in 1918 at a cost of $500,000. In Wisconsin, the historical society has a building of Bedford limestone which cost, with equipment, $610,000. It is true that Wisconsin is a much older, more thickly populated, and wealthier state than V’yoming,but it is interesting to note that this magnificent sum of $610,000 was appropriated bv f^e state ’’e-sris"*atn’'ns of 1895- 1897 and 1899: �Nebraska, our neighbor, is nakirg a drive toward a new historical building. The Nebraska Eistorieal Society, founded and incorporated In 1867, id the oldest state institution in Ne’o:?asha. Great interest is be ■’.ng shovjn throughout the state of Colorado in the longrange improvement pr~gic,’i n w under way for the development of the State Museum, which is a sepai-’ « bui.lciing just south of the Capitol in Denver. Plans call for doublirg the present exhibit space and a complete reclasRification of some 20,000 exhibits in accordance with modern standards and for more practical use. As part of the work, exhibits will be segregated that are suitable for traveling I'^an exhibits, so that che Historical Society may extend its service throughout the state to local nureums, libraries, and schools. A second phase of development approved by the Colorado State Historical Society is the establishment of several branch or historic house museums at points of statewide historic importance. It is understood that the request of the Board of Directors for ^103,000 for the Museum improvement, to be provided from the Capitol Building Fund, was met with hearty approval by the State Planning Commission. It may be an inspiration to us here in the West who are struggling along faint trails to know that the private funds which made up the endowment of the Historical Society of Philadelphia total |1,250,000. The New York Society with its monumental home on Central Park West, is privately endowed at #4,600,000 and receives no financial support from the city. The teaching or writing about antiquity often fails to arouse a real understanding because it is not connected With any tangible experience of the listener or reader. Often, too, professional historians are apt to be more theoretical than practical. Historical societies with fine displays can prove to be real citadels for democracy. We all know that this is an age of visulization. The younger generation is notion-picture minded. Many Of our magazines are largely pictorial so that **he who runs may read." Our children have a well-developed appreciation of things they can see. There are so many diversions these days that the average person will not spend the tine digging out facts, as did many persons of an older generation. We must keep pace with the times in presenting historioal material in a visual fashion. It stands to reason that a person who has inspected a real state-coach will be better able to appreciate our methods of early transportation than one who has merely seen a picture of a coach in a book. There is one modem phase of historical work that could be expanded with a new museum,—the making available to the public of microcopies of �docunents, letters, papers, and other things pertaining to the 1 istory of the State which could not otherwise be consulted. In a recent issue of the Mississippi Valley Historical Revj ew there app'-o.red a statement to the effect that the records of the WyoLdng Stock Qrowors Association were "probably the most complete and valuao'e collection of oapers covering the range industry found anywhere, covering the period 1673-1923." This collection did not happen by accident. The officers of the Association carefully preserved all records and during the past decade especial thought was given to the indexing, classification, and permanent preservation of this valuable data vdiich now is housed permanently in the Archives of the. University of Wyoming. We have reached the place in the development of Wyoming where some of the oldest and most substantial homes are being sold. Family possessions are being divided, scattered, or destroyed. We must not delay. We must strive to provide a large, fireproof historical building of a caliber that will induce our pioneer families to deposit their possession within its walls. Teachers of history report that the better and more extensive is a person’s acquaintance with the history of his locality, the better he appreciates international problems. A study of past records shows that whenever the women of Wyoming made up their minds to elect a certain candidate, to back a certain legislative measure, or to kill a certain proposed bill, they were victorious. If you decide now to unite in a drive for a fine state historical museum building there is no question of the outcome. Such a building would serve as a stockade to fence Wyoming in and to prevent it from continuing as a free forage ground for hunters of Western Americana. -5- �fl. 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'4S"“s':2t?s ^^iSSrS' ^e^. come one hte con»- ’^CwcVmV^- ( ?T?he past 30 veais^th^ casper s^ t”"d moTt OWN COUNSEL nut e^vln^as ey<«e I man onh -was’ ’’c'tole actuahy ‘'^though \ VnoXdg® .u«ess he rea business succes ^y^y^ess•^?„'r. 1 w.»««“SF«’,»?“ .Si fmen,. then ne o^ ..ghow Lt ^e hotel ^‘’uni^l h«d'^ ' '.meetings. toemed _ soctftM bear his p i t''L, .W cohstthd'1 Lome/hat .^yyvely Um ^he Mid'^^^^ place ’.„®,ttad been hem , , needed gatherings^ y„ 1909,i^h; spirited citi to �FIRS'! 3OR \ ” ei ?^^?nrdrmX to \ i? WWssB?Si oS°si'SS’‘£sss bBafS;<rg\“« r^asthen 'US»-Sur .ort»“l®;S5 «i»f-c^Red, iSL: X ^^rogie^^^^^^^^ «. “■'s.jd B« »^ “^^^ '\ other'*« -I .1 ,Ue >■» “&«Saissks c ssriS” sb ss 't^® dUc|eho^h^;,ttrea^^^ m Henurng tire man -s c:;^mcit-\^ii;^,^S:^-^» ibeeir ®'g’^®tuck to tire guncli-\ who Ibis men nv^yor, t^^citizens ■ — From tha^....... . ? he imposed ess interesL he isired it. nraJority „„ Quaiity I, -ness mt men and tne r perseryering^ \ recognized tne^^arent m ^tti®'^ hired. 1 tiiey tiad porTUI^® „t -p Hen- i m o** -- to ..n.r.bomsv , Piece. uix^H''*’ cner. °’'h “ Bnstar^'^’ iotiem^ have .phe Bnsr ^ppgjai e.ejLexl -week Dr tir. de wa on» jac A red ’AS"S«'"•»' ““■ yni. tS' residence is one mnnino, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes Subject The topic of the resource Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper Casper (Wyo.) -- History Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.) Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History Description An account of the resource The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letterbox 1-K Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alfred J. Mokler Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a> Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Russel Thorp Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1947-1948 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Alfred J. Mokler Papers, NCA 01.v.1992.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections. Description An account of the resource This Letterbox contains a handwritten paper on Steve Tobin, who came to Wyoming from Ireland in the fall of 1895 and "in charge of 120 blooded rams." He met friends of his from Ireland in Casper and it is here he came to be engaged in the sheep business. Researchers will also find an address by Russell Thorp to the Sheridan and Johnson Counties Pioneer Association and a handwritten paper titled "Grandeur of Teton Mountains." Lastly, there is a newspaper clipping on the death of Casper businessman W.F. Henning. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource ENG Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from their use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections Relation A related resource Alfred J. Mokler Papers https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/68d15676a4713869ddc9a4f618f930d5.pdf 7886514df561cf45cd096078d7e163c8 PDF Text Text THIS CHANGING WORLD (By Alfred J. Mokler) Spread over the entire Northwest and part of the Southwest portion of the United States, and almost as mysterious as the mirages of the desert, are the remains of civ­ ilization that peers at us through the murky gloom of the past. Cradled in the desert, humanity and citizenship survived for centuries under such adverse conditions as no other people on earth were called upon to endure, and, in dying, gave unto the keeping of the desert its sacred relics. Today, wherever men trevel the wiste plf ces they ere «aBnfronteyv»ith thia evidence, shrouded in the dust of centuries, with desolation surrounding it. The prehistoric people of Western America, neglected through the ages, labored for love of home and land and gave to mankind priceless gifts that we, in the light of little understanding, perhaps have failed to appreciate fully. Just how many of the arte of civilization they gave to us is not known. Certainly they are the fath­ ers of irrigation, and it may well be that they gave to us the arts of pottery-making and weaving. Who these people were, science does not know. The Indians may be their descend­ ants, though these Indians, with the possible exception of the Pueblos and i.unis, are far removed. How far back into the past history of this ancient people extends^ science has not discovered. Geology and anthropology, working in harmony, ere agreed that it must have been very close to that time in life of mankind when the dawn of civiliza­ tion first showed through the darkness of savagery. Nearly 400 years ago, when the army of buncaneers under General Francisco de Coro­ nado moved up fran Mexico, bent on looting the rich cities reported to exist far to the north, they found, instead of stately municipalities, rich in gold and silver, only the remnants of this once powerful nace. Gone was their glory. Forgotten were their 1 airts except those necessary to supply mieager needs. Ko longer were there soldiers in the mighty battlements of stone that crowned the hillstops. Death or other lands had claimed all those who had traveled the highways of the homeland and left from sandled feet endless miles of trails worn deep in solid rock. These trails today stand unchal- Z31dest lenged as the world's/highways. �The oenturiee of time and the numberlesE feet that went into the making of these trails oan be appreciated only when we stop to consider that our own modern sidewalks, on the busiest streets of our oities; resist the tread of millions of feet, year after year, with no appreciable wear. Then do these ancient trails, some of them worn almost knee-deep in solid granite, and inches deep in carboniferous lime, as impervious to wear as cement, speak to us of antiquity that staggers the imagination. It is unfortunate that until almost the last 20 or 30 years this wealth of historic and roraantic material was neglected. Men, more interested in loot than in truth, have / n fo sailed away^the the Valley of the Nile to rifle the tombs of the Pharaohs. During the past several decades, however, an increasing number of students in the "science of man" have answered the oall to our own Great Northwest with the result that startling new discoveries have been made. Some of these discoveries compel the re-writing of the history of mankind. Tourists, traveling westward, find a land of roamnce, where the trails of today, winding through painted desert and purple sage, blend into the trails of long ago that lead us back to the time when mankind wore the swadling clothes of eivilizetion. As we follow these ancient trails across the desert space to some lonely canyon and come to an anoient home, perched, overhenging cliff, like an eagle's nest, high up under some let us sit in the doorway that looks out over the endless waste and speculate on the courage of those who, barehanded, wrested a livelihood from this un­ friendly land. Even if we do not know their names, or whence they came, we do know much of their history. Fran sand-strewn desert floor to terraced hill and from cavern shelter to great buildings of stone in Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming, and other western states, there are numerous groups of rooms which once sheltered the anoient people. It was these people, struggling to maintain their homes in a land where climatic changes briught endless drought, that gave to the world the art of irrigation, and made it possible for us, their heirs, to reclaim for agriculture these very lends that have lain fallow through the centuries. No more dramatic chapter is recorded in the annals of man than that of these an­ cient people who, for love of home, lifted themselves fran savagery into the light of civilization that freed the race from the misery of famine that stalks where water �Science has proved from the presence of prehistoric lakes end the fossil remains of plant and animal life that at one time in mary pieces of 'Wyoming and other western states that this was a land of plenty. It was here that a primitive people basked in the warmth of a benevolent climate, and, with little effort, gathered from vine and tree, sufficient food for the day, with no thought of the morrow. There came, however, in the lives of these primitives a time when the warm, moist­ ure-laden winds from the Pacific no longer found their way inland with the regularity that had marked the centuries before. One of those climatic changes in the life of the «arth that so baffle the students of nature was taking place, reducing to a desert waste a country ftir larger than all of Europe, and rendering destitute millions of prosperous people. The security of their old life was taken from them, not in one devastating cat­ astrophe, but by the slow attrition of time that stretched into ages, keeping alive the flickering flame of huj^ian hope. Year after year saw a diminishing rainfall. Finally, no longer did grass grow in the open places or water course through the channels that once jwui full. Animal life gradually disappeared—dead or migrated to greener fields. Only the deer and mountain sheep remained. With the exception of these two hardy animals, marijvas alone in his des­ olation. Loving his land with that fervor known only to primitive mtn, he stayed on. Loath to leave it for the terrors of unknown places, he exerted every effort to sustain himself. Ko longer able to gather his food from forest or stream, he stored water behind crude dams and planted his seeds and nursed them to maturity from his precious store. Thus he gave to the world the art of irrigation, and in so doing learned that ”in the sweat of thy face shall ye eat your bread? It could well be that it was here in our own land of Wyoming that Old Mother Nature geve to mankind its first lesson in the art of self-support. The ebb and flow of humanity over the habitable portions of the earth through the countless ages of human existence, and the inevitable exchange of arts and companying this movement, cuetrans ac­ imposes a Herculean task on that branch o;J^cience whose busi­ ness it is to classify and credit to the different races their contributions to civilis­ ation. Never has this task been approached with minds as alert to the truth as it is at the present time, when science is seeking evidence for the sake of truth rather than the hope of perpetuating tradition. �js Science^persuaded from the study of ample evidence that men did have a humble beginning, and that he did not spring from the earth fully armed, ready to fight the battles of life. It ia for this reason that scholars are ignoring greet ancient culture and seeking among the lov/ly home of the most primitive people the clew that shall event* ually lead to the exact spot where man started on his long, slow, upward journey to his present development. So long have we been eduo ted to stand in awe before the greet age of such coxintries as Egypt, Asia Minor, and China, while our own evidence of antiquity reamined unpublished, that it may come as a surprise to seme people to learn that origin of the Chinese picture-writing, accredited the world’s oldest written language, did not have its wonderful beginning in Asia, but in our own far vzest. Long before the riign of Fu-Hi, first emperor of China, more than 2,800 years before Christ, the people of our own America were carving on imperishable stone the history of their own lives, using characters that are proven to be parent to the language of the whole world, We have abeolute and positive proof of the existence of a race of people in the Muddy and Virgin River Valleys, near whet is now beint Thomas, fcievuda,(9,000 years be­ fore Christ. The "Lost City of the Pueblo Grande," which for four years, beginning in 1830, was excavated by end under the direction of the Museum of the American Indian of Kew York City, The ruins that were restored to light at that place were proren to have been the largest prehistoric settlement ever found on the western hemisphere, Europe was citiless then. Culture had not even found its way into the barbaric coun­ tries to the north of the Italian peninsula, end Christianity was unheard of at time the Ancient the of Hevada were worshiping the sun, shaping graceful urns, Em­ bellished with colored geometric designs, weaving rugs of feathers, wool and fur, cul­ tivating corn and squash, spinning threads of silk, msde from a then common desert shrub. They were wearing tunics, after the fashion of early Greece, living in orderly, well-planned cities, end writing history. The anthjropologists and acbheologists in charge of the excavat'on work, with whom I had some correspondence, say that the "Lost City" wet, eight miles in width and miles in length. When we take into consideration that Casper, 55 a city of about 20,CXX) population, is less than thiree miles square, we can mofc fully realise what a large �city thie “Pueblo Grande" must have been. In unearthing this ancient metropolis, strata upon strata were found, denoting a certain well-defined period in the ancient civili­ sation of America, The vanished race was identified as the Pueblo Indians, giants in stattiire, the many skeletons which were found measuring more than seven feet in height. Not only were the Pu^jIqs large in stature, but the well-established houses, with their dosens of rooms, the corrugated and painted pottery, the carved shell jewelry, the fine furnishings of their dwellings, the txxrquoise end other precious atones, their intric­ ately carved altars of stone, the weaving of silks, the cultivating of corn and veget­ ables, all would indicate that they were a race of intelligent and industrious people. The planning of the city, with its large buildings encircling a common center, with a ceremonial fire-place in the center, would show that the prehistoric Pueblo;; were wor­ shipers of a god—probably sun worshipers, and that they had a knowledge of astrony. But another matter of no small interest concerning this ancient city and its people is the fact that some distance to the north of the main thoroughfare of the city there was unearthed three immenoe triangles, laid out, themselves in a triangle, end among numerous rock-writings that were found there were many understandable picture-writ- sniong which were geometric designs of squsrey, triangles, ings spirals end oir0 U.S fillet cles, all of which were depicted by these Indians 5oime. years ago. The archeologists claim that these rock-writings show the characteristics of five distinct knovm races: The Maya, Toltec, Chinese, Egyptian and Pueblo. yaiat became of these people is a mystery. Like the pygmy cliff dwellers of the south, they vanished. One theory explaining their extinction, according to the scien - tists, is the progressivey^up of the country. The inhabitants could no longer got suf­ ficient water tc raise their crops, and they perished; the winds of the desert eroded their dwellings, weeds grew in their gardens, temples caved in, and the relentless desert sand drifted in and covered the whole city, buiying all evidence of a once great race, and keeping the secret locked in the depths for centuries. Such were the ravages of time end the elements. But even if we do not know whence these people came, wo have learned much of their history from the rook-writings and their unearthed dwellings, where, 900 rooms were grouped under one roof.... in one instance, �The "Cliff Dwellers" is a term applied to designate the houses in the cliffs of the arid jregion which were occupied by a race of Indians now extincfefe The plateau country of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Utah abounds in natural recesses and shallow cav­ erns weathered in the feces of the cliffs, not from choice, but because of the en­ croachment of war-like tribes, who were non-agricultural, and having no established place of abode. Many of these cliff sites were near streems and fields, and were occu­ pied because they afforded shelter and were natural dwelling places. The area in which the cliff-dwellings occur is practically co-extensive with that in which ere now found traces of town buildings and relics attributable to the Pueblo tribes. The most noteworthy of these groups of built cv.ellings are found in the canyons of the Mesa Verde in Colorado. Many of these places of abode are capable of accommodat­ not merely single households, but communities of considerable size. ing shelters the buildings are much diversified in plan end elevation, MmH, In the larger owing to irreg­ ularities in the conformation of the floor and walls. The first floor was the rock sur­ face, or, if that was uneven, of ol^ or flagstones, and the upper floors were constructed of polesj^et in the masonry, after projecting through the walls and overlaid with similar poles and willows, fin5.8hed above with adobe cement. The doonvays were small and SQarith. The lintels were stone slabs, or consisted of e number of sticks or small timbers. Win­ dows, or outlook aperatures, were numerous fnd generally small. The antiquity of the cliff-dwellings can only be surmised. That many of th^jwere occupied in comparatively recent times is apparent from their excellent state of pres ervation, but their greet numbers and the extent of the work aoocxaplislied suggest very considerable antiquity. Just when the occupancy of the cliffs began, whether 500 or 5,000 years ego, must remain a question. Some archeologists have reported the occurennce of ancient stone houses overwhelmed end destroyed by flows of leva, and have inferred greet age from this. Intimately associated with these cliff-dwellings, and situated in the plateaus immediately above or at the base of the cliffs below, are ruins of pueblos in every way identical with the pueblos in the open country. « ♦ • Now, during the remainder of my time let us glimpse of prehistoric Wyoming, as has been made by discoveries by reputable scientists: The rem ins of reptilian, fish, mamal and plant life alike are preserved in geolog- �Icel fonnt'tions that hold no rival for palentological research, end they are so recog­ nised by authorities. In southern and southeRstern Wyoming dinosaur graveyards have given up hundreds of specimens. Among recent discoveries v.as the five-toed horse which roamed in that part of the country known as the Big Horn Basifc country a hundred million years ago. Near Chugwater, in the southeastern area, a fossil camel was uncovered. It was found intact in river deposited sands end was removed to the Wyoming University. In the Jackson Hole country there was found a fossil member of the deer family, said to have been exposed to erosion of the shale in which it was embedded. The fish beds of southeastern ’joining are distinctive, the town of Fossil taking its nsme from the deposit. Here are found many remains of marine life, including fish, snakes and birds. Coming down to petrified forests, those of the Yellowstone National Perk are the most f&moue of the area, although another exists about seventy miles south of Casper, off the road to Medicine Bow, w’here the trunks of trees litter a large area. The petrified trees of the Yellov/stone are of different species than those which are growing there today. They include a broad-leaved species, including leural, sycamore end oak. In some places ,, scientists have distinguished a succession of forests, twelve in number, and one abOHe the other, representing as many repititions of the volcanic process that petrified them oyer a period covering many thousands of years, hhen one forest grew it was covered and petrified, then another grew above until it was also covered and petrified.... Independence Pock, covering an area of twenty-five acres, west from Casper, fiyv. fifty-three miles south­ is said by geologists to have ccme down to its present location, in a great sheet of ice about 200,000 years ago. Its formation is different from the other rooks in that immediate vicinity which came down in the several glacial periods. Iftriae of the same character may be seen at the end of the Pathfinder dam. This old rock is an rich b'l si of 14.0.1 ii-iie.res't outstanding landmark of the Oregon Trail daysj^as well as being of prehistoric signif­ icance. Up to the present time we have been dealing with conditions as they existed from 2,000 to 200,000 years ago. Now let us go back to about 150,000,000 years ego, when that part of the covmtry known as Wyoming was inhabited by dinosaurs, a Miocene genus of elephant-like mammals. Or, in plain English language, a huge, slab-sided creature, weighing from fifteen to twenty tons, and measuring frcsn fifty to sixty feet in length. �- 8 They hed whip—like necks, 6% the end of which web a ridiculously small Bead, containing a small brain. They floated, swam end fed in the waters with unhurried languor, end were sluggish, cold-blooded creatures. The olimte Vv^as tropical. The country was a flat land, rich in vegetation, and dotted by countless shallow lakes, swamps and rivers. Pines, bananas and figs covered the uplands. Thick, heavy grass grew along the banks, and rank vegetation thrived in o r Soj the TOters. After a million yearsMother Nature slowly changed the setting of the stage The lakes dried up, and the swamps vanished. The naKjHlw» dinosaurs become more and more concentrated as they were pushed together in huge herds by the drying-up process. They were water animals, and the disappearance of water was their death sentence. They could not migrate becadse of their great bulk. Some starved to death, others were stranded in the mire, while others in their frenzied rush to escape destruction, struggled to solid land only to be killed by the fleeh-eating monsters that skulked around the pools lived high for a time on the remains of the hapless sauropod.. .. Thus Jd presented^ only a glimpse of looming and the Great Northwest country, which is borne out by discoveries of petrified skeletons in all parts of the country. The remains of reptilian, fish, mamal and plant life are also preserved in geological for­ ever metions, that hold no rival for paleontological research in this^Changing World. �-------------------- --------------------------------------- 5TATE OF WYOMING Agricultural mb tndiislridl Production M Miscellaneous Statistical Report This compilation is a revision of statistical reports on Wyo. ming previously released under a project developed by Governor Hunt when Secretary of State. The original and subsequent reports met with such favor and the demand for them was so large that we have prepared this up-to-date pamphlet .as a continuation of this service to the State. Additional copies are available at the Governor’s Office. �COUNTY General Election Vote 1946 Passenger and Truck Registration 1946 Miles State Highway Area Square Miles County Seat Elevation Taxable Valuation 1947 Tons of Coal 1946 Barrels of OU 1946 Albany 7 4,450 5 5,955 7 218 8 4,399 2 7,165 5 $ 25,587,516 Big Horn 8 3,784 10 4,021 4 239 12 3,110 22 3,870 10 $ 17,192,086 12 369 Campbell 15 1,988 18 1,871 8 216 7 4,761 17 4,544 16 $ 10,497,307 5 179,455 Carbon 5 4,834 8 5,051 2 333 3 8,007 4 6,755 4 $ 33,736,752 3 1,080,479 8 1,835,293 Converse 14 2,300 13 2,231 17 137 11 4,133 13 4,815 13 $ 14,106,124 7 14,034 9 520,103 Crook 18 1,811 21 1,641 12 171 13 2,866 14 4,750 $ Tremont 6 4,637 6 5,085 1 373 2 9,225 9 5,357 8 $ 19,479,591 Goshen 11 3,168 9 4,788 15 150 20 2,186 20 4,104 9 $ 18,614,939 Hot Springs 19 1,729 20 1,796 22 89 23 2,025 19 4,326 $ 17 9,434,259 6 73,413 Johnson 17 1,847 19 1,831 13 170 10 4,164 16 4,645 $ 18 7,878,419 9 5,856 Laramie 1 11,617 1 14,192 11 183 15 2,678 8 6,062 2 $ 39,238,835 Lincoln 10 3,364 12 2,673 5 239 9 4,227 3 6,927 14 $ 13,648,217 Natrona 2 8,417 2 9,816 6 220 4 5,322 10 5,123 3 $ 37,815,593 Niobrara 21 1,545 16 1,954 16 140 16 2,664 12 5,015 12 $ 14,541,234 3 4,731,245 Park 9 3,605 7 5,073 9 200 5 5,175 11 5,018 6 $ 25,215,294 1 10,347,334 Platte 13 2,482 11 2,917 18 137 21 2,125' 15 4,733 15 $ 13,544,935 Sheridan 4 5,867 3 7,011 10 187 17 2,574 23 3,745 7 $ 23,734,139 Sublette 22 1,044 23 969 14 166 6 4,959 1 7,175 $ Sweetwater 3 7,512 4 6,647 3 316 1 10,495 6 6,271 1 $ 47,841,436 Teton 23 830 22 1,030 21 109 14 2,795 7 6,209 $ Uinta 12 2,635 14 2,181 20 120 22 2,094 5 6,748 11 $ 15,963,669 Washakie 16 1,918 15 2,043 23 86 19 2,241 21 4,061 $ Weston 20 1,702 17 1,930 19 127 18 2,403 18 4,334 $ 83,086 92,706 4,326 94,628 Total 11 283,624 5 3,538,118 21 6,935,535 8 7,806 4 4,003,138 6 2,722,405 General School Aid 1946 School Equalization 1946 17 3,988 5 $ 17,900 2 $ 47,732 12 $ 10,720 9 $ 13,603 $ 11 $ 12,016 4 $ 20,328 $ 13 9,050 19 3,405 $ 17 5,062 5 $ 31,565 $ 16 5,360 3 $ 47,193 $ 15 8,110 1 $ 59,286 11 $ 10,848 $ $ 22 947 $ 22 1,462 $ 20 2,354 $ 23 487 15 14,385 10 $ 13,164 1 $ 45,911 4 389,934 13 86,165 7 $ 24,684 7 $ 15,369 11 388 2 4,947,223 2 1,330,954 22 5,720,559 10 358,758 1 4,538,617 7 2,308,459 2 $ 39,518 4 $ 32,239 $ 19 2,924 16 5,730 8 $ 14,911 13 $ 10,580 9 $ 13,297 8 $ 20,658 3 $23,797 $ 12 $ 10,581 $ 21 1,868 $ 15 6,962 6 $ 16,547 $ 14 9,096 $ 16 5,607 $ 18 3,713 10 $ 11,346 20 7,414,436 14 15,775 $ 21 1,759 $ 14 8,479 19 7,783,903 12 129,617 6 $ 25,958 $ 18 3,968 35,847,249 $387,213 $289,455 23 3,308,814 $419,233,592 13 99 10 2,564 7,623,968 20 2,193 �lame & Fish Fees 1946 AU OatUe Preliminary 1-1-47 Stock Sheep Preliminary 1-1-47 Hogs & Pigs Preliminary 1-1-47 Dairy Gattie Preliminary 1-1-47 Horses Mules Preliminary Preliminary 1-1-47 1-1-47 Tons Sugar Beets 1946 Crop Tons AU Hay 1946 Crop Bushels AU Wheat 1946 Crop Bushels of Oats 1946 Crop 7 67,400 23 1,500 9*? . 10,500 8 65,400 13 54,500 1 504,300 5 $ 40,005 10 55,300 13 70,000 20 600 11 1,900 8 4,700 9 60 15 $ 12,897 17 28,300 10 80,000 3 6,400 5 5,400 12 4,000 16 10 > 11,339 1 80,600 8 113,000 11 2,800 22 500 6 5,400 17 10 15 36,500 5 514,000 5 354,200 7 5 34,942 6 59,400 1 308,000 18 700 12 1,900 3 6,600 3 90 1 99,500 11 62,100 16 86,400 19 1 9,987 4 61,300 5 152,000 12 1,700 14 1,500 9 4,600 11 40 12 46,400 14 53,400 15 98,400 1 20 9,697 7 59,400 17 58,000 7 5,400 8 3,200 7 5,200 8 60 11 50,800 4 608,500 6 353,800 3 5 41,183 12 49,100 6 133,000 6 6,000 2 6,900 1 7,300 6 70 7 20,236 4 85,900 8 103,600 3 484,200 15,369 5 60,400 18 51,000 2 8,300 3 6,000 11 4,200 1 140 1 171,079 9 55,500 1 1,337,200 7 270,000 I 99 II 6,569 18 26,000 19 51,000 14 1,300 17 1,200 21 2,400 14 20 11 1,228 20 28,400 16 16,200 19 72,000 i (114,040 8 58,500 4 165,000 8 3,500 15 1,500 10 4,500 18 10 12 1,172 13 41,700 9 80,100 13 129,700 1 89,916 9 57,400 14 63,000 1 8,700 4J00 13 4,000 13 30 8 9,802 17 35,200 2 925,100 2 487,500 1 9 1} 30,791 19 24,600 7 116,000 10 3,000 1 7,200 14 3,700 15 20 2 97,600 15 51,000 14 100,800 4 $ 40,858 16 36,700 2 295,000 23 300 23 500 15 3,700 5 80 21 21,100 22 3,000 22 21,000 9^ fl 2,474 11 50,600 11 76,000 16 900 16 1,400 16 3,300 20 10 19 29,600 12 56,100 9 189,000 6 138,073 15 41,500 15 62,000 5 6,200 6 4,600 5 5,600 2 120 6 20,364 6 69,700 10 72,300 4 418,600 16 fl 11,791 14 44,200 21 31,000 9 3,300 10 2,800 17 3,100 7 70 4 36,921 14 40,800 3 849,900 10 183,600 J 8 ^| 34,252 2 70,300 20 47,000 4 6,400 4 • 5,600 4 5,800 10 40 5 24,619 5 80,400 6 407,300 8 ( 259,200 11 122,521 3 67,800 16 62,000 21 400 21 600 2 6,900 12 30 3 95,600 20 4,200 21 23,200 10 =126,630 23 8,100 3 234,000 17 800 18 900 19 2,500 23 16,700 21 3,100 17 78,000 2 -} 83,673 22 14,100 23 6,000 22 300 20 700 23 1,400 16 35,300 19 10,300 18 72,600 13 114,045 20 21,600 12 76,000 19 600 9 3,100 20 2,500 19 10 10 53,400 18 11,500 20 30,800 18 =110,601 21 21,000 9 92,000 15 1,000 13 1,700 22 2,000 4 80 3 58,679 18 35,100 17 15,500 12 133,200 ; 21 ^1 9,608 13 46,800 22 29,000 13 1,400 19 800 18 2,600 10 1,333 22 18,000 7 247,600 11 153,000 ■1611,269 1,043,000 2,370,000 70,000 64,000 96,000 420,363 1,206,000 5,488,000 4,514,000 i 1,000 2 72,592 9 2,338 �Bushels of Barley 946 Crop Bushels of Corn 1946 Crop 23 6,000 Bushels of Potatoes 1946 Crop 100 Ib. Bags Edible Beans 1946 Crop 21 3,500 Bushels of Rye 1946 Crop Sales & Use Tax Collections 10-1-46 to 9-30-47 Population County Assess­ ors Estimate 1947 6 $ 11,793,806 6 $ 315,072 6 16,000 5 $ 13,726,638 17 240 10 $ 162,302 10 12,928* $ 12 6,190,520 $ 10 5,771,936 $ 17 5,022,074 $ 16 3,532,280 11 24,500 12 18,000 12 Lll,000 4 148,500 18 7,700 5 4,380 $ 17 75,925 17 6,100 16 9,900 10 1,800 7 $ 248,249 9 14,500 15 58,000 Total Non-Bank Savings Bonds October, 1947 18 140 4 348,300 2 340,800 Total Bank Deposits October, 1947 6 $ 12,008,797 5 $ 12,988,066 16 58,000 8 32,400 7 37,000 9 2,400 6 3,900 $ 15 84,486 13 8,700 $ 13 5,796,585 $ 14 4,265,557 8 !37,500 6 52,700 14 13,300 13 400 4 5,270 $ 22 36,782 21 5,550 $ 19 3,299,547 $ 21 2,052,668 5 !75,200 7 44,200 3 360,400 4 210,000 16 500 8 $ 217,006 5 20,000 $ 9 8,434,805 $ 8 6,924,841 1 >53,600 3 158,400 1 1,196,800 3 271,900 3 13,600 g $ 170,029 7 16,000 $ 8 8,438,902 $ 11 5,001,474 11 20,800 15 6,200 15 11,200 8 4,400 19 120 $ 16 77,056 18 6,098 $ 20 3,219,326 $ 20 2,625,610 13 09,600 13 14,000 8 34,200 11 500 8 2,660 $ 20 63,644 19 5,995 $ 16 5,023,787 $ 15 3,745,330 9 36,500 1 322,300 2 432,300 6 14,400 2 21,500 2 $ 805,865 1 37,500 1 $ 35,220,248 19 7,300 11 1,500 13 $ 110,389 11 10,564 $ 13 1,400 1 $ 815,828 2 35,400 2 $ 32,613,704 19 67,040 16 6,400 $ 21 2,405,283 $ 19 2,832,198 2 64,600 14 5,767,472 1 $ 42,159,979 $ 9 5,830,214 22 9,000 16 3,500 22 2,200 18 35,100 10 30,600 10 22,300 12 500 1 29,140 6 51,300 14 10,500 4 165,600 1 367,100 15 660 4 $ 355,946 8 15,000 $ 7 9,905,430 $ 7 7,910,118 7 39,200 2 168,500 9 23,100 7 14,400 7 3,400 14 $ 110,002 12 8,854 $ 15 5,529,440 $ 13 4,385,848 3 57,200 12 21,400 6 50,400 10 700 12 1,450 5 $ 346,642 3 28,000 23 27,849 23 2,336 4 22,500 $ 21 13,000 23 2,000 20 31,500 11 19,300 3 $ 400,682 19 32,300 5 52,000 $ 14 62,000 17 9,600 10 25,400 9 31,500 13 14,400 17 54,900 5 ' 52,800 20 5,500 90,000 1,122,000 2,498,000 $ 6 77,500 1,305,000 21 54,568 4 $ 17,320,185 $ 23 1,416,642 3 $ 20,109,859 2 $ 28,056,458 4 $ 15,201,478 $ 23 1,413,976 3 $ 17,520,991 22 2,500* $ 22 2,323,693 $ 22 1,788,659 11 $ 113,113 15 7,471 $ 10 7,395,543 $ 12 4,783,363 14 840 12 $ 112,629 14 7,500 $ 11 6,799,856 $ 18 2,859,381 9 2,500 $ 18 69,305 20 5,650 $ 19 4,008,098 $ 17 3,110,099 95,000 $5,202,806* ♦Includes $362,397 col* lected out-state 301,546 *1940 Federal Census $221,976,434 $196,554,330 �* I CASPER TRIBUNE-HErIlD USTRIAL EDITION—1926 » PAGE 15 LD OREGON TRAIL HISTORY HOLDS LIVE INSPIRATION Historic Landmarks Included in Markings Authorized by State Carried Out in Late Years; Fort Caspar Site Made Park ueiit eerected near ScattsKebecca Burdick, who died on the old Oregon trail. lued from Page Fourteen.) the Trails. The commislad a number of granite made, to be set up on the ton Trail. Three of these were furnished to Natrona and the first one to be set erected alongside the Alcova tout eighteen miles southm Casper, in 1917. This site marker, which was selected toard of county commissionfrom twelve to fifteen miles from the Old Oregon Trail, was said to be near the Trail, passing from the iter country into the Bates Inuntry. In 1920, this marker ren up and moved by the tf county commissioners at tigation of the author, who sirous of having the marker per creek, where the Old Oregon Trail crosses the Yellowstone High­ way, and it was dedicated and un­ veiled in the forenoon of Jidy 5, 1920. In addition to this being a marker for the Old Trail, it also is a monument commemorating the death of Lieut. Caspar W. Collins, who was killed by the Indians in this vi­ cinity on July 26, 1865. The unveil­ ing and dedication services of this marker 'W’ere also conducted bjj' the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Prayer was offered by Rev. P. K. Edwards, and an address was made by John C. Friend of Rawlins, who was -a tele­ graph operator at Sweetwater sta-" tion in June, 1865, when the battle of Platte Bridge Station occurred and who was one of a party of thirty sent from that station to Platte Bridge to restring telegraph wires which the Indians had cut. After Mr. Friend’s address the marker was unveiled by Mrs. Tom Cooper, regent of the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and presented to the state in the name of Port Caspar chapter, the Oregon Trail Commis­ sion and Natrona County. Miss Hebard, who unveiled the marker at Independence Rofe the day before, was the principal speak­ er for this occasion. She vividly outlined the course of the Oregon Trail from Fort Laramie to the Platte Bridge Station, the name of this post later being changed to Fort Caspar; from this point she de­ scribed the course of the Trail to the Sweetwater and then westward to South Pass. She said the Indians con­ tested the white man’s progress as far as South Pass, and soldiers were stationed along the Trail at Laramie, Platte Bridge, Sweetwater Station and South Pass to protect travelers and keep up the telegraph lines. She presented an Interesting description of the old military post, first called “The Mormon Ferry,” then “Platte Bridge Station,” and later given the name of Fort Caspar, and then she Another of these markers had been presented a minute description of the It was taken to Independence Rock, fifty-five miles southwest of Casper, where it was set up in a cement base, and on July 4, 1920, it was ded­ icated and unveiled, the ceremonies being under the auspices of Fort ■Caspar Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, with Mrs. Byrant B. Brooks, state regent, pre­ siding, and Miss Grace Raymond Hebard, state historian for the chap­ ter and secretary of the Oregon Trail commission, unveiling the marker. Several hundred people were present at the ceremonies, many of whom were there to attend a special communication of the Ma­ sonic order which was held on top of the historic rock, commemorative of the first meeting of Freemasons, which was held in this territory, and which was opened and closed in form. The date of this meeting was July 4, 1862, and there were about twenty Masonic members present who were on their way to the "Ore­ gon Country” in emigrant trains, and they had stopped here to rest and refresh" themselves. The unveiling ceremonies of this marker were unostentatious, but nevertheless very impressive. At 11:30 a. m., the assemblage was call­ ed together and all bowed reverently and repeated the Lord’s Prayer. Then the national hymn, “America,” was sung in unison, and as the sol­ emn strains of the anthem rose up­ on the summer breeze, old echoes from this historic rock were awak­ ened to mingle in perfect cadence with the majestic measures. P. G. Burnett, of Fort Washakie, who made his first visit to this spot in 1865, addressed the assemblage, af­ ter which Miss Hebard removed the American flag from about the gran­ ite marker and in the name of the State of Wyoming presented it to the people as a permanent monu­ ment of the first highway from east to west that brought civilization to the great Oregon Country. accomplished, and on March 20, 1925, Mr, and Mrs. Thomas Mills executed a deed to the Natrona County Historical society for a tract of land 100 feet wide covering the approach of the old bridge and connecting with the land occupied by the old fort which was purchased by the city of Casper. It is the in­ tention, as soon as convenient, to have a replica of the old bridge constructed across the river, and the piers built on the same site that they were in 1858-9. When this is done it will give the people of Cas­ per a six mile circular drive to Mills, over the bridge, through the fort site, past the cits' pumping plant along the river, then connecting with the Alcova highway and back to Casper through the Standard ad­ dition, one of the most modern ad­ ditions to the city, where a great many beautiful residence have been erected. --------- e Other markers on the Old Trail In Natrona county are of stone slabs and boulders, as nature built them. A large boulder, weighing many tons, located at the Tom Sun ranch, in the Sweetwater country, near Devil’s Gate, has an appro­ priate description chiseled upon it, another on Independence Rock and another at Split Rock. At the lo­ cation of the “Three Crossings” stage and telegraph station, in Fre­ mont county, which was main­ tained by the government in the *60’s, chiseled on the face of a large gianite bluff is the inscription “Oregon and California Trail, 1843-9, 1914.” Fremont, Lincoln and Sub­ lette counties have erected a num­ ber of markers similar to those in Natrona county. There are nu­ merous other markers on the Old Trail in Wyoming, erected by the Erected on the site of old Fort Cas­ par on land to be made part of a memorial park. Oregon Trail commissioners, one of which is located on the boundary line of Nebraska and Wyoming. This monument is in an alfalfa field on the south side of the North Platte river, near the village of Henry, Neb. The Old Trail at this point has long since been abandoned and a new road established, and a “finder” or “lead” stone has been erected on the now main highway, and near the “finder” there is a gate in the fence surrounding the alfalfa field leading to the boundary marker. It was near this marker that Robert Stuart and his six com­ panions camped for several months (Continued on Pa.ge Twenty-two.) We Are Not Waiting for Business to Pick Up—We Are-Picking Up the Business! �as intended it should battle where Lfeutenaril* Carpar W. be. Casper, a short distance from Cas- Collins, with six of his men, were killed by the Indians and the massa­ cre of Sergeant Custard and his seventeen men, ExGovernor Bryant B, Brooks closed the services with a short address. In which he mentioned the heroism of Lieutenant Collin.s and the value of his life as an example, and while the speakers were painting word pictures of that long ago day, so vivid that the hearers could al­ most see the 3,000 Indian warriors skirting the skyline, modern travel­ ers in their automobiles with their tents and camp outfits strapped to the running boards swept by on the highway. ’S TO SERVE YOU OUR MOTTO IS QUALITY WORK ^ackardSix Packard Eight k the Man Who Owns One NOW SHOWING The Popular lUPMOBILE 6 and 8 WE INVITE YOUR INSPECTION E E. MANSFIELD, Inc South David St. Phone 346 Fifty-seven years after Its aban­ donment by the government and destruction by the Indians, and long-since obllterate'd by the sweep­ ing winds, the barren spot upon which Fort Caspar was located, the last marker furnished Natrona county by the Wyoming Oregon Trail commission, was erected by the county commissioners and the unveiling and dedication ceremonies of the monument were held under the auspices of the Lions club of Casper, assisted by the Rotary and Kiwanis clubs, the Charnber of Commerce and the Boy Scouts at 5 o’clock in the evening on October 1, 1924. Dr. M. C. Keith, president of the Lions club, presided at the ceremonies and Robert S. Ellison, president of the Chamber of Com­ merce, gave a history of the old fort and told of the part It had in the protection of the emigrants and described the battle of the small number of soldiers had with 3.000 Indians when Caspar W, Collins . and six of his men were killed and the massacre of the seventeen men with Sergeant Custard a few miles further to the west. William B. Cobb of the Kiwanis club followed Mr. Ellison with a short address, and at the conclusion of the cere-, monies a select detachment of the Boy Scouts, under the direction of Frank B. Taylor, removed! the American flag from the monument, while Mrs. Berta Smith san| the state song, “Wyoming.” ’ And thus the site of Port Cas­ par, after which the city of Casper, Casper mounta'in and Casper creek were named, wa.s definitely marked. It may be said in passing that after more than twenty-five years of effort on the part of a few citi­ zens of Casper to have the city of Casper acquire title to this tract of land, that It might be used for park and other public purposes, in the spring of 1925 the matter wa-s . We are not only a friend of the housewife but a friend of the entire family. Why? Because when services she is not tired and weary of the labors of wash day. She has a smile for every member of the family, and has more time to devote to the little ones. Even has a sm.ile for dad. Dad is a friend of ours because we do his full dress shirts and collars in a manner that pleases him. _ If you aie not familiar with our different services give us a call and we will have our representative call on you and explain Our Finish, Flat, Rough Dry, Dry Wash and Wet Wash Services We also have one-day special service. We use soft water only—and we employ nothing but the most efficient help and have the most modern and up-sto-date equipment. CDwALMCe TROY LAUNDRY CO. 326 NORTH DURBIN PHONES 1672—1673 Our Drivers Pass Your Door. �A ' jrarcFB TO , • - r, s 1 CASPER TRIBUNE-HERAW INDUSTRIAL EDITION^l DUDE RANCHING STILL IN INFANCY BUT IS GROWING .FAS Outdoor Recreation In Heart of Wilds Holds Many Thrills iT^OR sundry decades the, immigrant trains Inched westward to Cali­ fornia and Utah and Oregon and their bronzed pilots regarded Wyo­ ming merely as a segment of thoroughfare and never as a poten­ tial abode, with rich resources that demanded only diligence and persev­ erance for the reaping. When at last huddles of log buildings began to sprout in coulee and creek bot. tom as the nuclei of an empire of sheep and cattle, other decades I>assed before some Inquisitive soul chanced to probe beneath the sage­ brush af bunchgrass and unleashed J- the green-black reservoirs of power which lay couchant in subterranean sands. And the sequence of dis­ covery had not yet been exhausted. Only in the last few years has there been a consistent effort to cultivate and reap Wyoming's most magnifi­ cent crop of all—her scenery. Dude ranching, youngest and lust­ iest of Western industries, simmers down to just that—selling scenery. That term comprises, of course, a host of things—^fishing and hunt­ ing, camping, mastery of the rudi­ ments of horsemanship and wood­ craft—every novelty of outdoor life which yields a new thrill to jaded city appetites and warms asthmatic and swimming pools, select comI>any. For ruggeder tastes there are pack trips deep into the tene. brous recesses of primitive forests, sturdy fare prepared over an open fire, dreamless sleep beneath the stars," the thrill of undiscovered beauty waiting around every crook of the trail, the zest of conquest in outgaming mighty cutthroat of rain­ bow trout in their native waters. So in many parts of Wyoming ranches that found the fortunes of stockraising too hazardous and unprofi^ble have turned to farming the rich and inexhaustible and un­ profitable resources of natural beauty and the glamour which the mere word “West” conveys to East­ erners. The cowpuncher who found his profession slowly growing ob­ solete before the influx of nesters has become a dude wrangler. And if riding herd on tenderfeet is often fully as ticklish as valeting a bunch of temperamental “dogies,” the re­ wards are far more generous and certain. Industray in Infancy. Dude ranching had its inception and has reached its greatest perfec­ tion in three principal sections—• bling loghouse mothering a covey of cabins, a corail full of well broken saddle and pacTc horses, a staff of personable young men endowed at once with a knowledge of the .technique of outdoor life and a tolerant understanding of the idiosyncracies of men and women— given these three and you have a dude ranch. The raw materials are to be found almost anywhere in the state. And publicity is largely taken care of gratutlously by the movies and the horde of fiction writers who have Wyoming sym- Hayden Forest Turns To Livestock Grazing For, Major Revenues By JAMES BLACKHALL. Supervisor, Hayden National Forest he Hayden National Forest is situated in southern Wyoming. It lies along the continental divide, just north of the Colorado line, in Carbon county. A small portion of the forest (72,000 acres) on the Encampment and Big Creek water­ heads is In Jackson county, Colo­ rado. The waters of the west side of the forest drain into Little Snake river; the east side drains into the North Platte river. The forest has a gross area of 437,542 acres, and the elevation runs from 7,000 to 11,000 feet. It contains some beau­ tiful tracts of lodgepole pine and Englerqan spruce timber, but at the present time no timber 4a being cut except for local use, due to lack of Jackson Hole, a valley flanked on transportation facilities. one .side bv the maiestlc Tetons, on Grazing of live-stock et the nrea-' bolic with adventure and romance throughout the world. Highways Are Boon. ' A. farsighted program of road building has made every part of the state readily and comfortably accessible for tourist travel. The great arteries of t ranseontlnental traffic throb through the heart of the state—the Lincoln highway, the Yellowstone highway, the Rocky Mountain highway, the Atlantic-Yel­ lowstone-Pacific highway, the Blackand Yellow trail. Four great rail­ road systems serve it—the Union Pacific, the Chicago & Northwest­ ern, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. And for all that Wyoming Is amazingly unspoiled. Nowhere else within the borders of the United States can the visitor find natural beauty so fresh and unsullied. No. where else can he so easily escape the drone of motors and the bark of voices &.nd lose himself in the mighty solitudes, of mesa and tim­ berland. Nowhere else can he re­ capture so perfectly the ancient glamour of the frontier and live so thoroughly the simpler, sturdier life of his pioneer fathers. ■So history Is repeatng itself. the appetite. The dude ranch’ testify that transients tend to yf to an established clientele. On tn guest roster are names famous i every field, society, art, polity finance. Year after year MS Roberts Rinehart had spent 1 summers In Wyoming and do much of her work here. Winter Guests Next. Hitherto dude ranching, lnde( has been a seasonal profession, B already indications are plentiful th within a decade it will handle wi ter guests almost, if not aa n merous, as those who now se refuge from the torrid Easte climate. Already shrewd perso are laying plans to make Wyomli Where once the tourist caravan streaked throug as heedlessly as the covered wagon trains a half century ago, with no thought but to cut short the distance separating coast from coast, more and more it is breaking up to explore the fresh beauties that lie off the beaten track. And a taste merely whets a haven for winter sports fans. is as accessible aS Banff In Cana( or Truckee in California: it hi every facility of Ski-ing, tobogga; ing, ice sports. The weather is invigorating b never unduly arduous. The American St. Moritz, som one has suggested. Well, why no T �city appetites and warms asthmatic bosoms with the forgotten joy that comes of contact with fundamentals. Accommodations Suit Taste. A dude, in short, is a seeker of outdoor recreation and dude ranch­ ing is the process of providing It for him in whatever state of dilution or concentration he prefers. For the softer ^reed there are all the com­ forts of home with none of its re. sponsibillties; all the luxuries of the finest resort hotel—a perfect cuisine, golf links and tennis courts one side by the majestic Tetons, on the other by the towering Gros Ventre range and offering scenic marvels no whit inferior to the Alps and far more virgin and untram­ meled; the region around Cody and adjacent to the eastern entrance to Tellowstone park, and the Big Horn range west of Sheridan and Buffalo. But the industry is in its Infancy and the recognition of its possibili­ ties is spreading rapidly to other sections of the state, A mountain and a stream or lake, a big, ram- The Kistler Tent and Awning Co Tents* Awnings Camp Supplies Decorations FAIRNESS ALWAYS IN BUSINESS TO STAY Auto Supplies Auto Tops Tire Repairing The Kistler Tent and Awning Co. 617-619 East Second St. Phone 2065 L. D. Branson Service AUTHORIZED UNITED MOTORS SERVICE STATION Headquarters for Grazing of livestock at the pres­ ent time constitutes the major use, and 100,000 sheep and 7,000 cattle are grazed on this forest during the summer months. The forest is a The Lee Doud Motor Co. DISTRIBUTORS Willys-Overland Fine Motor Cars very important one from a grazing standpoint, as it contains the last stretch of timber land along the continental divide for many miles. North bf the forest, the divide con­ sists of a high sage brush plateau, sloping off into unwatered desert range, on which sheep are grazed during the winter months. Be­ cause of the Hayden’s proximity to these winter ranges, its summer forage has always been in great de­ mand for sheep. It also supplies summer range for cattle that are winter^ in the Platte valley and in Snake river. Recreational Advantages. The Hayden offers many desirable camping places, most of them at present accessible only by horse or on foot. There is a good system of trails horseback travel, but auto roads bre lacking at present, althouglt a highway crossing the di­ vide Battle and connecting the Snake river and Platte river val­ leys iSj HOW under construction. Ex­ BETTY’S Beauty Parlor Wyoming’s Largest A DOZEN OPERATORS at Your Service STRICT PRIVACY Ladies’ and Children’s Hair Bobbing Parlor DELCO—KLAXON—REMY A. C. SPEEDOMETERS MARCEL With Bob Curl $1.00 Use Genuine Parts Only! Delco Light Farm Lighting Plants Zenith Carburetors—dumb Switches MAIL ORDERS Given Prompt Attention D. Branson Service 615 East Second St. PHILCO BATTERIES Phone 383 Phone 1700 424 West Yellowstone cellent trout fishing Is to be had in antr of the many streams and lakes tn the forest. The public may camp and fish anywhere within the forest, provided the state game laws are ob^rved and care is taken with camp jlires. Only one fire occurred in this for­ est dtirtng-.the season just passed. This itas caused by lightning and was extinguished by a ti-ail creW be­ fore any damage was done. ..... A complete line of Marinello Beauty Products ‘displayed in a beautiful showcase. PHONE PHONE FOR APPOINTMENT 707 707 Betty’s Beauty Parlor TRIBUNE BUILDING PHONE 707 �INDUSTRIAL EDITION--192<; i SCHOOL ENROLLMENT Markers and Memorials Along Old Oregon Trail Link Present With Pioneer Past (Continued from Page Fifteen.) In the winter of 1812, after being driven out by the Indians, from their cabin which they had built on the Platte river in the Bessemer Bend, about twelve miles west of Casper, where they had intended to remain during the winter. The ex­ act site of this cabin has never been established, but it was somewhere on the 07 ranch, and the Natrona County Pioneer Association and the Natrona County Historical society hold their picnics there each sum­ mer. The Stuart cabin was the first cabin built in the territory w’hlch now comprises the state of Wyo­ ming. A large marker has been erected at Port Laramie, at a point where the Old Trail entered the fort. John Hunton and Joseph "Wilde donated this monument, which is built of concrete, and is fourteen feet high, and the stateof Wyoming furnished the tablet, built of stone two feet square, which is imbedded in the monument. Fort Laramie was undoubtedly the most significant fort on the Oregon Trail, and was the first fort to be established in Wyoming. . One of the regular markers, such as those erected at Port Caspar and Independence Rock, is located on the Old Trail near Torrington. Three of these markers are located in Platte county, one on the divide east of Badger creek, one on the divide between Little Cottonwood creek and the Platte river and one at the site of the old telegraph and stage station, on Horse creek, south­ west of Glendo. Converse county has five of these markers on the Old Trail. One at the junction of the Cheyenne-Fetterman and Port Laramie and Fort Petterman road, one just south of the Wagon Hound, one at the LaPrele school house and one west of the SO ranch, at the junction of the trail and the new highway. A : .larger monument has also been erected in Converse county, five miles ■ west of Douglas, where the Old Trail crosses the road that leads to Fort Pettermam. On the site of Old. Fort Bridger the citizens in that neighborhood erected a large monument in 1915, built of cobblestones set in cement, the pyramid is ten feet in height and seven and one-half feet at the base. The state of Wyoming fur­ nished a bronze tablet for thia monument. Markers at South Pas.s. Two markers are located in South Pass, one of which was placed near Pacific Springs by Ezra Meeker In 1903, and the other was placed by Captain Nickerson of Lander, chairman of the Oregon Trail com­ mission, two miles east of Pacific Springs. The Meeker marker is . a large boulder with the inscription: ‘‘Old Oregon Trail, 1843-57,” and the latter was erected in honor of the two first white women to cross the continental divide, with the follow­ ing inscription: ‘‘Narcissa Prentiss Whitman, Eliza Hart Spalding, First White Women to Cross This Pass. July 4, 1836.” Rebecca Winters Marker. A marker of greater human in­ terest and one in which there is a touching sentiment is located on the Old Oregon Trail and now alongside the Burlington tracks about a mile east of Scottsbluffs.' At the time the engineers were making the survey through this part of the country they came upon a grave in the direct line of the survey. Over the grave was an arch-shaped ■wagon tire, rusted and crusted with time and upon the wagon tire was chiseled these words: ‘‘Rebecca Win­ ters, Aged 50.” “Boys,” said the chief, ‘‘we’ll turn aside; Here, close by tbe trail, her grave shall stay. For she came first to thia desert ■wide; Rebecca Winters holds the rightof-way.” A fence was" built around the grave by the railroad engineers and authorities of the Latter Day Saints (Mormon) church, in Salt Lake City were communicated with, and they had erected over the grave a substantial granite monument, annronriateiv'inscribed. And thii» �appx-opriaieiy inscrioea. Ana thus tlie line of a great railroad was "turned aside” in order that Re­ becca Burdick-Winters, who had started with her people to help sub­ due the wilderness, might lie un­ disturbed in the grave she had oc­ cupied for nearly three-fourths of a century. Hundreds of Markers Along Trail. Through the states of Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon and Washington, extending from In­ dependence, Mo., to Seaside, Ore., and Olympia, Wash., hundreds of these "man-made” markers have been erected along the Old Trail in recent years, but at the time the thousands upon thousands of peo­ ple were on their westward way for the purpose of establishing for themselves a home and to build an empire there were no markers set up along the roadside to guide the travelers, except one at Gardner, Kans., at the junction of the Santa Fe and Oregon Trails. At the forks of these roads there was a sign: "Road to Oregon.” Just three words pointing out the 2,000 mile route, about which hundreds of thousands of pages have since been written describing the adventures, the adversities, the trials and hard­ ships, suffering and death of the thousands who started over this great pathway. Occasionally the emigrants would find the white-bleached skull of a buffalo along the roadside with a message written upon it by those who had gone before; messages and names were also inscribed upon the sandstone and shelf-rock by the wayside, but the God-made markers, such as Scottsbluffs, Emigrant Gap, Iron Creek Pass, Independence Rock, Devil’s Gate, Split Rock, South Pass, and others, were the only guides for the weary travelers, but no other signs were needed, for the wheels of ths wagons and the hoofs of the beasts and the foot­ steps of the pioneers had worn a pathway along the 2,000-mile route several feet deep and many yards wide. To remain on the trail was the least of their dangers and troubles. An extended description of the "God-made Markers On the Old Oregon Trail” Is being written by the author, which will be published In series by an Eastern magazine, after which the story will bo printed In book form. �CASPER TRIBUNE-HERALD PAGE 14 INDUSTRIAL EDITION—1! MARKERS AND MEMORIALS LINK PRESENT WITH THE PAS Memorial Shaft to Trail Blazers Near Northwestern Station Is Re­ sult of Movement Launched by Women Pioneers in 1907 Pioneer shaft erected near NorthWestern station to commemorate trail-blazers of west. By ALFRED J. MOKLEB O the men and women of the Natrona County Pioneer Asso­ ciation belong the credit for the first movement that resulted in the erec­ tion of a marker, or monument, that would endure in Natrona county to appropriately mark and thereby per­ petuate to memory the old Oregon Trail that passed through where the City of Casper is now situated, and ■where some of the most substantial business blocks are located. Some people are wont to give Ezra Meeker the distinction of conceiving the idea of the erection of these monuments on the Old Trail, and perhaps he is T there he would go to Washington, the National Capital, and advocate the passage of a bill through Con­ gress for an appropriation of $30,000 to assist in defraying the expenses of erecting these markers. The bill, however, failed to pass. At the meeting in the old town hall in 1907, the ladies of the* Na­ trona County Pioneer Association were favorably impressed with the idea of having a monument erected in the town of Cagper, and they im­ mediately set to work to raise funds for the purchase and erection of a shaft that would not only be a credit to the Old Trail and the town of Casper, but one that would always reflect favorably upon this worthy organization. The money was not raised by popular subscriptions and “drives,” that are so numerous nowa-days, but it'was actually earned by the ladies, who gave entertainments and dinners and sold articles of fancy work which were made by them. They worked two years be­ fore they had sufficient funds to warrant the ordering of the memor­ ial, which would cost about $1,500, exclusive of the cost of the freight upon the stone from Indiana and the cost of its erection, both of which were donated by the Chicago & Northwestern Railway company. The ground upon which the shaft is erected, in the center of the small park directly north of the railway company’s passenger station, was also given without charge. The shaft was erected during the sum­ mer of 1914. Rev. Hutt of the Episcopal church, and the ceremonies were concluded by the unveiling of the monument by Miss Irma Patton. This “Pioneer Monument,” as it deservedly should be named, is an obelisk twenty-six feet in height from the top of its base, the bottom of which is four feet square and ta­ pers to thirty inches square within two feet of the top, where it termi­ nates a four-square point. The shaft .is in three sections, and is matte 4rom Indiana limestone. The base the monument is also in three Actions, each of which is eigh­ teen wChea in height, the first being sixteen feet square, the second twelve feet arcl the third eight feet square, there being a two-foot offset from each iff the sections of the base. Addiii the freight, the cost of the erectj^i, the chiseling of the inscrip­ tions fend the setting of the bronze tablet, all of which cost no less than $3,000, this is probably one of the most elaborate and expensive monu­ ments on the Old Oregon Trail. The Inscription on the South side of the shaft is as follows. Pioneer Monument Erected on the Site of the Old Oregon Trail In Memory of the Pioneers Who Blazed the Way. Built by Natrona County Pioneer Association 1849 1911 The date on the monument, 1849, would indicate that the Oregon Trail Fort Caspar in the Days of the Platte Bridge Battle the establishment of such an im­ portant military post as Fort Caspar, and it is even more regrettable that the date on the tablet should be al­ lowed to remain unchanged, and thus mislead those who are not familiar with the facts. The word “about," in the third line from the top, is equal to an acknowledgement that it is not known when the post was es­ tablished. But by referring to the records in the War Department it will be seen that “on July 29, 1858, Companies D and E, Fourth Artil­ lery, Captain Joseph Roberts, Cap­ tain G. W. Getty, being a part of the second column of the Utah ex­ pedition, occupied this point (Mor­ mon Ferry) for the purpose of keep­ ing open the communication with Salt Lake City and to aid in the prompt forwarding of supplies.” A bridge was built across the river here during the winter of 1858-59 by Louis Guinard and the name of the post was then changed to Platte Bridge Station, and on March 23, 1859, an order was issued from the War Department to “abandon the post at Platte Bridge.” The troops were withdrawn on April 20, of that year. No more troops were sta­ tioned here until May, 1862, when it was again occupied by volunteer troops who were serving as escort for emigrants and the protection of the telegraph line. November 21, 1865, Major General Pope ordered that: “The military post situated at Platte Bridge, between Deer and Rock creeks, on the Platte river, will be hereafter known as Fort Cas­ par, io. bouor oC Lieut. Caspar, 11th par, in honor of Lieut. Caspar Col­ lins, 11th Ohio cavalry, who last his life while gallantly attacking a su­ perior force of Indiana at that place." The post was abandoned on Octo­ ber 19, 1867, and the Indians imme­ diately set fire to the buildings and the bridge. The Wyoming state authorities who furnished the copy for the tab­ let are to be congratulated upon Marker erected by D. A. B. spot where Lieutenant Caspar Uns, for whom Casper was nai was kiUed in defense of a w! train, having the date of the abandonn of the post correct. The site of the old fort is miles west from the monument, stead of one, as stated upon tablet. During the session of the twc legislature of the State of Wyom In 1913, a bill was enacted provi< lor the appropriate marking of Old Oregon Trail, and historic li marks in the State of Wyoming, the establishment of an Oregon 1 Commission, consisting of tl members. An appropriation $2,500 was made at the time the became a law, to purchase appro ate markers, and it was provl that the several counties in wl the markers were placed should I the expense of setting them up. the subsequent sessions of the s: legislature $500 was appropriatet be expended by the commlssior (Continued on Page Fifteen.; IllllllllllllillllllllllilllllUllllllllllillillllllllllllllllllltllllllllllltliillUIIIIWIIIItllllU^ �I bflJi I BOTTLING WORKS I CASPER, WYO. PHONE 136 I I entitled to that honor, for he passed over the Old Trail in a prairie schooner, drawn by an ox team, in the summer of 1907, advocating the marking of the Trail that he first passed over in 1852. A meeting was held in the old town hall of Casper at that time, to which the public was invited, and it was at this meeting that Mr. Meeker told of his plans of traveling over the Old Trail from the “Oregon Country’’ to the site of the old town of Independence, Missouri, and from It was more than six years after the movement was started to raise the funds for the purchase of the monument that -the unveiling cere­ monies were held, which was on November 20, 1914, under the aus­ pices of the Natrona County Pion­ eer Association and the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Devolution. At these ceremonies an address was made by ex-Governor Bryant B, Brooks; students from the Natrona County High School sang ‘‘America;’’ prayer was offered by ANNOUNCING TALBERT OFFICE APPLIANCE CO. 109 S. Center Casper Phone 502 Which will conduct the business begun by W. L. ' Talbert a little over a year ago. AUTHORIZED SALES AND SERVICE for Kardex All-Steel Office Furniture L. C. Smith Error-No Corona Copy Holders Remingten Portable Multistamp Shipman-Ward Bates Numbering Machines Rebuilt Underwoods SUPPLIES RENTALS REPAIRS Sundstrand Adding Machine Line was established at that time. This is misleading. From 1840 to 1843, a decided flow of emigrants from the east traveled over the Oregon Trail from Independence, Missouri, to the Columbia river, and thus into the "Oregon Country.” American set­ tlers became so numerous in this part of the country that the United States actually laid claim to this re­ gion, and after quarreling over It several years, final settlement was made in 1846 between America and England, with definite boundaries be­ tween the United States and Canada. The Oregon territory was formed In 1848, therefore it is conclusive that the date on the monument is mis­ leading, Why this date was en­ graved upon the shaft, the writer cannot explain, unless those who had the matter in charge took it toe granted that the Trail was estab­ lished at the time of the “gold rush” to California, forgetting all about the flow of emigrantion to the “Oregon Country” for nine years previous. The figure “9” should be changed to tions, who, no doubt, will be deeply interested in these historical facta, may not accuse the Pioneers of thia ago of being too careless with the recording of facts and dates. A tgonze tablet imbedded In the monUBoent on the east side bears this inscription: Fort Caspar U. S. Military Post Established About 1864 For Volunteers A^ndoned October 19, 186T ' ' Shunted One Mile West' of This Spot Marked by the State of Wyoming 1914, It I^ very regrettable that the stat© authorities who had th© re­ sponsibility of furnishing th© copy for tbi© tablet displayed such care­ lessness, or Ignorance, in regard to Pure Fruit Flavored Beverages IN BOTTLES ‘'Oatt Ltt* ftr ef Strvft^ CASPER BATTERY CO. Factory Representatives VESTA BATTERIES GABRIEL SNUBBERS NORTHEAST ELECTRIC SYSTEMS EISEMANN MAGNETOS K. W. MAGNETOS PUROLATORS WICO IGNITERS Storage Battery and Electrical Repairing E, R. EARNSHAW, Prop. 119 E. Fifth St CASPER, WYO. Phone GO'* �j I i' Know Your Wyoming doming is a mountainsgroup state. It is bounded on the north by Montana, on the the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado and Utah, and on the west by Utah, Idaho and Montana. It is a lofty region, its mean elevation being about 6,000 feet--a broad plateau traversed by the Rocky mountains, the highest point of which is Mount Gannett, the state is varied. 13,785 feet. The topography of Its waters flow in all directions; drainage by the Green river to the southwest, by the Yel- and Snake rivers lowstaone/to the northwest, by the Big Horn to the north, and by the North Platte, Sweetwater end Laramie rivers to southeast. ^'*one of these rivers a^e navigable. The climate is that of the rarefied air of high elevations, and is salutary, with moderate winters and pleasant summers. The moisture precipitation is low, being at about twelve inches mean annually. The soil, almost in its entirety, requires irrigation, and there are more than 5,000 miles of ditches in the state. The crops include corn, wheat, oats, potatoes hay, alfalfa, and there is a considerable amount of fruit. No state in the Union produces a sugar beet with a higher sugar content, and the avearge yield of the beets is 13.5 tons an acre. The production of certified potatoes is ex­ tensive. Great mineral resources, clude coal, petroleum, gold, not fully developed, silver, in­ iron and copper. Since the days of the cattle kings, Wyoming has been rec- �(2) ognized as one of the greatest of livestock states. More tha’^00,000 head of fine beef catt^le and 4,000,000 head of sheep end lambs graze on, the open rang^^d ranches. The wool clip is of great value. The chief industries are petroleum refining, coal mining, lumber and timber prod­ ucts, bakery products, and dairying is important in a num­ ber of sections of the state. The population, according to the 1940 census, was 250,742, an increase of 25,177 over the 1930 census. Four cities in the state have a pop­ ulation of over 10,000, Casper, with 17,964; Cheyenne, 22,474; Laramie, 10,627; Sheridan, 10,529. Rock Springs is just under the 10,000 mark, with a population of 9,827. In the last decade the state’s urban population increased 33,5 perkent. Urban areas are towns of 2,500 or more. The urban population was 93,577; rural population, 157,165. There are twenty-three counties in the state, seventeen of which showed an increase and six a decrease in their population during the past ten years. o 0 o �Agriculture is the basic industry of United States. The happiness and prosperity of the American farmer is the happiness and prosperity of all other classes of citizenry. In analyzing the trend of events at Washington, D. C. from month to month, Our Observer covers a wide field. He does not confine himself to a strictly agricultural survey but delves into those things that are of interest to the farmer as they concern American citizens in general. —Editor THE CmZB>{. Washington, D. C., May 1, 1940 Economy Eorces Lose In a Spectacular Battle THE economy-minded Congress was short lived. With the constant pounding of pressure groups, representatives were com­ pelled to relent in their efforts to save money to the taxpayer. Expenditures for national defense found little opposition because of the war situa­ tion in Europe. Farm groups succeeded in adding to appropriations in more than one instance. Relief has faced a tempestuous sea, one of the most threatening of the storms produced by the White House re­ quest to be permitted to spend all the money within a span of eight months, which would bring the spending within the presidential campaign era. The one serious problem that is yet to be faced is how and where will be found the funds with which to provide the staggering appropriations. Torn between a conflict of heart and mind, fear that the limitation of the national debt may be overreached weighs almost as heavily with the repre­ sentatives as does their determination to avoid new taxes in an election year. • • • World Market About Lost To Cattle From United States JN Wyoming, the Stock Growers Association publishes a bulletin of information to its MAT. 1940 members. It carries the well chosen title of “Cow Country” and has wide distribution throughout the country. In a recent issue of this bulletin, appears a statement that should attract the atten­ tion of all classes of citizenry. “South of the Equator,” runs the state­ ment, “steers are selling at $3.92 and the ships go out of those ports with the weight of a billion and a half pounds of beet for the European and Asiatic trade. American beef went to sea in the same way fifty years ago. “But, last year. United States imported 80 million pounds of canned beef from South America and Australia and 3 million pounds of fresh and cured beef from Canada. United States beef exports found only 2 per cent of the world’s trade in meat. “The average American’s beef appetite has dropped from 75 to less than 50 pounds. “This is what the American cattlemen and their 75 million beeves face in the future.” And in spite of the decline, loss of mar­ kets, and, the paralyzing of the stock rais­ ing industry in Wyoming, it is now proposed by Secretary of Interior to convert much of the remaining fertile acres of Wyoming farm land into park and public domain. Wallace Admits Mistake Farmers Have Been Losers In Government Spending Spree pE reversal of form in government spend­ ing exhibited by Henry W. Wallace, Sec­ retary of Agriculture, has aroused consid­ erable speculation in Washington adminis­ tration circles. Wallace pointed out, in a statement, “that the Farm Credit Administration, which adopted a liberal lending policy in 1933 and 1934 to ‘save the farmer’ actually succeed­ ed in saving the ‘bankers and insurance (Continued on Page 22) Page T^ineteen �A fish pole, white water tumbling down from the melting snows, those hard fighting mountain trout . . . . what a life I And what a vacation! A couple of pretty dudines are looking at the mighty Tetons from across Jenny Lake. This Year is Wyoming’s GOLDEN WYOMING—The twenty-fourth state of the Union will be fifty years old this year and those cow-hands plan a real birthday party . . . Colorful Pageants, Celebra­ tions, Festivals! e e e e e Its majestic mountain scenery Its unexampled fishing and hunting Its world-famous dude ranches Its parks and playgrounds and rodeos Its sheep and cattle and elk and ante­ lope • Its hospitable people—no more friendly anywhere • Its roads—one of the finest systems in the nation, with paved highways leading to all points Page Twenty THIS YEAR—1940, Wyoming will attract travel from all parts of the country, in greater numbers than usual—the GOLDEN JUBILEE will be a magnet drawing thousands who have been shut off from foreign countries because of war . , . All the superlatives of a Hollywood movie studio would not do full justice to Wyoming. Amongst its many and varied attractions are: • YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, one oi the world's most popular resorts—its great geysers, waterfalls, wildlife, high coloration of deep can­ yons, have attracted world-wide interest. • GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARE, within the boundaries of the state, is in the Grand Teton range, the most beautiful mountain range in Amer­ ica—the center of the famous Jackson Hole country. • DEVIL S TOWER, in northeastern Wyoming, an awe-inspiring spectacle of nature—the first na­ tional monument to be created. THE CITIZEN �Devil s Tower, rising 865 feet above the surrounding terrain, is a mighty monument to the work of Mothe* Nature. This first national monument to be created is located in northeastern Wyoming. Lower Falls of the Yellowstone drops twice the distance of Niagara Falls and holds you spellbound as you watch Yellowstone River tumble into the Grand Canon. JUBILEE of the Wonder State On a lake in the high mountain reaches near Pine­ dale, Wyoming, where the solitude brings you close to nature ond causes you to ponder over its great­ ness. —Photo by C. C. Feltner. • OLD FORT LARAMIE NATIONAL MONUMENT, with its romantic history of the early west. There are many other places to see and enjoy and things to do in the delightful summer climate of Wyoming: RANCH LIFE retains much of the early-day flavor of the old west . . . many eastern­ ers enjoy it at the famous dude ranches FRONTIER DAYS in the old cow-town of Cheyenne, is a colorful event and rightfully described as the "daddy of 'em alll" .... then there is the SHERI­ DAN RODEO—the old west at its bestl WYOMING has great, undeveloped resources. Its steady growth will continue under our demo­ cratic system of government .... here, the Old Timer is still an individualist .... one of the last frontiers of old-fashioned Americanism. Wyoming is intensely loyal to these United States of America. MAT, 1940 For information, please write STATE BOARD OF INDUSTRY 4 COMMERCE Capitol Bldg., Cheyenne, Wyoming Page Twenty-one �I THE AMERICAN FARM I (Continued from Page 19) | ---------------------------------------------------------- | companies. The farmers were left with debts they can never pay.” Mr. Wallace admits that he is “now try­ ing to rectify the earlier mistake by re­ amortizing loans and giving borrowers longer periods in which to pay.” Most of the dependable farm leaders ques­ tion whether this new program will offer any relief from an already unfortunate situation. “Farmers are finding that it is just as unpleasant to be wiped out by gov­ ernment in 1940 as it would have been to be wiped out by a bank in 1934,” commented one farm leader. American Farmers May Regain Allied Markets As Result German Invasion concerted drive on the part of farm groups to induce the Washington ad­ ministration to re-open markets in Great Britain and France is under way. Leaders insist that the German invasion of Norway and Denmark has shut off one of the prin­ cipal sources of supply to the Allied nations and that United States should benefit as a result. Up to the present, allied purchases in United States have been largely confined to aircraft and war material and equipment. This has been, in a large sense, responsible for much of the stagnation in the industrial and agricultural fields. Anticipated war purchases did not materialize as far as the American farmer is concerned. Step Follows Step Agreements Supercede Treaties—And So On! ^HE reciprocal trade agreements delegate to the Secretary of States the power to fix customs duties or tariff rates on imports covered in the agreements. Senator O’Mahoney, Wyoming, suggests that if it is all right to do this, then, there is nothing to prevent Congress delegating to Secretary of the Treasury authority to fix income tax rates. Constitution of United States provides that all bills for the raising of revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives. Secretary of State contends that the “agree­ Page Twenty'two ments” are not “treaties,” and therefore exempt from the demands of the Constitu­ tion. In the case of the agreement with Columbia, one clause provides that the “agreement” shall supercede all treaties. Farm Benefits Do Not Go To Nation’s Farmers But To Banks and Insurance Cos. ^ADMINISTRATION statistics show that the largest payments under the program of farm benefits have not gone to farmers at all. The biggest single beneficiary in 1937 was Metropolitan Life Insurance Com­ pany whose checks totalled $257,000. In­ surance companies and banks, drew down the largest payments. Foreclosure of mort­ gage gave them this advantageous position. According to the record, approximately 3,750,000 of the 6,000,000 farmers of the country participated in the government’s 1937 program. The average payment should have been $75.00 per farmer. But more than 20,000 farmers received payments in excess of $1,000 while the vast majority will b' found in the brackets of less than $50 per capita. To be exact, there were 1,182,387 farmers who received between $20 and $40 each. Many New Frontiers Before American People If Research Is Employed gIXTY per cent of all the units manufac­ tured in United States are made in six per cent of the nation’s area. Decentraliza­ tion of industry, combined with a plan of honest co-operation between business and government, would mean fuller development of the remaining ninety-four per cent of the country’s area. It requires research in the agricultural field, the industrial field, the commercial. Research brought us the automobile, the radio, electricity and countless other facil­ ities with which Americans are endowed. The futunre use of farm products for the benefit of industry offers a field of wide research. The story of the soy bean offers a typical case of what can be done. Engineering principles should be applied to United States. More prosperous farmers and happy, contented workers in the in­ dustrial world would be one of the results. THE CITIZEN �INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT WYOMING The Wyoming State flo'^er is the Indian Pgint JBrush. The Wyoming State bird is the meadow lark. Tba^inpiilatinn of Wyoming is 240,000r Thc-Staie is 36S miles long and 2/0 miles wide With an area of 62,430,720 acrea^ Wyoming has thirteen State institutions. Wyoming has nearly 2,000 miles of railroad. Ninety-eight per cent of the population of Wyoming is white. Wyoming has 8,500,000 acres of forest land. Wyorning-has-e©Bi«-ef-the-wofl41».greaiest-h«t-sp«Bgs. Wyoming has rivers flowing into the Missouri, the Columbia, and the Gulf of California. Wyorning ranks first in known coal reserves, second in annual wool produc­ tion and third in known oil shale deposits. Wyoming was the first State to have a woman governor. Wvomiae-wnH ndmifti-d nr. .n Rtatp July 10, 48P0. In 1869 Wyoming granted political suffrage to women and was the firsvState to do so. Wyoming territory was created from portions of Utah, Dakota and Idaho ter­ ritories in 1868. 183^’’® settlement in Wyoming was established at Fort Laramie in RIVERS IK WYOMING^ BadLwater, Belle Eourche, Big Horn, Cheyenne, Fall, Gray’s, Gros Ventre, Hoback, Laramie, Lewis, KlecLicine Bow, North Platte, Popo Agie, Powder, Shoshone, Snake, Sweetwal^er, Tongue, Wind, Yellowstone. WYO^II-NG LEALS IN BIG Wyoming leads all other Spates in big game re* -sources. All the varieties of game, including elk, ^eer, moose, mountain sheep, antelope, black, brown and grizzly bear, and many smaller animals are found within the--S^ate. �The Midwest Review Published Monthly by the Department of Industrial Relations and Distributed Free to the Midwest Family Issued Under Authority of the Midwest Refining Company Address All Communications to The Midwest Review, Post office Box 1075 Casper, Wyoming Volume VI August, 1925 Number 8 One of Wyoming’s Worthiest Projects The Annual State Fair at Douglas is the Clearing House through which the State’s Varied and Wonderful Resources are Exhibited to the World. By D. W. Greenburg All great commonwealths recognize the need and necessity for continuous educa­ tion of its people towards development of its latent and potential resources. This was recognized by the constructive citi­ zens of Wyoming many years ago. In 1901 a State Industrial Conference was held at Laramie to devise ways and means to stimulate the commercial and industrial growth of the state. It was attended by our leading citizens and out of its delib­ erations came a well defined program which included the gathering of a diversi­ fied exhibit of the State’s resources for display at the St. Louis World’s Fair and for annual exhibitions at various points in the State. The Wyoming State Fair becomes of age this year. It was 21 years ago that it was given life by the Wyoming State Legislature which made a modest appro­ priation for the founding and mainten­ ance of the institution. The State Indus­ trial Exposition was the forerunner of the State Fair. This exposition, the first which made any pretense of being a State­ wide show, was held at Sheridan in 1903 and was sufficiently successful to be held the following year in Casper. Following the Casper show a strong sentiment de­ veloped for a permanent State Fair and Douglas at once entered the field as a can­ didate for the location of the Fair. At the 1905 session of the Legislature, a bill was introduced appropriating mon­ ey for the establishment of the Fair, with the location at Douglas. The sentiment for the bill was by no means unanimous and the measure met with much opposi­ tion. Other towns wished to be consider­ ed for location and some of the legisla­ tors were in favor of putting the fair on wheels, giving every section of the State a chance at it. The Converse County delegation, at that time consisting of Ly­ man Cooper, who was speaker of the house, J. T. Williams, the representative in the senate, and John Morton of Doug­ las and Thomas Bell of Lusk, house repre­ sentatives, were able to get the bill through. The bill called for an appro­ priation of $10,000 to acquire land, erect buildings, and pay the premiums and ex­ penses of the Fair for the two year period. The Board of Trustees, to be appointed by the Governor, was to be in charge of the Fair. Governor Brooks named as members of this board Dr. Mortimore Jesurun, M. R. Collins, of Lusk, E. J. Bell of Laramie, H. L. Patten of Casper, and Alex McDonald of Sheridan. The board held its first meeting on April 5, 1905 and organized. There were two vacancies among the original appointments, those of Dr. Jesurun and H. L. Patten. These vacancies were filled by the appointment of Dr. J. M. Wilson of Douglas and A. E. Campbell of Glendo. The board organized and elected Dr. Wilson as president, A. E. Campbell as treasurer and M. R. Col­ lins as secretary. There was much doubt of the possibility of the Pair being a success that year, as the board had but $10,000 for the two year period and with this it must secure the land, erect the buildings and pay the premiums and expenses of running the fair for two years. The people of Doug­ las signified their willingness to guarantee the Fair and the Board proceeded to make �2 THE MIDWEST REVIEW its plans for the 1905 Fair. Practically is happily qualified to carry on this work. all of the appropriation of $10,000 was Undoubtedly the Pair this year will excel expended in the preliminary work and it all previous efforts. In the handling of was necessary for the people of Douglas details of the Pair a local board composed to subscribe the money necessary for the of leading citizens of Douglas work in running of the Pair. The dates were fixed harmony and cooperation with the Secre­ for October 3, 4, 5 and 6. tary. The board consists of James Wil­ A race track was constructed with a lox, Jr., LaBonte; Roy 0. Westley, Lara­ modest grand stand; an Art Hall was mie ; W. J. Dalton, Dr. J. R. Hylton, J. built and the town of Douglas built an Jeff Scott, Mrs. W. B. Musch, Vera S. Agricultural Hall. Considering the hand­ Trumper, J. L. Carmin and Frank T. Cum­ icaps and the short time for preparation, mings, all of Douglas. the Fair was wonderfully successful. The It is an interesting fact that last year date was late and the Pair management and the previous year the Pair weathered was anxious as to the possibilities of a through without going to the State Legis­ spell of winter weather, but fortunately lature without a deficit, probably the first the week was exceptionally warm. The time in the history of the organization, Pair managers worked without compen­ and at the last session $40,000 was appro­ sation. However, a good show was staged priated for handling the Pair on a twowith fine racing and sports, a large con­ year basis. This will not be ample to pro­ tingent of soldiers of the regular army vide for any new buildings which are helping greatly with their military man­ sadly needed because the Pair is growing euvers. There was a splendid agricultural to greater proportions, however, with con­ exhibit from the several counties of the servative management it is expected the State. The attendance was good and sum provided will meet all expenses. there was never any doubt after the first Something worthy of note in connection Pair had been held that the institution with the development of the State Pair was a necessary one and a permanent one. is the interest taken by both the North­ Prom 1905 to 1920 the Pair has been western and Burlington railroad systems, under the direct management of a State each taking a keen interest in the Pair Pair Board, the members being appointed and its success. The Northwestern rail­ by the Governor. The first president was road, recognizing the true worth of the Dr. J. M. Wilson and his successors were State Pair, donated to its perpetual use E. T. David of Douglas, K. D. Carey of a large tract of land at Douglas for Pair Caryhurst, J. M. Flynn of Douglas, Luther grounds. This valuable property will Freeman of LaBonte, Russell Thorp of eventually pass into the hands of the State Lusk, W. C. Irvine of Ross, Dr. B. P. for this purpose provided a Pair shall be Davis of Cheyenne, and Joseph Garst of held each successive year for 25 years. Douglas. In 1921 the management of The donation was made in 1913. Failure the Pair was given by the Legisla­ to hold a State Pair in any single year ture to the State Board of Charities will automatically revert the land back and Reform. This board controlled for to the original owner. two years, after which it was made a The citizens of Douglas take no small part of the Department of Agriculture. pride in the success of the Pair each year At the present time A. D. Paville, Com­ and in addition to providing entertain­ missioner of Agriculture, has supervision ment for the visitors, show that courteous of the State Pair, the active management and friendly spirit toward the visitor that being in the hands of Thomas P. Doyle, always has such a wholesome and lasting named secretary of the Pair this year. effect. No effort will be made here to Commissioner Paville has the coopera­ go into detail concerning the virtues of tion of the University Extension and Ag­ Douglas and Converse County because of ricultural College departments in perfect­ the intention at some future time to make ing details for the Fair and this year has Converse County a special feature of the devoted much time towards arranging for Midwest Review. In connection with the extended exhibits and educational pro­ Pair the City of Douglas furnishes to the grams. Mr. Doyle is a newspaperman and Pair ground the free water and does many �THE MIDWEST REVIEW state Fair 9/ic SULc 3air building '05 3 �THE MIDWEST REVIEW other things to relieve the Pair of a great burden of expense. Before leaving the subject of Pair man­ agement, the State Board of Agriculture, of which A. D. Paville is the Commission­ er and active head, composed of promi­ nent men in several sections of the State, has an important part in giving stability and permanence to the State Pair. The Board is composed of Governor Nellie T. Ross and J. A. Hill, Dean and Director of the College of Agriculture and Experi­ ment Station, Laramie, as ex-officio mem­ bers; Loraine Rollins of Lyman, presi­ dent; Paul Dupertuis of Lingle, vice pres­ ident; Herbert E. Sabin, of Node; Doug­ las B. Sparks, of Buffalo; and John Hen­ dricks, of Powell. The Pair has grown since 1905. The fine brick building. Agricultural Hall, has been erected. The steel grandstand has supplanted the wooden affair of 21 years ago. The Art Hall has been enlarged and remodeled. A fine exhibit pavilion for horses, cattle and sheep has been erected and the institution today is equipped to care for the wants of the exhibitors in a much different manner from the days of the first Pair. The Agricultural hall which was donated by the citizens of Douglas is still in use for other purposes. One of the chief needs for the Pair today is another building, modern and of ample proportions, to care for the increasing de­ mands of growing Wyoming. The Wyoming State Pair is primarily an exposition showing Wyoming’s re­ sources, indicating the progress which has been made in agriculture, livestock and industry. It is a revelation to those unacquainted with the State to visit Agri­ cultural Hall, which is crowded to its cap­ acity with agricultural exhibits from every part of the State. Prom the irri­ gated sections come every variety of fruit, grains and vegetables. Prom the vast empire of the Big Horn Basin, from Pre­ mont and from Platte, Goshen, Sheridan and Converse come exhibits which would be a source of pride at any State Pair. Prom the dry land sections come a sur­ prising lot of grains and vegetables in­ dicating the possibilities of Wyoming’s dry farm lands. The cattle and sheep exhibitions at the State Pair have for many years been com­ posed of the best representatives of the popular breeds. While cattle and sheep have long predominated, in recent years the swine department has made wonderful growth and this department this year will show that the raising of swine has grown to be a great industry. A new departure this year will be the exhibits of feeder stock. Livestock grow­ ers of Wyoming are beginning to realize that much of the profit of raising stock goes to Nebraska and Colorado feeders, and it is planned to utilize the abundant feed from Wyoming ranches for the feed­ ing of Wyoming stock. To encourage the exhibit of this class of stock and to edu­ cate the growers as to the financial ad­ vantage offered in this industry, former Governor Robert D. Carey, a former presi­ dent of the State Pair, has offered a regis­ tered Hereford Bull as first prize in this department. Governor Carey has always taken an active interest in the success of the Pair and is a leader in educating the farmer and livestock man of the State in better methods. Mr. Charles J. Hauf of Glendo, a prominent Shorthorn breeder, offers a registered Shorthorn Bull as first prize in the Shorthorn Class. The Wyom­ ing State Pair adds $60 and $30 as second and third prizes in each class. One of the interesting exhibits at the Pair this year will be that of the United States Agricultural Department. This ex­ hibit pertains to things in which Wyoming is interested, such as the care of range cattle and sheep, the rodent control and numerous features which will both inter­ est and instruct. The Extension Department of the State University has always been a great aid to the Pair. It has been of exceptional educational value bringing to the farmer and stockgrower all that is new and prac­ tical. Daily demonstrations are given with lectures by experts so that the knowl­ edge gained by study and research may be imparted to those who need it. Of late years more attention has been paid to industrial exhibits of the Pair and this year promises to excel all previous years experience. One of the chief indus­ tries of Wyoming, the oil industry, will be represented by the Midwest Refining Com­ pany, Ohio Oil Company, and the Texas Company, who will contribute exhibits �THE MIDWEST REVIEW 5 �6 THE MIDWEST REVIEW which show the vast range and impor­ tance to the State of this industry. The Great Western Sugar Company of Wor­ land will have an exhibit showing what the growing of sugar beets means to Wyo­ ming farmers. Many other industries of Wyoming have secured space in the In­ dustrial building, showing that the State is depending more than ever upon its own manufacturers. The Boys and Girls Club Work has proved an interesting feature of the Fair. They come in force; dormitories are pro­ vided for the girls and the boys camp on the grounds. The special prizes which are provided in the Club work are of value; demonstrations are given daily by the young people; judging contests are held and it is the aim of the management to make the Fair a school for spreading knowledge to the farm and the home. The State spelling contest arouses each year as much interest as any one feature of the Fair. Practically every county in the State has its representative in the con­ test. The Wyoming State Tribune has offered prizes in the sum of $100 in this contest, which is under the supervision of the State Educational Department. Many years ago the Old Timers’ Asso­ ciation was formed, and since its incep­ tion, it has been a valuable and interest­ ing feature of the Pair. In conjunction with the State Historical Society, a meet­ ing is held each year, with a program of exceptional merit and interest. Much his­ tory of the State has been procured from those gatherings of men and women who participated in the events that have made history. The Old Timers look forward each year to the time when they can meet their pioneer friends from all over the State. John Hunton of Old Fort Laramie fame and Malcolm Campbell of Casper have never missed a Fair. They have been residents of AVyoming for 60 years and participated actively in the building of the State. Realizing that visitors to the Fair must be entertained, a program of amusements has been arranged, which will appeal to all tastes. The rodeo is still a strong fea­ ture of the program. It will be under the direction of Mr. J. L. Carmin and the best riders in the country and the worst buckers of the west will be present. The Fourth United States Cavalry, under the command of Colonel Latrobe, will be camped on the grounds. The soldiers will participate in the daily programs and the regimental band, one of the best in the service, will be one of the musical organi­ zations present at the Pair. Two other bands will furnish music during the entire four days of the Pair. A number of free acts, the best from the vaudeville circuits, have been secured. A Midway with a carnival company will add to the interest of the night entertainment. Sat­ urday, as an added attraction, there will be automobile races with some of the best drivers in the State contesting. Chief Yellow Calf and a band of Arapahoe braves will be there to lend a touch of color to the old West. The City of Douglas will be in gala at­ tire for the occasion and there promises to be enough diversity in the city proper during the evening periods to satisfy the most exacting. It is an opportunity this year for all loyal citizens of Wyoming to meet their friends and neighbors at the Annual Fair and to give its support and approval by being present. An informa­ tion bureau is maintained in Douglas for the convenience of Fair visitors. Reserva­ tions for rooms or any other information desired will be provided on application, either in person or by letter. The people of Douglas have always giv­ en the finest cooperation to the manage­ ment of the Pair. They take it as their duty to care for the people who come from outside points and it will be a pleasure for them to make the stay of Fair visitors a pleasant one. Our Cover Designs The three pictures which make up the front cover design for this special State Fair issue of the Review, are made from actual photographs of scenes at the State Fair, held at Douglas. The agricultural products are from one of the county exhibits; the two girls with their cake and bread are Wyom­ ing Girls, members of the Boys and Girls Club, and the third picture is from an actual scene at the Rodeo feature of the Fair. And the little Indian Malden on the back cover is likewise an actual photograph. We feel that the Kistler artist in Denver, who did this work for us, is to be complimented upon the results. We like the effect, and hope our readers will be likewise pleased. �THE MIDWEST REVIEW 7 The First Annual State Fair Back in 1905 Bill Barlow’s Budget at Douglas describes in detail the successful conclusion of the first State Exhibition. By Bill Barlow It was nearly 21 years ago that the First Annual Wyoming State Fair was held at Douglas. In that year of 1905 the fair was held October 3, 4, 5 and 6 and was the occa­ sion for a gathering of many Wyoming citi­ zens at Douglas. Among those who partici­ pated was Governor Bryant B. Brooks and his staff. It will be interesting to our readers to get a slant on the happenings of that week. Bill Barlow’s Budget, in its issue of October 11, 1905, tells the story of the first fair. It is reproduced herewith.—Editor. Well, to begin with, the weather was perfect, as though made to order—bright sunshine, warm, and but little wind. The attendance estimated at about 2500—pos­ sibly a little more than that. Sensational reports of a typhoid fever epidemic said to be raging here unquestionably kept hundreds away, particularly from the south and remote sections of our county. The best of order prevailed, during the entire four days—Chief of Police Proctor, Sheriff Messenger and Marshal Davis are to be congratulated. There was plenty doing each day—uptown, on the grounds each afternoon, and at night a half dozen attractions served to keep everybody amused and entertained according to his or her inclination. The big show was all that. Six coun­ ties were not represented; but will be next time. Fremont, Laramie, Weston, Albany and Converse were at the front, as will be seen by the list of awards else­ where. The agricultural display was as good as down-east ever produced; the livestock show limited but first class; the mineral exhibition calculated to drive the show-me pessimist into his hole. Only five ladies entered in the relay race—Miss Maggie Reid, of Douglas; Mrs. Guy Newell, of Springhill; Mrs. Mott Quest, of Newcastle; Mrs. William Irwin, of Cheyenne and Mrs. Sturgeon, of Cas­ per. Refusal on the part of the committee to permit her to ride two of the horses she had brought here for the purpose and the fact that she was thrown twice the first day, resulted in the withdrawal of Mrs. Irwin; later Mrs. Sturgeon also with­ drew. The race was not decided until the last day, and was won by the Con­ verse county champion, with Mrs. Newell a close second, and Mrs. Quest third. Miss Reid received $375 in cash, the $400 piano given by the city of Douglas, the loving cup given by the Denver Post, one pair of blankets, five pounds of creams, and a handsome cut-glass prize offered by J. J. Steffen and valued at $25. Mrs. Newell received $355 in cash, a pair of blankets and the cream and sugar set given by the Cheyenne Leader. Mrs. Quest received $230 in cash and a set of solid silver tea­ spoons given by the Cheyenne Tribune. In the horse race Douglas won first money in the wet test as the result of an accident to the Cheyenne team—who later won the straightaway by the close mar­ gin of two-fifths of a second. The huband-hub was not run owing to an accident to the Cheyenne cart whereby someone put it out of commission. There has been much controversy over these races, result­ ing in bitter feeling on both sides—that which the Budget refuses to judge. Cer­ tain it is that the Douglas team made every concession asked in the two races run, and should not have broken that record by refusing their visitors the use of their carts in the last contest, regardless of the circumstances attending “accident” to the Cheyenne cart. It is equally true that the abuse of the Douglas team and its cap­ tain appearing in the Cheyenne press is entirely uncalled for and based on mere presumption—of which there is plenty of circumstantial evidence to reply in kind if we were so minded. It goes without saying that much of the success of the races was due to the con­ stant supervision of Commissioner Don­ aldson, who has had much experience in such matters, together with the work of �8 THE MIDWEST REVIEW Governor Bryant B. Brooks (wearing beard and in civilian clothes) with Regimental Staff and Wyoming National Guard officers, in attendance at the first Annual Wyoming State Fair—1905. Messrs. Kay and Bailey, of Sheridan, who officiated as starter and timekeeper. It is rather late, now, to attempt a resume of the horses and purses; but certain it is that it was far and away the greatest race meet in the history of the state. The wonderful performances of “College Maid,” the Laramie guideless wonder, comprised an especially interesting fea­ ture, and the events introduced by the Tenth cavalry were enjoyable. Every­ body pronounced the track one of the best in the west and requiring only slight alteration to make it perfect. The Williams-Mustain fight went twen­ ty rounds without a knock-down, and was awarded to Williams by Referee Hynds. The contest was devoid of brutality, and as handled by Mr. Hynds could have been pulled off in a parlor. The Shoels-Kid lightweight scrap was refereed by Johnny Green, of Cheyenne, and was given to Shoels on the Kid refusing to continue the fight when his claim of a foul had been disallowed. The visit of the Denver chamber of commerce, Friday, was an event long to be remembered. They arrived by special train about 8 a. m. and headed by their own band marched to breakfast and later to Temple hall where Chairman Barrow introduced Governor Brooks and Presi­ dent Wilson in turn, each of whom wel­ comed our guests in such manners as to leave no room for uncertainty as to whether or no they had title to the keys of the state and city. Responses were made by President J. S. Temple of the chamber of commerce. Lieutenant Gov­ ernor Parks, Parson Uzell, Senator Pat­ terson and others, and the meeting closed with an address by our own Senator C. 1). Clark, who came all the way from Evans­ ton to endorse our greeting and to point out to our visitors the importance of go­ ing after the trade of what he character­ ized as an empire yet to be developed. The Denver bunch, among which were “Walt” Davis of the Post and a news representative, spent the day on the grounds and about town, leaving for home that evening. All were pleased, and out­ spoken in their belief that the Colorado & Southern should be extended to Douglas and eventually to the Northern Pacific, and it is certain that their visit will bear fruit along this line in due time. One of the most interesting exhibits on the grounds was the Cyclone irrigation pump, which was installed on the river just below the wagon bridge, and which was visited by hundreds of people. With �THE MIDWEST BETIEM ten horse-power this pump lifted 7,000 gallons of water ten feet, every minute. The stock in this enterprise is owned largely by Casper and Douglas people, who believe that through it the question of irrigating Platt bottom lands has been solved. The game of football Saturday forenoon between Douglas and Chadron teams re­ sulted in a victory for our visitors by a score of fifteen points to nothing. The game of quoits for which a purse of $75 was hung up was witnessed by a large crowd of interested spectators. Mr. George Walkenshaw, of Glenrock, who is the champion of the world, won first on a score of twenty-one, and in the finals for second Noah Young won over John Miller by a score of twenty-one to nineteen. The Militia broke camp Thursday, and the northern boys left for home that af­ ternoon, the balance remaining until next day. The Tenth cavalry, who thanks to Major Read and his staff, contributed so much toward the success of the fair and whose courtesies will be long remembered, set out for Port Robinson Saturday morn­ ing. The State Teachers association, at the close of a very interesting and profitable two-days’ session, elected as officers for the ensuing year, president, C. R. Atkin­ son, of Sheridan; secretary, Miss Effie Cumming, of Casper; treasurer, Miss Alice M. Sampson, of Cheyenne. The joint institute of Converse and Natrona counties was voted a success, and the plans will probably be followed next year again. In connection with the work of these bodies, addresses were made by Governor Brooks, Superintendent Tisdell and Dr. Brown. Resolutions of thanks were passed by unanimous vote, compli­ menting and thanking the retiring offi­ cers of the association, the people of Doug­ las, the speaker, and Rev. Tancock for the use of the church. The livestock sale was something of a disappointment to both the public and the promoters—owing doubtless to the fact that it was the first, and more or less an experiment. Fair prices were realized on what was offered, however. The sale of the Jesurun herd was accomplished by assignee Morton at good figures. 9 Secretary Collins, of the Pair commis­ sion, announced that premiums awarded will be paid just as soon as they can be reached. Several hundred checks must be made out, however, and these sent to Treasurer Campbell at Glendo for signa­ ture, so that it will be ten days probably before they can be mailed to individuals. A Carnival at Midwest Pqr the first time in the history of the Home Camp, a carnival pitched its tents here. The Clark Carnival Company hav­ ing approached the management with a fair proposition, the proceeds to go to the “Yellow Dogs,” Big Boy Scouts of Mid­ west, permission was granted by Vicepresident Ellison, and the company gave an exhibition from July 21 to July 25 in­ clusive. Arrangements were made where­ by coupons were accepted by all the at­ tractions and concessions, a convenience which was appreciated by the employees. The features were good and clean, and the attendance, considering all the counter attractions, was all that could be expected. The carnival company put up a cash guar­ antee of $400.00 in place of the usual per­ centage, but the receipts exceeded the amount that would earn that much com­ mission if figured the usual way, conse­ quently the Big Boy Scouts received as their share an amount in excess of the guarantee. The relations of the carnxval manage­ ment and the representatives of the Boy Scouts were most pleasant, but from the standpoint of the owners erf carnival at­ tractions, two incidents occurred which took some of the joy from their lives. The carnival wrestler was defeated by our local star. Tommy Tomlinson pf Lewis Camp, in 33 minutes, and the forfeit and side bet was paid. The lady rifle expert offered $25.00 to any one who could dup­ licate her feat of shooting two rifles in crossed arms, both scoring a bull’s eye, and one of our crack shots stepped up and demonstrated his ability to claim the money to the satisfaction of every one, except the unfortunate owner of the con­ cession, who wondered how a man of such skill could be working in the oil flelds. She didn’t know we have “well shooters” here. �10 THE MIDWEST REVIEW �14 THE MIDWEST REVIEW Wyoming—Its Meaning, Origin and Application By John E. Bees* The first race of people to occupy the tribes inhabiting the Great Basin while the country which afterwards became known Nahautl included all those inhabiting Mexico as the State of Wyo­ down to and including ming was a member of the valley of Mexico. A Historian Passes the Shoshonean-NaThe Wind River *John E. Rees, hautl family of the country of western the a u t h o r of Amerindoid stock'. this valuable Wyoming is visited by contribution to This family was a continual and prev­ the annals of western history, evolved and developed alent southwest wind was a pioneer of Idaho and a along the Rocky Moun­ from whence it derives high type of tain system as that American citi­ its name'. This windy zen. On June range was formed and condition made the 11, 1927, he sent the accompany ­ grew geologically-. The country bleak in places ing paper to the and produced turbu­ probabilities are very Editor, the friendship be­ lent waters over the great that this was one tween them be­ ing of long lakes and ruffled the of the places where standing, and it streams into falls, human beings first de­ then was the intention of publishing it In The Mid­ veloped on this con­ rapids and swells, a west Review at the first opportunity. Mr. Rees passed away in September condition which the tinent and, perhaps, of 1928, and it is with regret that it has Shoshoni termed the earth’’. There are not been published before this time, so as to have added during his lifetime ‘ ‘ Washakeek ’ ’, mean­ several centers from another of his fine contributions of ing wasters shooting and which the Amerind de­ this nature. Mr. Rees enjoyed a nationwide reputation as an author­ dropping. Por this velop. The center ity on Indian Sign Language and In­ dian Lore, and also was as well versed reason the western part from which the Shoin the history of western America as shonean family de­ of Wyoming is known are many leaders now in that line. He was the author of many historic as “Washakeek’”*. veloped was in the monographs, particularly those relatWind River country'. ing to the origin of the names of The next people to “Oregon,” “Idaho,” and “Utah”, and The artifacts of their take up their abode in with this was completed the fourth, “Wyoming,” now published for the primitive civilization Wyoming w ere the first time. An intensely valuable pub­ have been found in lication for which he was best known “ Shy-en-nah ”, a tribe in his state, was “Idaho, Chronology, western Wyoming on of the Algonquain, the Nomenclature, Bibliography.” Mr. Rees was a native of DuQuoin, Ills., the headwaters of the largest family of In­ born January 17, 1868. With his Yellowstone and in the dians on the North parents he moved to Lemhi County, Idaho In 1877, and aside from a period Bighorn and Wind American continent; when he attended university at Val­ River valleys". Prom paraiso, Indiana, as a student, his en­ the Siouau, being sec­ tire life was spent near Salmon City. this center spread the ond ; Shoshonean, Fo’’ seventeen years he lived at Lemhi Indian agency during which period Comanche, east and third; they occupied Mr. Rees made an exhaustive study south; the Ute, west the greater part of of the western Indians and their ways. He was an attorney, and practiced his and south; the Sho­ eastern Wyoming and profession in his home community; he shoni, west and north; served in the state senate and the after about 1800 began lower house of the Idaho leaislature the Tukuarika, north­ to come in contact with for several terms. Early Western His­ tory was his pastime and he lived to ward; and the Moqui, the Shoshonis of the enjoy that phase of his life. In order southward®. Prom to follow his bent in later years, he western part. The taught history in the Salmon hiah these all other ShoShoshonis called them school. He is survived by a widow shonean tribes were de­ and one son, both now residing in “ P a w k - a -naw-vo ’ California, and to them we now rived. So, at the ad­ meaning painted ar­ acknowledge a deep aopreciation of the privilege of publishina what is vent of man upon the rows in allusion to oerhaps the last monog^'ach of this western continent the nature that Mr. Rees had written. their use of the striped Shoshonean family —EDITOR turkey feather on their constituted all the arrows’. �THE MIDWEST REVIEW 13 �THE MIDWEST BETIEW 15 Qrave5 in Fremonh Count)? oP ti^o Famouj ■' ’ * Indians -* ■< Ijr^ BB ■ ■B OraiPe of SfieajaWen . '"■■■*< ■ Graine of Chief^aihafie ■ ■ While the name “Wyoming” is of In­ dian origin yet it was not designated for or by any tribe inhabiting its territory. The appellation came from the Lenape or Delaware Indian language. It is derived from the words “Muh-ehu”, meaning tlte end and “Wau-Mic”, plains or “Muh-chuwau-mic”, the end of the plains^'*. The Lenape Indians occupied, aboriginally, the valley of the Delaware river and when that stream was named in honor of Lord Dela­ ware the appellation was attached to them and they were henceforth called “Dela­ ware” Indians”. In the western part of the State of Delaware is an elevated table­ land forming the water shed between the Delaware and Chesapeake bays. This water­ shed was the original home of the Lenape Indians and as it marked the end of the Atlantic Coast plains, they called it “Muhchu-wau-mic”, meaning the end of the plfiTnE'E This name has undergone an etymological change into the euphonious word, “Wyoming” which we now have. In 1742, the Lenapes were crowded out of their possessions along the Delaware and removed to the Susquehanna river and on a small tributary of that stream, where the level country gave way to the hills, they named the place in likeness to their original home, “Wyoming”. This is the Wyoming of colonial history'^. Crossing the Alleghany mountains, they were settled upon a tract of land in Ohio under the treaty of 1795, and here on a small stream flowing into the Ohio river at Cin­ cinnati, another home was established and called “Wyoming”''. These Indians were then pushed across the Mississippi rivet''" and in 1829 given and guaranteed all the country lying be­ tween the Missouri and Kansas rivers, ex­ tending north to the Kansas line'**. Within this territory and on a small stream which flows into the Black Vermilion and thence into the Big Blue river, in Marshall county, Kansas, they established a home for the fourth time and called it “Wyoming’”’. �iii- 16 THE MIDWEST They remained here until 1866, when they were removed to their final home with the Cherokees in Indian territory, now Okla­ homa’**. In their Kansas home near what is now Bigelow they were located on what was afterwards developed as the “Oregon” trail which was, at this place, formed by the junction of the roads coming up from Independence, Missouri and across from Leavenworth, Kansas’", and lived here dur­ ing all the western emigration of the ’30’s, ’40’s, ’50’s and ’60’s. There are several other places in the United States possessing the name “Wyoming” and they have been so called by emigrants from one of these localities"". " In quest of furs, the Delawares traversed much of the interior country"’. The Platte river was their natural route into the Rocky mountains and when they had proceeded upstream to its head tributaries, where the plains ceased and the mountains began, they once more applied the home name “Wyoming” to the surrounding country, meaning the end of the plains, alluding in this case, to the Great Plains of the United States. Knowing the country so well, mem­ bers of this tribe oftimes acted as guides and helpers to fur companies, emigrants and people going into the mountains, by which means they made known the name “Wyoming” and it became a familiar appellation"". The name “Wyoming” for this particu­ lar geographical section became so preva­ RE 1- 1 E IV lent that when the first bill was introduced into Congress, in 1865, to form this region into a territory, the word and its connec­ tion to this particular topography was quite well understood by all"'* and it eventually became the name of the present State of Wyoming. The first name, “Washakeek” that was ever applied to any portion of the country survives, only, in the name “Washakie”, meaning the chief of the Washakeek band. Footnotes and Explanatory (Note; In view of the importance of the foregoing paper, and the care exercised by Mr. Rees in giving the authorities, the same are given herewith as he had submitted them. It makes a splendid bibliography bearing' on this subject and one which our readers undoubtedly will be glad to have should they desire to make further research into the subject.—EDITOR.) ’—Kroeber, American Archaeology and Ethnology, IV, 164. Brinton, The American Race, 118. Rees, Idaho, Chronology, Nomenclature and Bibliography. 2—Bancroft, History oj the Pacific States, XXV, 325. —Pierson & Schuchert, Text-Book oi Geology, 1915, II, 962, 976. *—Bancroft, History of the Pacific States, XXV, 673. ®—Norris, Fifth Annual Report, Yellowstone National Park, 32-8. ®—Hodge, Handbook of North American Indians, II, 555. —Chittenden, American Fur Trade, II, 733. Irving, Astoria, 1836, I, 278. *—Stuart, Montana As It Is, Note 53. ®—Hodge, Handbook of North American Indians, I, 251. ’•’—Ibid, II, 278. Ibid, I. 385. —Winston, Cumulative Loose-Leaf Encyclopaedia, III, Dela­ ware. ’’—Hodge, Handbook of North American Indians, II, 978. —Royce, Indian Land Cessions, 654. Rand, McNally & Co., Universal Atlas, 1902, 35. —Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 48. —Royce, Indian Land Cessions, 724. —Rand, McNally & Co., World Atlas, 1882, 717. —Royce, Indian Land Cessions, 840. —Chittenden. American Fur Trade, I, 465. —Upham, Minnesota Geographic Names, 110. —Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 50-52. “—Irving, Adventures of Captain Bonneville, 1850, 94. —Bancroft, History of the Pacific States, XXV, 739. FORT LARAMIE Famed as a fur trading post and rendezvous for Indian Treaties as it appeared to Fremont in 1842, later rebuilt and made into a military post during Oregon Trail days. . -. ...PtMT-aMrlMitlnir t- ___ �THE MIDWEST REVIEW 15 The Natural Resources of Wyoming • Bn Bernice Berry Wyoming is a magnificent Empire where soil, water, sunshine, minerals, and oils united in making this state one of the most productive areas of the Rocky Mountain region, and where faithful citizens have built prosperous cities, towns, and com­ munities. In 1868 when Wyoming was admitted as a territory little thought was given to the values contained in the vast plains called Wyoming. Since then many valuable assets of the state have been revealed. To­ day Wyoming provides grazing ground for millions of head of livestock and soil for extensive agricultural development, while under its surface valuable minerals have been discovered. Industries of many kinds are now established and new ones are continually enlarging the long list. The best scenic places and out-of-door ad­ vantages of the state are visited by a great many people from all over the United States. There is still much to learn of the great commonwealth of our state. With the establishment of the territorial government began the great development of the basic industry of Wyoming—that of raising livestock. Great herds of buffalo and other wild grazing animals had lived upon the grasses found on the plains and mountains. The same plains were found to afford the best grazing ground for cat­ tle and sheep. The Indian’s pony gradu­ ally found its place by the sturdy mount of the cowboy, and within a quarter of a century Wyoming became a leader in the production of beef, wool, and mutton. During later territorial days the establish­ ment of ranches for growing winter feed for livestock was introduced. On July 10th, 1890, the Territory of Wyoming was admitted by Congress as a state of the same name—Wyoming. This new chapter in Wyoming’s prog­ ress may be considered as the closing of adventures and romance of pioneer days. Changing conditions did not, however, block the course of the fundamental indus­ try of livestock-raising. ♦This story won first award for g’irls in contest for The Ellison Awards.—The Editor. At one time the typical cowman and sheep-owner thought of Wyoming only as a ranching state and could little picture our present state with its cultivated fields, flour mills, sugar refineries, canning fat, tories, and other advanced agricultural in­ dustries. A part of Wyoming will always remain as range country, but some of its richer range country has been converted into satisfactory farming land. The value of farm crops in 1928 proved their success and equaled the value of livestock sold. Farming is practiced profitably in Wy­ oming, both by irrigating the farms and by dry farming. Under irrigation, fine crops of alfalfa, sugar beets, beans, pota­ toes, corn, vegetables, and small grains are raised. Forty-five thousand acres of sugar beets were grown in 1928 to supply the state’s four sugar refineries. A fifth sugar mill is now under construction at AVheatland this year. With an acreage of 22,000 in 1928, dried beans brought nearly $1,200,000 to their producers. Dry farms are now in use in the eastern part of the state. They produce good harvests of al­ falfa, wheat, oats, barley, corn, potatoes, and various grasses. The abundant sun­ shine and other climate conditions furnish a better quality of product, therefore we receive a better price. The dairy industry also has its proper place in agricultural development. The thousands of head of dairy stock have brought their producers an ever increasing profit up in the millions of dollars. Ilogs have brought a profitable return, too. Wy­ oming is not thought of as a honey state but in 1928 nearly 3,000,000 pounds of honey were produced. Turkeys alone brought $1,000,000. The yearly output of eggs and poultry is worth about $3,000,000. In the recording of our agricultural de­ velopment, it is important to take into con­ sideration that there are only 250,000 peo­ ple in the state. The previous figures are more outstanding when the relation is shown between them and the population. The value of the mineral resources of Wyoming has reached the enormous sum of $150,000,000,000. This seems a large �16 THE M1DWE8T figure but if you consider when mineral development began, it is a more reasonable sum. Coal mining has been a leading in­ dustry of the state for many years. The production during the last decade is an extremely high number of tons. Wyoming leads all other states in coal reserves. Mar­ kets are the largest problem now. AVyoming is also rich in iron. With the Seminoe district in the central part of the state, the reserves of iron are estimated at about five hundred million tons. The greatest developing mineral asset of the state at this time lies in its rich oil production. Eventually the black oils of AVyoming will become of greater value to the industry and to the state, but as it is, they can best be left in the ground except for some small present use as road oil, as­ phalt, and fuel oil. Its high sulphur con­ tent and the lack of gasoline make it unfit for the present markets, for it is now too costly to refine and compete with light oils at present prices. The value of nearly 30,000,000 barrels of crude oil produced in 1925 was $50,000,000. Due to low price and the closing down of oil fields in 1928 the production had dropped to 21,000,000 barrels. The Salt Creek Field, greatest light oil field in the world, located forty-five miles from Casper, Wyoming, is operated under most efficient methods. Gas pressures are preserved to force the oil from the sands, thus preventing water from entering the sands. Many of the fine highways and public schools would not be possible if it were not for the production of petroleum. Eleven National Forest Reserves of over 8,500,000 acres are in this state. These re­ serves furnish large amounts of merchant­ able timber. BEVIEW Wyoming is outstanding for its scenic attractions. The great Yellowstone Na­ tional Park, recognized as the greatest natural wonderland and summer play­ ground in the world, may be considered to head the scenic attractions of the state. The Park is in nearly the same condition that it was in previous years, therefore it is the place where man and nature come closer together and I think it will always be held priceless for this one purpose. Much development has taken place in four or five centers of attraction of the Yel­ lowstone. The lake, the canyon, the for­ ests, and the waterfalls are some of the Park’s earliest features but many new ones, such as the “1928 Geyser” have sprung up in unexpected places. Old Faithful Geyser is the biggest attraction of the Yellowstone. Every summer thousands of Eastern tenderfeet get a rare glimpse of the AVest —of vast areas, of cowmen and wranglers, of bucking bronchos and rodeos. There are now located in AVyoming about one hundred ‘ ‘ Dude ’ ’ Ranches. These ranches are maintained by old time AA^esterners. These “Dude” Ranches are summer homes for the man who seeks adventure like that of the rough cowboy days of old. AHsualize the total amount of the re­ sources of the state, and you will see Wy­ oming as a common-wealth now making good progress in the development of her extensive resources and with a future of more wealth than previously secured. Sources of Material and Statistics: 1. 2. 3. 4. Frank C. Emerson. “Wyoming's Resource As­ sets.’’ Midwest Refining Co., Midwest, Wyom­ ing, July and August. 1929. Bancroft. “The History of Oil.’’ XXV. Hodge. “Handbook of North American Indians.’’ R. H. Alcorn. “Wyoming’s Advantages.’’ Wy­ oming Press Association. Cheyenne, Wyoming, Jan., 1930. �April, 1932 THE VOICE OF THE SPORTSMAN Page S Scenic Beauties of the CHest By ALFRED I. MOKLER PALISADES OF THE WIND RIVER. Looking Northeasterly from Brooks Lake. One of the many charming spots in the Rocky Mountains. Courtesy of Alfred J. Mokler’s “Transition of the West. Words are inadequate to properly describe the wonderful scenic beauties of the West. The rugg-ed mountains, mighty plains, dense forests, pictur­ esque lakes, marvelous geysers, snow-capped peaks, petrified forests, great glaciers, marvelous hot springs, and above all the glorious sunsets, must be seen to be fully appreciated. In the spring and early summer months the vast undulating plains are covered with verdure and adorned with a great variety of wild flowers, re­ sembling the green waves and white-capped swells of the sea; along the banks of the mountain streams there is a fringe of timber; the foothills are covered with dense green forests, and the summits of the mountains, some of which are covered with eternal snow, stretch out like a long, low line of white clouds along the western sky. In the fall of the year the leaves on the trees are to purple, red and 'gold, of the most beautiful hues, the grass and flow­ ers of the plains have changed to gray and in the winter months the whole is covered with the white shroud of snow. Volumes have been written about these wonderful attractions, and after the first visit among them there is instilled in the human breast always to return, and after having re­ sided here for a time, few people are satisfied to live any place else. The world’s greatest natural wonders and most beautiful scenery are in the Rocky Mountain Coun­ try. More healthful attractions, alluring forests and streams for the pleasure-seeker and inviting pros­ pects for varied industries are here than in any other region in the world. A vast and rich territory, which, less than 100 years ago was a wilderness, inhabitated only by wild animals and hostile Indians and almost impenetrable by white man, now contains ten millions of people who have builded for them­ selves pleasant homes and modern, thriving cities Of this country it may be truly said: “The wilder­ ness has blossomed like a rose and the waste places have been made glad by the industry of civilized man. ’ The Indians called these mountains and valleys and plains their “La-no-wa,” meaning the land of the road to paradise. The white man has made the In­ dian s La-no-wa a land of peace and plenty. The Far-Famed Tetons The far-famed Teton range, lying south of the y ellowstone National Park, presents a splendid and magnificent piece of scenery. The “Three Tetons” are culminating points of this Alpine range and the mountains is the Grand Teton, which pierces the blue sky with an altitude of 13 747 ^et. Of the mighty and majestic Tetons, Hiram M Chittenden presents this beautiful pen pictureH '' ill FT'TTilf ili'liBiiiibb i " �capacity, when pr(\periy MHHMMIIHHgMkiaSHHW fished. A recent sih;;^vey . | of Nebraska t r dtU t streams showed th'^t ’ the beautifl the necessity of 1^™^SigJtwe®™ proving natural conaP^^ than\hTneJd fo? restoci\ing, and the remits will be better in proportion to th^ effort expendefci. Good Results With Little Effort The winter months offer^n excellent opportuniy to improve streams conditions by building retards and dams, which serve sevei^al to aerate the water, vary tho„ speed of the cu"e to form deep pools, to increase food suppb and to help prevent erosion of creek banks. The cost of construction of the retards will vary with stream conditions. By caref^ul selection of the retards there are few streams which cannot be nroved at a minimum of cost and\labor. r' P In the spring of 1930, the State o| Nebraska Game Forestration and Parks Commissi^ StS construction of a number of retards along Sted Creek in Holt County and on the Verchgres Cre^k in Antelope County. The condition ,of the streains had become such that there was littU food or coi e left Stock had trampled down the banks and oxer hanging grass and shrubs which furnished food and shelter the trout. Obstructions of naany different kinds were used. Brush, logs ^tumps ^nd old trees ■ such as willow, which have little valine as fuel o ^^*Trees ^were felled so that their tops\were down stream, the butts were wired to tree number 9 wire. They were sP fastened Jhat fihe ed dies formed by them would wash outi holes and create pools. In some places? a tree was ^stened on either side of the stream and,tops were tied toget, thus forming a deep, narrow channel, which afford ed excellent places for fish to hide, and ^eed on the ‘"Tstill different type of dam was made by laymg ----- several logs lengthwise inffhe stream, and^ on these were laid logs crosswise in the stream with their butts buried in the bank. The purpose of the length- ^l,e”»t^'«^^kes to ; ; ' e■ .et a will beat this range , • j i ^.^rrel and the As to accuracy the the world .30-06 cartridge are the.most^ccut LT %t°'cl,”i:'':be‘’re';?Sa’ and see ^ba. the believe this cnecK n cbnots and Camp boys are shooting at your about the super­ Perry. You are going to ask accurate 22 long rif taro-et rifles with hand really good one) an som g ranges loads, but remember 1 saicl irom to 1,200 yards. I. wH, pay the sman bore jho»tor‘o take a ^ood look at the new Lyman 48 J rear signi ____ _______ . Tur__ 1 1 rn — �May, 1932 THE VOICE OF THE SPORTSMAN Page 7 Scenic Beauties of the West Ry ALFRED J. MOKLER Mr. Mokler’s graphic description of western wonders is continued from the April number of this magazine THE FAR-FAMED TETON MOUNTAINS, VIEWED FROM THE EAST SIDE OF JACKSON LAKE. THE MOST BEAUTIFUL SCENERY IN THE WORLD IS IN AND AROUND THESE “ALPS OF AMERICA.” (NOTE THE FACE OF THE DOG IN THE PEAK TO THE EXTREME RIGHT.) —Courtesy of Alfred J. Mokler’s “Transition of the West” The Yellowstone National Park The Yellowstone National park is the wonderland of the West. With its geysers, boiling pools, cav­ erns, terraces, petrified forests marvelous hot springs, mud volcanoes, crystal lakes, lofty moun­ tains, beautiful streams—with their wonderful cas­ cades and waterfalls—-dense forests, the home of birds, elk, deer, bear, moose, buffalo, beaver, moun­ tain sheep, and other wild animals of many kinds, attracts hundreds of thousands of people from all parts of the world, and it is undoubtedly the bestknown national park in America. This park is sixty-two miles long and fifty-four miles wide, giving an area of 3,348 square miles, or 2,142,720 acres. It is located in northwestern Wyoming, encroach­ ing slightly upon Montana and Idaho; 3,114 miles, or 1,992,962 acres being in Wyoming; 198 square miles, or 125,720 acres in Montana, and thirty-six square miles, or 23,020 acres in Idaho. It has an average elevation of about 8,000 feet above the sea level. The entire region is volcanic, and is remark­ able for its hot water phenomena. The internal heat of the earth which approaches close to the surface causes the geysers to play at quite regular intervals. For many years the geyser known as Old Faithful has played with an average regularity of every sixty-five minutes, and some of the quite small ones play every few minutes, while some of the larger ones play at irregular intervals of days, weeks or months. There are hundreds of small, bub­ bling hot springs in this park which throw water from two to three feet in the air from once to three times a minute; these springs are really small, im­ perfectly formed geysers. The action of the geysers, which are regarded with wonder by many people, is caused by water from the surface trickling through cracks in the rocks, or water from subter­ ranean springs collecting in the bottom of the gey­ ser’s crater, down among the strata of immense heat, which becomes itself intensely heated and gives off steam, which expands and forces upward the cooler water that lies above it. It is then that the water at the surface of the geyser begins to bubble and give off clouds of steam, which is a prelude to the playing, or spouting of the geyser. When the water at the bottom reaches so great an expansion under continued heat that the less heated water above can n.b longer weigh it down. �Page 8 THE VOICE OF THE SPORTSMAN May, 1932 it bursts upward with great violence, rising at quite they lie in straight lines at easy angles, from which a distance in the air and continues to play until jut high rocky prominences. Sometimes they lie in practically all the W’ater in the crater has been huge hollows carved from the sidewalls. Here and expelled. The water, which cools after coming in there jagged rocky needles rise perpendicularly for contact with the air, falls back to the ground and hundreds of feet like groups of gothic spires. again seeps through the surface to gather as before “And the whole is colored as brokenly and vividly in the crater’s depth, and in a greater or less time, as the field of a kaliedoscope. The whole is streaked accor ding to and spotted difficulities in and stratified the way of its in every shade return, be­ from the deep­ comes heated est orange to to the bursting the faintest point, when lemon ; from the geyser deepest crim­ spouts again. son through all These hot wa­ the grays and ter formations pearls to glis­ and spouting tening white. spouting gey­ The greens arc sers are interfurnished by esting ankl the dark pines beautiful to above, the look upon. But lighter shades more beautiful of growth and awe-in­ caught here spiring is the and there in Grand Canyon soft masses on of the Yellow­ the gentler stone, a scenic slopes and the feature of mar­ foaming green velous hue and of the plung­ coloring. ing river far Quoting from below. The a publication blues, ever tion of the In­ changing, are terior Depart­ found in the ment : “The dome of the Grand Canyon sky overhead. of the Yellow­ “It is a spec­ stone affords a tacle which spectacle wor­ one looks up­ thy of a na­ on in silence.” tional park But the gey­ where there sers and cas­ are no geysers. cades and falls Standing upon are by no I n s piration means all the Point, which wonders of the pushes out al­ park. The fos­ most to the sil, or petrified center of the forests, which canyon, one are said to seems to look cover more almost verti­ than 35,000 cally down up­ “CHIMNEY ROCK,’’ AS SEEN FROM THE EAST ENTRANCE TO THE YELLOWSTONE acres, contain NATIO.NAL PARK on the foam­ many trunks ing Yellowand branches stone river. To the south a waterfall twice the of trees which thousands of years ago were alive height of Niagara rushes seemingly out of the pine­ and green as are the trees in the park today. “Trav­ clad hills and pours downward to be lost again in ersing the valley of the Lamar river one may see green. From that point two or three miles to where at many places numerous upright fossil trunks in you stand and beneath you widens out the most the faces of nearly vertical walls. These trunks are glorious kaliedoscope of color you will ever see in not all at a particular level, but occur at irregular nature. The steep slopes, dropping on either side heights; in fact, a section cut down through these a thousand feet and more from the pine-towered 2,000 feet of beds would disclose a succession of levels above, are inconceivably carved and fretted fossil forests. That is to say, after the first forest by the frost and the erosion of the ages. Sometimes grew and . was entpmbed there was a time without �May, 1932 THE VOICE OF THE SPORTSMAN Page 9 volcanic outburst—a period long enough-to permit Outdoor Playgrounds a second forest to grow above the first. This in turn was covered by volcanic material and pre­ The grandeur and fastnesses of any and all of served, to be followed again by a period of quiet, these ranges of mountains in the midwest of the and these more or less regular alternations of vol­ Continent appeals to those who are seeking rest, canism and forest growth continued throughout the recreation and re-creation of nerves and body, and time the beds were in process of formation. Geo­ every summer many visitors find their way to the logical change.s are exceedingly slow. No geologist timber-clad hills and snow-capped peaks, where would dare predict that a few thousand years from they forget their business cares and enjoy fishing now the present forests of Yellowstone park may lie and hunting during the day, a hearty supper and a buried under another layer of lava on top of which tranquillizing pipe in the evening, a sound sleep may flourish a new Yellowstone.” during the night, and a sunny disposition and con­ The first American to enter the region of this park tented mood in the morning. These are the great ■was John Colter of Saint Louis, but he received outdoor playgrounds where nature has been undis­ little credit for his discoveries. He was in the em­ turbed by the hand of man and people come to visit ploy of Manuel them from eve­ Lisa, a fur trad­ ry state in the er, in the sumunion, and m e r of 1807, many come here and when they from Europe to reached the remain during mouth of the the summer Big Horn river, months. The Lisa sent Colter snow-storms of out to inform the late spring the Indians that and early fall he was in their are somewhat country and of a handicap, wished to trade but the snows of with them. Colwinter must ter traveled melt and the more than 500 flowers of sum­ miles, crossing mer must with­ the Wind river er, in the moun­ and the Teton tains as well as mountains, go­ in the valleys, ing through and the people what was after­ who camp in wards known as the mountains Union, but now must prepare a Two - gwo - tee shelter for bad Pass, and trav­ MAMMOTH CAMP FROM TERRACES. THIS IS YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK weather if they eled diagonally HEADQUARTERS go in the early across what is —Photo by Haynes, St. Louis spring or expect now the Yellow­ , , . , ,, T • remain until stone Park. (To-go-te, or Two-gwo-tee, was a late in the fall. In midsummer the splendor of the mountain Shoshone, or sheep eater Indian, the name climate is beyond adequate description; the morn­ meaning in the Shoshone Indian language, a spear. ings and evenings are always cool and the middle To-go-te and one or two others of his clan, being of the day is pleasant; extreme heat is seldom more familiar with the mountain passes than other known, and the cool, refreshing temperature is Shoshones, were designated by Chief Washakie to enjoyed; the sky is of a deep blue color and in the guide President Chester A. Arthur and his party evenings the sunsets are magnificent. from Fort Washakie to the Yellowstone National During your travels you find many canyons and Park in 1883. Since that time the trail they traveled chasms. Ihey are deep and dark and dangerous to over the divide has been called To-go-te Pass.) descend, and there are also monstrous rocks that When Colter told his companions of the hissing rise like walls of the skyscrapers of the large cities. sounds of the hot water emitting from the earth, of When you return to your camp after a day’s ex­ the spouting springs, the roaring falls, the wonder­ plorations and have finished your plainly-cooked ful lake and the many other wonders of this region, but wholesome supper and sit around the camp fire they considered his yarns as one of their own kind m the evening enjoying your pipe your are undis­ and did not believe him. After returning to his turbed with the thoughts of commercialism or so­ home in Saint Louis, he told of his discoveries to cial contests. A mountain fire need be your only explorers and historians, but they did not take him fear. These fires are caused only by the careless seriously and it was not until many years later that or inexperienced camper, but when once started tliey cause more damage and are more dangerous explorers entered into the region and found all that than a prairie fire. The rushing blasts which roar Colter had related to be true. wX «‘’‘‘"'S and find their way to the deep gorges. The crash of the fallen trees, tumbling from crags and precipices, the lick­ ing flames and clouds of dense smoke is a sight that never can be forgotten. Frequent but briS raim storms come hurrying past amLrage with great fory or a short time, and then pass off, leaving even­ thing fresh, calm and serene restful and rapturous to hear �for a short time, and then pass off, leaving every­ thing fresh, calm and serene. It is truly delightful, restful and rapturous to hear the song of the birds, to behold the verdure of the valley and the grove, the beautiful clouds, and the glowing rays of the sunset, all of which gladdens the heart and brings contentment to the mind. Imangine yourself, you who do not know the wonder of the West, standing upon the spur of some granite range that rises several thousand feet above the plains; back of you and above you are the mountains; before you and below you lies the world. In the distance to the north and west more than a hundred miles away, rises groups of snow­ capped peaks through air so clear you see the shad­ ows on them. Between you and these snow-capped peaks, and to the far West there are miles upon miles of the plains; league upon league they stretch away to the shifting elusive horizon, and mile upon mile beyond that, hidden only by the curve of the earth itself. Here and there a tiny blur, detected in the midst of their color, rises the smoke from the engine of some loaded train following its thread of steel across the emptiness, yet no sound of man comes to your silence. Wheel and whistle are lost in the mightiness below you. Vast, sunlit, frail, the peopled world is airy as a dream. So dreamlike are its colors, so fleeting that you find yourself holding your breath lest it vanish quite away. It is a land of color, and the masses of stone which form the bleak cliff, spire and gorge seem to vary in tint and hue, the prevailing ashy gray changing at dawn and twi­ light by the sun's rays, which transforms them into glowing masses of rose and red, making a harmon­ ious contrast with the vivid greens of grassland along the foothills. But the deserts of the far West show the utter­ most glory of color. Crimson and dun and blue, rifted with the golden sands of some dried water­ course, far and away stretch the desert flowers, the white skies over them and always the mountain purple and lavender beyond their horizons. Deeper become the colors; richer, more luminous as the westward miles are traversed, until one catches up with the sunset. The loneliness and mystery of the West, as well as its color, are in the desert. The desert loneliness is not that of the prairies, that seem free from the tread of human foot since the world began, but is a loneliness forever bur­ dened with a sense of haunting, vanished races. Vanished races have been there; their trail is worn across the painted desert; some of them are nestling in the crannies of the cliffs, but trail and home have nothing to do with the sense of their presence in the land; it is felt, not inferred. But with all this vast waste of land, with all the mystery and loneliness it creates to look upon it, there dwells a spirit that once it has touched the wanderer, leaves him home­ less in other places forever after. Much of the old wilderness is practically un­ changed. The mountains are the same, except that the menacing Indians are gone and men of science are free to come into them and locate the rich min­ eral deposits that have been hidden there for thou­ sands of years; artists and poets may come and seek inspiration in them; the overworked and weary busines tnan may leave the turmoil of the city and in these enchanting, soul-inspiring giants of rfature of matchless grandeur, find quietude and a variety of scenery that will satisfy the mind and relax his tightened nerves. With the thousands of prosperous cities and 10,000,000 progressive people in the valleys, with this free, health-giving, God-loving country, transformed from a desert waste to a land of plenty, reclaimed from barbarism to civilization, surely it was not against the will of God that the white man should incite this glorious Transition of the West. �Page 10 THE VOICE OF THE SPORTSMAN May, 1932 H Day s Runt in the Long Hgo Ry DR. FRED HORTON In the early Nineties, antelope in countless thou­ sands roamed the prairies of northeastern Wyo­ ming. It was not unusual to see them in sight of town, I have gone out in the early dawn on my faithful hunting horse and would be back with my antelope in time for breakfast with the family. At that time the season was open from January first to December thirty-first. Where game wfis abundant predatory animals, such as the grey wolf, coyote and bobcat lived and thrived abundantly on'the game and livestock. Usually my two buddies, Al, Put, and myself, hunted together and a finer pair of buddies no man ever had. Thanks to the early training of our fath­ ers we had been taught to never waste game or fish. I don’t think that any one of us ever wasted an edible piece of a game animal. However, I have seen sportsmefi, so called, cut off the saddles of their antelope and leave the rest of the careass for the coyotes. We never hunted antelope in the summer time with the exception of one day. An antelope is at his prime 'for eating purposes along about the first of June, Then the bucks are fat, lazy and juicy. The three families could dis­ pose of this one animal before any of the me-at would spoil and no meat would be wasted. Then we \ laid off on the antelope until fall when we went on our annual hunt which usually lasted for a week or ten days of glorious hunting and camping. In pursuance of our usual custom we planned for a day’s hunt early in June. Shells were loaded (in those days we loaded our own rifle shells), lunch put up and alarm clocks set for two A. M. We wanted to get out in the antelope country by day­ light as the first two hours of daylight are worth all of the balance of the day for hunting antelope and daylight comes very early in this latitude. I had developed a strong desire to capture a young antelope for a pet for my young son, then three or four years of age and hoped to accomplish the feat on this trip. There is probably no wild ani­ mal that is easier to tame and domesticate than the young antelope. Within forty-eight hours after you put one on the bottle he is yours entirely and will follow you any place but he requires about the same care in feeding that does a babe of his age. We retired early, full of hope and anticipation. A few minutes before two my door bell rang. I jumped up with a muttered exclamation, of “There goes my hunt,’’ and with further exclamations on the way to the door, which my wife declared sounded like swear words, I found a young man who said, “My brother is very sick and we want you to come right out and see him.” My heart missed a few beats but I said, “Where do you live?” He said, “Out on Oil crefek.” My heart came back with a snap; that waS-. within a half mile of where we expected to start our^, hunt. Every thing was looking auspicious. ’■ This was long before the advent of the automo­ bile. Our equipment for travel consisted of a single, light top buggy and our three saddle horses. I hastily hitched the horse to the buggy and, leaving the other boys to bring the saddle horses, I drove to the home of the sick boy and by the time the boys arrived I had the lad attended to and made comfortable and was ready for the hunt. We drove down to the ranch about a half mile, where we were to leave the buggy and take to our horses, but here we discovered that Put had pulled one of his not infrequent boners. He had the bad habit, when starting on a hunt, of forgeting either his gun or his ammunition. This time he had for­ gotten both. We sent him back to the home where I had visited the sick boy to borrow a rifle and Al and I rode up on the top of the ridge to await his return. From this ridge, where we were reclining, there was spread out before us one of the most beautiful panoramas that the eye of man has ever beheld. To the east some twenty miles away the morning sun was just tinging the highest pinnacles of the beautiful Black Hills, painting each spire in colors of red, gold and blues, while to the west as far as the eye could see, rolled the undulating prairies clothed in soft grasses of early summer and dotted with the most gorgeous display of wild flowers in a riot of all the colors of the rainbow. It was good just to be alive on such a morning and brought to mind the words of the poet, “Where every prospect pleases and only man is vile.” We were soon brought to our feet by a flash of brown and white, where Put on his way back had flushed a doe and fawn who were heading our way. We hastily mounted and the chase was on. The fawn gave us a hard race for a mile or two but soon began to tire and we picked him up. Object number one accomplished within one hour. Then for the buck. Following down the ridge for a short dis­ tance, we spied a fat buck, some two hundred yards away lying down on a side hill taking a siesta. As there was no cover whereby we might approach closer, we decided to all take a shot at him together. With the usual result of such tactics, we all missed. After watching the buck disappear in the distance, we turned around to retrieve our mounts only to discover that Al’s horse had bolted and was heading for South Dakota at no mean pace. He gave us a hard run for about three miles before I cornered him under a cut bank and led him back. As I turned I saw Al slipping back and forth along a ridge; he would slip along a short distance, then crawl up and peak over the ridge, then slip back the other way and repeat the maneuver. I knew that he had a bunch of antelope spotted that were feeding along this ridge. As I came up to him, he said, “There is a nice buck in this bunch. Get �S... , Z ’ 1^4.. . '^t\,j..L~^ i(^ jl,£a^ ia-iA,^<r->^- tZu 'jA-i-ayf^ 4 �^>n4-€4^ / A f /k^ /\>«-i^vrT>^ ■iU^ tL krX^^ 7^ 9 / /ir\^'{^^^^ / /J �^'ir^ £r^ij^ o Sr o ^iMJji^ tk: • /(jyO yA T^«^ )/ iAT^ ' ,r ' . \± 4^ a « A )Swt/jtw-T^.A^ ^.»JZ<.-/'{^ �/kt, hy^eta^ ^:^JUt,,,ax<. 6| < f , ej Jj4^ tA}-i>><j4jf^^ P^. '^ ) s ^ f> ‘'’^ ^(/''■ftr^ A4Xt tZ 'l^ > �dx^44y>-A^^£x<z c> &-i^ ^??i#nv r^ CnnA< "KZ^ZfL �9^ =: -youo /i^ ^a' 2i-»^ <--^ ifi^-«=^12Z!pX^»cr--- /fete-v^u^^ 't^ • Ktur!^ f"^ �**(Ux><-x7 <3>t-<, QL o^.^M-'-y'-'-yi''^--''^^ ^t,ffzt''**'“*^ . 1, J-fvf Aj^ tb ^ku * ^t/CAX- �Whichever way Shb turn«rt lite eye i»tewsw3 confounded by the vastnees and varlety oi objecte. Beneath Mmn the Rocky Viountain£^n,8aoraipl to open all their secret receeeas; deep, soleran valleys; treaiured likeej dreary passes; rug­ ged dexiles, and toazning toxoents; while beyond theit savage precincts the eye «»s lost in almoct iiwneasurable landscap?; stretching on evry side into dim and hazy distance, like the expanse of a summer’s sea. look«8i Whichever way'ife beheld vast plains glimjiering with reflected sunshine; mighty streams wandering on their shining course toward either ocean, and snowy mountains, chain beyond chain, and peak beyond peak, till they msltMB like clouds into the horizon. df The peak upon whinh oi.y' standACommandte the whole Wind River Bhagh; which, in fact, may be consid­ ered one immense mountain, broken into snowy peaks and lateral spurs, seamed with narrow valleys. Pome of these valleys glitt.ersii with silver �lakes and gushing st reams; the fountain head, as it were, of the niighty~trib- utaries to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Beyond the snow pe-»ka, to the south, and far, far below the mountain range, the gentle river, C'lled the Swaetv^ater,x\ilj^ seen pursuing its tranquil way tlirough the rugged regions ot the Black Hills. In the east, the head- aters of the Wind/iver wander^ a plain until, mingling in one powerful current, they force# thelx way through the Fig Horn mountains and wm lost to view. To the north caught glimpses of the upper streams of the Yellowstone, that great tributary of the Missouri. In ether directions to be seen some of the sources of the Oregon, or Columbia, flowing to the northwest, p^st those towering land­ marks, Ghe thr^^Tetons, ana pouring down into the great lava plain; while almost a- feat, the CreenXiver, or the Colorado of the ^?e6t, ipt SQtS'forth on its wandering pilgrimage to the Gulf of California’; at first a mare mountain torrent, rtaahins northTOrd over ciag and preoiploa.in a euo- eeeeion ot ORoaaioa. end tumbling Into the plain, .here, expanding into an ample river, it oiroleS away to the aouth, and after alternately ihlning out and iie.-.ppeering in the mazes of the vaot landeoape, of mountains," S ■ TJ) I I I I I I I I I I / I/ lost in a horizon Wind river flow's toward the north through the Wind River canyon. As the water leaves the canyon it becomes Big Horn river. In this cawyon there are many interesting formations. Oblique’rocks'rise in sphinx-like shapes a thousand feet above the bed of the river. There are castle formations. Waterfalls corne tumbling out of the rock-formed canvon sides falling hundreds of feet, joining their voices ' with' that of the river in a mighty chorus that resounds like an echo through the flowing east and then south to the sea. Ten years after Bonneville visited these wonderful mountainsycame John C. Fremont, and it was on this expedition in 1842 that Fremont Peak and Freniont Lake were given a permanent name. Excerpts report to Congress enable the reader To gam a»» excebent word picture of this most beautiful mountain range: At sunrise a lofty snow peak of the mountain is glittering in the first rays of the sun, which has not yet reached us. The long mountain wall to the east, rising 2,000 feet abruptly from the plain, behind which we see the peaks, is still dark, and cuts clear against the glowing sky. The scenery becomes hourly more interesting and grand and the view here is truly magnificent. The whole valley is glowing and bright and all the mountain peaks are gleaming like silver. We come unexpectedly upon a most beautiful lake, set like a gem in the mountains. Here, again, a view of the most romantic beauty met our eyes. It seemed as if nature had collected all her beauties together in one chosen place. It is not by the splendor of far-ofif views, which have lent such a glory to the Alps, that these impress the mind, but by a gigantic disorder of enormous masses and a savage sublimity of naked rock, in wonderful contrast with innumerable green spots of rich floral be_auty, shut up in their stern recesses.” �“Lake Geneva” in the Big Horn Mountains under “Cloud Peak”-^fed by the waters of living glaciers^j^^There are more than 200 shimmering lakes and 1^00 miles of trout streams in this region. Peaks rising to elevations of from ten to twelve thousand feet may be seen from the Black and Yellow Trail which crosses this range. ParHre¥'4^^^©^‘^»atieTl'-»egal>d«^g---the bovettz-antP-GteyfeulL Laramie Peak/one of the most picturesque in the Kocky Mountain Region. The Old Oregon Trail, where thejCovered .M agon broke thro'Qgh, passes between this mountain and the Platte^River. It is tributary to the Park to Park and AtlanticYellowstone-Pacinc Highways, -(liswer^ Natural Bridge, on LaPrele /€Jreek, between Douglas and Glenrock, yone of the most remarkable freaks of rugged scenery in the Rockies. Located in a natural park setting it is the rendezvous for tourists and picnic parties. The immediate vicinity was the scene of many Indian skirmishes in the days of long ago and is along the route of the Old Oregon Trail. The Devil’s Tower (Matoe Tepee) of the twenty-four National ^Monuments, is located in northeastern Wyoming. Towering 1^80 feet above the Belle Fourche River, it is majestic and awsome. The shaft proper is 800 feet high above its stump. In the coloring nature has painted it with a multicolored brush and has excited the admiration of some of the most noted artists. It is tributary to the Custer Battlefield Highway and Black and Yellow 4'rail. G41L>4:tond a n CTmmf>»flMi>>fcbrhe-^Iejlly-<£iu-<xiah--cniap1ete informqtian Rugged Shoshone jGanyon west of Cody-on the road to grand scenic points of the state. The walls of the canyon are and Cedar^^Mountain on the left. The two constituted a single center of solid rock. At the upper end of the canyon is located voglnp the east entrance of Yellowstone National Park, one of the nearly perpendiculaiu with Rattlesnake Mountain on the right mountain urjtil the river cut a deep, narrow gash through it? Shoshone ^am, second highest in the world. T T. Premont Lake^in the heart of the Rockies, is one of Wyoming’s most famous sheets of water. Discovered by General Premont, the grea> pathfinder. The water of this lake is so pure it may be used in a storage battery. The lake is tributary to the Hoback-Canyon region, Safe in Jackson Hole, the wonder wild game retreat of the world. Elk gather by the thousands in their winter preserve maintained by state and federal governments. Under the shadow of the majestic 'Tetons it is a virgin wonderland where the elk, moose, deer and mountain sheep are making their last stand against the onward march of civilization. S7--i'f>-ieeli< gives-'ilhi«lu:a^ed-J^cij«?es^4«i--+ou*iBts--each .sunirti^. �J-l/L^t^^t-^T^^A-O-^ U si.,^ t>t 'Kji.f-^ <*^ ^)~-^ '>^ Cl.</xt., ................. . , . / ________ t. .^ •, e^ �-'^'M-***' "^“' , ■:^^c4»^ 6-^J- i^. gt.^..^^ JCg^^.,c-i£^^ ■' ^^''0-*..'^.^^^^ /&~MgZ^t ■*■ ■ r • - . -— -- - -W- , . , .. .-r- - 9 "' " —V ~ -.^-•**-«.-—»——^»»^—^BWW«-O.-»-AH«-*^-**—■**———-^ ^X^/vysj ^'“^-'J r?stt, ■^jrt/.^-VM^.. �i^Xtb '/lL.&^f >^*vJ 6(.fTf^ fUi-» ^tft-v>A4L . yxt>vv<vx^ Ij Cirv-c "T^ {^l^x.<u»»m«L<^^ a^ /\^ /le^ (^-C/f^ �V WYOMING FOR HEALTH AND PLEASURE Wyoming is the health and pleasure state of the nation. It IS not difficult to demonstrate that Wyoming possesses more natural and genuine attractions for -the health and pleasure - .seeker than any region of similar extent in the known world. Her towering mountains, mountain-locked parks, her grand t/ rivers and awe-inspiring cartons and her broad areas, so tempt- V ing to the research of all, have reaped the richest homage from,—~ the most cap.'^ble explorers and the best scholars of our land " The savant, the sportsman and the pleasure seeker alike find their ideal, and the invalid requiring an elevated region, and in search of health-giving ^,atww-oii_^gfgm”esC , neverib* disappointed. Wyoming’s many natural resources have attracted within her borders the farmer, livestock man, the miner and the oil producer^^aitfd.in these lines the best efforts of man have gone tort^to make for the commonwealth a place among the lead­ ing states of the nation. Wyoming has been progressive. Capable hands have been at work to make thecate inviting to thewhether he comes by rail or motor. The three principal railways serving Wyoming are the Chicago and Northwestern, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and the Union Pacific. Its system of highways are built on the highest standards, great""' trunk lines^ are the Park-to-Park Highway/, and the Lincoln rHgfiwayi trtncr highways of national importance reaching Cl”* into every corner of the ,,H{ate are the Custer Battlefield, Atlantic-Yellowstone-Pacific, Black and Yellow Trail and the newly projected Glacier-to-Gulf Highway. Every city and village in Wyoming extends a friendly greeting to the visiting tourist and the homeseeker and have established information bur^^s^^i tourist parks^a««i camps comparable with the best in the nation.^ Tiw»^bg»6hure_Ls hut a. sbghi^rjKute-te-Wyo in-caeye -detail -ar-aa^^-cofiiaxacciaL^opganizatio»^^ -stfnriar seryrcer-We-iByrte-Hiquiri^s. s �Motor Travel Picturesque and Historic Wyoming The Casper District, Once Crossed Only by the Old Oregon Trail, Now Reached Over Great Modern Highways Alfred J. Mokler Assessed valuation of city property, approximately $27,000,There are five banks and tioo trust companies, with total resources of $15,750,000. Bank deposits have increased 1,100% in six years. Casper is the most important city on the Yellowstone High­ way, and a division point on both the Burlington and Chi­ cago & Northwestern railways. It has an abundant supply of rMtural gas, a great factor in the industrial development of the community. Caspers educational system supports a corps of 176 highly paid teachers; sixteen churches minister to the religious life of the community. The Casper Chamber of Commerce is a very active commercial organization; Rotary, Kiwanis, Lions and Business and Professional IT Oman’s Clubs are among the leading service organizations in the State. Casper, the County seat of Natrona County, fFyoming, has a population (estimated by averaging the increase of five business indicators since 1920), of 32,114, a gain of 180% in four years. In the oil refining industry alone, it employs approximately 4,000 men, with an annual pay-roll of $12,000,000. The daily output of its refineries is about 1,171,428 gallons of gasoline, 320,000 gallons of kerosene, 50 tons of wax and 20 tons of asphalt. Casper has 57 miles of water mains, 39 miles of sewers and 30 miles of concrete and bitulithic pavement; improvements by the city during 1923 totaled $770,000. Building permits by individuals and business houses, irrespective of the re­ fineries, totaled $4,063,618 during 1923. The building of the first units of the llliite Eagle Refinery was practically com­ pleted last year. any people have had an en­ erroneous conception of M tirely the extent of the Oregon Trail, which was at times several miles wide, and traveled for so many consecutive years that all of them could not fol­ low in the same path. The Old Ore­ gon Trail in fact “hugged” the hank of the North Platte Jtiver all the way from Fort Larami; to the Sweetwater. It not only f.-.lh wod the oorth hank of the Platte, but there were times when the emigrants stayed on the south side of that stream for miles. There are many crossings between the Sweetwater and old Fort Laramie, as will be seen from reading accounts of early trips over this route. Last summer the writer, in company with Ezra Meeker, patriarch of the Ore­ gon Trail, inspected an old crossing site just east of Glenrock, which is ap­ proximately twenty-eight miles east of Casper; and were confident that we located the crossing described in the diary of W. P. Woods of June 21, 1849. To all appearances the emi­ grants of the 4O’s and 5O’s crossed from the south bank to the north bank at this point; and crossed again from the north bank to the south bank at a point approximately four miles east of Casper. They crossed again from the south bank to the north bank at a point ap­ proximately and one-half miles west of the present city of Casper, and the trail is very clearly outlined from the crossing west of Casper all the way to the Sweetwater. In some places the trail is still visible thirty or forty feet deep in the sand; at other places out on the level plain numerous tracks are discernible, and the trail as a whole has rather a “washboard” effect. There is evidence that the Oregon 000. Trailers, or some of them at least, traveled the north bank between Douglas and Casper; and as stated be­ fore, there is unmistakable evidence that they crossed at a point three or four miles east of Glenrock, near where Deer Creek enters the Platte. They re­ crossed again three or four miles east of the present city of Casper, and again at a point about a tfiile and 'a haff, west of Casper, vdiirh was known as the Mormon Ferry in 1847, changed to Platte Bridge Station in 1858, and named Fort Caspar in 1865, in honor of Lieutenant Caspar W. Collins, who CENTER STREET, CASPER Looking south, with a dim view of Casper Moun­ tain in the background. The parked automobiles and buildings under construction index the busi­ ness activity and prosperity of the city and the surrounding region. 15 was slain by the Indians at this point. A ferry was in operation here inter­ mittently from 1847 to 1858, and a wagon bridge was maintained from 1859 to 1867. In view of these facts, it would be a mistake to say that the early emigration “followed the north bank of the Platte from old Fort Lara­ mie to the Sweetwater.” It is our opinion that while the trail followed generally the Platte Rivei all the way from old Fort Laramie to the Sweetwater, the emigrants were gov­ erned by the amount of water flowing in the Platte at the time they happened to be traveling. If the water was low, they undoubtedly made several cross­ ings; but if the water was high they evidently followed one side of the river as far as they could possibly go. The trail was never any great distance from the river on either side, and for that reason must have gone through what is now the City of Casper or its outskirts. We doubt if there was ever any great amount of travel along the south bank between the present city of Cas­ per and the Sweetwater crossing, for the reason that the walls of the can­ yons along the south bank were very steep, and the south bank is more mountainous from here on than the north bank. The Oregon Trailers could not possibly have taken a more southerly route passing a little below Casper, for the reason that they would be shut off by the Casper range of mountains. Thirty-six years ago there was no Casper; where the city is now located was then a sandy sagebrush flat, home of the prairie dog and coyote. It was announced that the Northwestern Rail­ way Company would extend its line to a point near old Fort Caspar during �Motor Travel the summer of 1888, and a town would be built at the end of the road; but its exact location had not been decided upon. John Merritt was the first to locate here; he came in on horseback early in June without even a tent. He had a round-up bed, a few provisions and an oyster can in which to make coffee —all brought on a pack-horse. He made his home under a cottonwood tree on the river bank at a point about due north from Ash street. C. W. Eads was the second man to come here to locate; he had learned that the railroad was to be extended and a town built at the end of the line, and wanted to be one of the first settlers in the new place. Mr. Eads ar­ rived in the evening of June 7, 1888, when he found Mr. Merritt preparing for supper by frying a piece of meat on a stick and boiling his coffee in the oyster can. Eads asked Merritt if he had any idea where the town of Casper was, and Merritt replied that he had been here for some days, but had not seen anything that looked like a “town.” Eads had a team and wagon, a tent, sheet iron stove, a few utensils and some provisions. With him were his daughter Fannie, and his son, Kise. The men put up the tent near the spot where Merritt was cooking his supper, and the next morning after breakfast they looked over the ground. They moved their tent to a spot now known as McKinley and A streets, where they established the town of Casper; others came in the next day after Mr. Eads arrived, and still others followed close­ ly in their steps. The temporary town was built near the tent which had been erected by Mer­ ritt and Eads on a strip of ground about half a mile east of where the Natrona County Court House now stands, the exact location being be­ tween First and A streets and between McKinley and Jefferson streets. About a dozen business buildings stood on this strip of land, half of them facing the south and the other half looking toward the north. The main street was running east and west, and was about the length of a city block. These buildings were, of course, only temporary structures, in which to transact business until the permanent location could be surveyed and platted by the townsite company. The material used in the construction of these buildings was plain rough lum­ ber, hauled down from a sawmill on Casper Mountain. A few carried on their business in tents. The flooring in most of these buildings, and in all of the tents, was just earth with the sage­ brush and cactus cleared off. There were three general merchandise stores, one drug store, a hotel, one restaurant and several saloons. Cowboys and Indians were about the only people that came in to do any trading, and they spent most of their time and money in the saloons. The railroad was built in and stopped near where the stock yards are located, about a mile east from the Court House. The first train arrived on June 15, 1888; there were about a hundred actual residents in Casper at that time; and the event was celebrated by the residents and visitors in a manner long to be remembered. The present townsite had not yet been sur­ veyed or platted when the railroad was built in; it was late in the fall of 1888 before any of the lots were sold, and none of the business houses were moved to their permanent locations until about the middle of November of that year. The first business lot to be sold in Casper was No. 13, in block 8, which is on the northwest corner of Second and Center streets, where the Stockman’s National Bank is located. Nathan S. Bristol, the purchaser, put up a small frame building on his lot, in which he carried a small stock of groceries and a line of grain and stock-feed. The employes of the store slept in this building, and for the first few years their beds were surrounded with sacks of grain to protect them from bullets often fired during the night by cowboys who had come in from the range to celebrate. The pros­ pects for Casper to become anything but a shambling, temporary frontier village were not very encouraging. Town lots were sold at a very small price and the buildings erected were put up as cheaply as possible. Most of the people in business here were of the opinion that the railroad would soon be extended; and it was their in­ tention to move further west with the railroad. Application was made for the in­ corporation of the town of Casper by John Merritt on April 9, 1889, to the Board of County Commissioners of Carbon County; there was no Natrona County then. The county commis­ sioners acted favorably upon the ap­ plication, and a to.vn election was ordered to be held on July 8, 1889. A mass meeting of the citizens was held at the Congregational Tabernacle on July 6 for the purpose of nominating candidates for mayor and councilmen; at the first town election George Mitch­ ell was elected mayor; Robert White, P. A. Demorest, A. McKinney and John Adam, councilmen. People who lived here then were Photograph from Casper Chamber of Commerce A CROSS SECTION OF CASPER, WYOMING Taken from a point somewhat to the left of the view on page 15, showing in the background an extensive vista of comfortable homes, nearly all built within com­ paratively recent years. The oil tanks seen at the top of the opposite page are only a short distance over to the right (across Center Street) from this view. 16 �Motor Travel From a Diary of 1849 Account of Crossing the North Platte Nearly 75 Years Ago.* W. P. Woods , hursday, June 21, 1849.—We an early start and drove 12 Tmade miles to the mouth of Deer Creek, where we found teams crossing the Platte. Four boats, each consisting of two dugouts fastened together, had been made by emigrants who had crossed before and gone on, others buying their rights and continuing the work. We paid $3 per wagon for the use of the boats, and swam the oxen. Just before reaching here the acci­ dental discharge of a gun by a mem­ ber of the Pittsburg Company, who was unloading a wagon to make the crossing, killed a man from Illinois, the ball passing through the body just above the heart. A man was drowned here yesterday; and just 12 miles above seven men have been drowned in two days while rafting their wagons across. Buffalo have been seen again today. A party of soldiers were met returning to Fort Laramie with some stolen cat­ tle and horses, and two of the thieves. We have driven the wagons on to the bank of the stream and the cattle over the hills to feed, and are waiting for supper. Friday, June 22, 1849.—We were roused early and in good season com­ menced crossing our wagons. The line for two miles along the river bank presented as busy an aspect as it ordi­ narily does in St. Louis, or any other small town in the States. Wagons in * See reference to this diary in “Picturesqu^^ and Historic Wyoming,” page 15, column 1. / pieces, boxes and chattels of al! kinds made a scene of extraordinary activity far out in this uninhabited western country. Our “boat” was called the “Two Pol­ lies and Betsy,” from there being two dugouts, with a log between them. Joining forces with the twelve Cincin­ nati mule trains, the “boat” started off in style with 30 men to cordelle it against the current. The men were obliged to work in the water, which rendered it quite unpleasant; but by ' 4 o’clock p. m. we were across and then drove the oxen down to swim. With all of our efforts, swimming and wading from that time until dark, we could only get three of, them to cross; so had at last to let them re­ turn to the shore, and weye obliged to keep watch of them until tnorning. The water is remarkably swift and cold, the low temperature probably due to our proximity to the snows of the moun­ tains. To the south of us, about four miles from the Platte, there arises a range of very high, pine-clad hills, which appear to terminate in the_Laramie Mountains. Saturday, June 23, 1849.—Again re­ sumed our labors by recrossing the river for the purpose of crossing our ox-teams, but at first with no better success than the day before. Here we witnessed scenes far surpassing any­ thing the imagination ever conceived— .the long to be remembered crossing of the Platte. No pencil can portray or pen depict the scene as it really was. From the report of the Fremont expedition of 1842 HOT SPRING GATE, WYOMING A deep channel cut by the North Platte River for about 400 yards through a sandstone ridge. Near this spot the westward Oregon Trail leaves the North Platte and crosses over to the Sweetwater River. 20 Fancy for one moment our feelings on observing the vast aggregation of oxen, mules, horses and wagons, mixed indiscriminately with men clothed, half-clad and even almost naked, en­ countering the elements that were tem­ porarily stopping our progress. By about noon we succeeded in crossing; but . both men and teams were ex­ tremely exhausted. /' The onlookers witnessed sights ranging from the laughable to the alarming. In one place six men were assisted ashore by hanging to the tail of a mule, with a rider on him at that, while in another case, extreme effort.s were being made to save a man from drowning. A boat sank with a wagon containing women and children, but was saved by striking a bar. I was carried by the swift current outside the jam of cattle, and saved myself by catching hold of the tail of one as I passed him, and letting him tow me to shore. Those scenes are over, though we shall long remember the crossing of the Platte. We yoked mir teams and drove on over a very rough and sandy road for about four miles, where we encamped on the river bank to feed our oxen and rest ourselves. Many a man here wishe.s himself back in the States. For two days a dense cloud of smoke has been rising from a hill far off to the south; it may be pine timber fired by Indians or hunters, or a bed of coal on fire. We are camped in a pleasant spot among a grove of cotton­ woods; the smoke from the stoves curls up among their branches. It has rained and hailed a little today; but at times the sand was so hot that I could not endure it barefooted, and preferred walking along on the prickly pears. Tractors Supplant Horses The tractor is slowly shoving the horse from Pennsylvania farms. In the past year 10,000 horses disap­ peared. There are apparently ample horses to go around, because, while the num­ ber decreased, the price has also gone down an average of $12. Over 218,000 farmers use not quite an average of three horses and mules. According to the Agricultural Depart­ ment the horse and mule power on the average Pennsylvania farm is worth less than $270. �Motor Travel The Indians of today frankly acknowl­ edge their ignorance of either its his­ tory or meaning. One Crow chief said, “It was built before the light came,” meaning it was prehistoric, while an­ other claimed it was a shrine for the worship of the sun. The Medicine Wheel can be reached by highway from Sheridan, Wyoming. The Shoshone Dam, built between the almost perpendicular walls of the Shoshone Canyon, backs up millions of acre feet of water, which serve to run a hydro-electric plant and furnish water for 136,000 acres of highly productive irrigable land in the Big Horn and Shoshone river basins. The Yellowstone Highway may be seen at the base of the right wall winding up­ ward and upward on its way from Cody to the eastern entrance of Yel­ lowstone Park. This scenic stretch of highway is rivaled for beauty by the Wind River Canyon road on the Yel­ lowstone highway and Two-Gwo-Tee pass route to the southern entrance of Yellowstone Park, through the famous Jackson Hole and Teton mountain country. Moose, elk and deer are still plenti­ ful in that vast region. Wyoming is the last of the big game states. Here in this virgin wonderland, the “Jackson Hole,” flanked on one side by the Tetons and on the other by’ the Wind River mountains, elk, moose, deer and mountain sheep are making their last stand against the onward march of civ­ ilization—the greatest foe to wild life. To the real sportsman, Wyoming is the greatest playground in the world; with the protection of the State the great elk herds which range in the Jackson Hole country, bordering the Yellowstone Park, are holding their own, while the moose and deer are said to be actually increasing in numbers. The antelope is the most interesting of all the game animals in the State of Wyoming, and in spite of the strict game laws the species is slowly dimin­ ishing. The largest live glaciers in the United States surround Gannet, Helen and Chimney Peaks in the Wind River range of the Rocky Mountains. These glaciers are located in Fremont County, Wyoming, and can be reached by pack train from Lander, Wyoming. The trip is not difficult for anyone who can ride horseback. There is a variety of scenery, lakes, canyons, streams, waterfalls, and a wall of ice five hun­ dred feet in height, clear and streaked with blue and green metallic tints. The water, as it leaves the snout of the glacier, is not unlike that which is discharged from the battery of a stamp mill. The stream passes under a natural bridge; from the top of this bridge one sees the water, blue and clear, disappearing through a deep box canyon, dashing over rapids to the foot of the mountains. These glacial streams never fail, and the dryer and hotter the summer the stronger the flow. Independence Rock, a mass of black granite rising out of the plains, about 55 miles southwest of Casper, which was the halfway station or resting place for the wagon trains on the “Old Oregon Trail” from Indepen­ dence, Missouri, to the Oregon coun­ try, is probably the most interesting landmark on the whole of that historic route. It was here that the Oregon travelers stopped to rest and refresh themselves. Here also they found pure fresh water and an abundance of feed for their stock; here they cared for their sick and buried their dead. Many graves of emigrants, even now discernable, bear mute testimony to the toll of death resulting from the saving of a vast territory for the United States. From the very first, emigrants made Independence Rock their camp­ ing place; and the custom of inscrib­ ing on it their names caused Father De Smet to call it “The great register of the desert.” Robert Stuart and his party passed by the Rock in November, 1812; Na­ thaniel Wyeth was there in May, 1832; Captain Bonneville’s party was there in July, 1832; Rev. Samuel Parker was there in 1835; Dr. Marcus Whitman and his bride and Rev. H. H. Spauld­ ing and his bride were there in 1836. These were the first white women that crossed the Rocky Mountains, and were the first white women to cross the American continent by wagon. Father DeSmet was there in 1840, John C. Fremont and Kit Carson in 1842; and from that time on until and including 1852, an ever-increasing tide of emi­ gration and travel went by on the way to the Oregon Country and California. Thousands of names, monograms and dates are chiseled on this massive rock, some of them dating as far back as 1832. Independence Rock is 193 feet high at the north end, 167 feet high at the south end, 1,950 feet in length and 787 feet in width. On July 4, 1920, Wyoming Masons celebrated the 58th anniversary of the first meet­ ing of Masons ever held in what is now the State of Wyoming, which con­ vened on top of Independence Rock, July 4, 1862. One of the best and most interesting pictures of the rock will be found in Chittenden’s “Fur Traders of the Far West.” Wyoming’s historical and scenic wonders are more attractive and in­ teresting than can be found in any other state in the Union. It has a splendid, healthful climate. The win­ ters are moderate; the summers are cool in the mornings and evenings, and pleasant in the middle of the day. Wyoming is a vast natural parkland, covered during most of the year with almost indescribable beauty. Photograph from U. S. Geological Survey ONE OF THE RED BUTTES OF WYOMING These conspicuous natural monuments are the result of extensive erosion from red sandstone of the Casper formation. This particular one is along the Overland Trail, or Lincoln Highway, about 9 miles southeast of Laramie City; but there is also an extensive area, known also as the “Red Buttes,” south* west of Casper. 19 �Motor Travel From a, drairnng by Blanche McManus THREE STAGES OF WESTERN TRAVEL First, the typical and picturesque cowboy and pony, now gradually disappearing^ second, the steam locomotive, whose tracks now almost literally gridiron the trans-Mississippi River country; and, third, the motor car, which within the past 25 years has become the well-nigh universal means of travel in the “wide, open spaces.” resembles the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. It has been dedicated by the Federal government to Natrona County for park purposes. This place was visited by a detachmenLof Captain B._L. F. Bonneyillelsparty in July, 1833, and was named by them the “Burning Mountain,” as it was at that time emitting sulphurous fumes and gases from burning bitu­ minous deposits. Captain Bonneville, an army officer, who secured a special dispensation from the army to conduct a party of fur trappers and hunters through what is now Wyoming, guided the first wagon train from the Missouri River up the Valley of the “Platte,” then called the “Nebraska,” and on into the Green River country which was then, except for the Indians, a hunters’ and trappers’ paradise. The Wind River Canyon Highway, one of the most beautiful in the West, passes through a most wonderful can­ yon of the Rocky Mountains, where its almost perpendicular walls tower 2,000 feet above the level of the river. This cuts through a crack in the rim of a natural basin in which is the city of Thermopolis, where some of the most famous mineral hot springs in the world are located. Among the numerous interesting formations is a huge shaft of granite shaped like the Washington monument, which stands out on a base half-way up the wall, and rises to a height of 750 feet above the base. The forma­ tion is capped by a sphinx-like head so apparently exact in its proportions that it has the appearance of having been chiseled by a master sculptor. Ancient castles, great tombs with sol­ diers standing guard, pyramids that might rival those of Egypt, were their history known, all look down upon the river and highway. - They Imve-- looked down fw aeonsof time, unmolested, as the walls are so high and precipitous that none have dared explore them. Small waterfalls and springs spouting water so pure and clear that it may safely be used in a storage battery, add to the many interesting things to be seen in this great canyon, which has only within the last decade been made to yield to the tools of man. Probably no other relics of early Indian occupation of the United States are so shrouded in mystery as the medicine wheels of the Big Horn Mountains in Wyoming. These, dis­ covered in the early part of the present century, have since been an object of much discussion and conjecture as to their origin and antiquity. In the American Anthropologist of March, 1903, C. S. Simms, of the Field Columbian Museum, gives an account of the wheels found on the summit of Medicine Mountain of the Big Horn Range at an altitude of over 12,000 feet. Mr. Simms was conducted to the spot by “Silver Tip,” a prospector and hunter who had lived with the Indians when a boy. The circumference of the wheel measures 245 feet. In the center, which corresponds to the hub of a wheel, is a circular structure built of stone, about three feet high; from this radiates twenty-seven lines of stone, forming the spokes. The outer circle or rim is marked at seven different places by stone structures, erected on the rim, except the one on the south, which is built several feet beyond, but connected to the whole by an elongated “spoke.” The eastern rim structure differs from the others in construction, and is nearly square; and, unlike the others, is higher, while the opening faces out instead of in. On the projecting slabs of this struc­ ture rests a perfectly bleached buffalo skull, so placed that it looks into the rising sun. Within the central struc­ ture, which resembles a truncated cone, there is a slightly circular depression in the ground. While the existence of the Medicine Wheel is, of course, known to the Crow Indians, and was undoubtedly erected either by their forebears or an earlier tribe, none know of its origin, excepting that it was made by “people that had no iron.” Several years ago a trip to the Medi­ cine Wheel was made by Doctor Long, of Sheridan, Wyoming, going up through the main canyon of the Little Big Horn. He says in writing of the trip that the history and origin of the Medicine Wheel is veiled in obscurity. From an old print INDEPENDENCE ROCK, WYOMING Famous as a resting place for emigrants on the long western trail; and the scene, on July 4, 1862, of the first regularly conducted Masonic Lodge meeting in Wyoming. A later view of Indepen­ dence Rock was shown on page 12 of Motor Travel for March. 18 �Motor Travel Photograph from Casper Chamber of Commerce A WYOMING “TANK FARM * Looking southeast over a number of immense oil tanks toward the Standard and Mid-West refineries: the city of Casper is in the left background and Casper Mountain in the extreme distance. There are more tanks in, this immediate vicinity than could be included in the view. Scenes like this may be duplicated to-day in several parts of the State of Wyoming. compelled to put up with many incon­ veniences and hardships that we of to­ day would think were terrible if we had to endure half the privations they did then. But they struggled on, and after about ten years the town proudly boasted of a population of 8J0; in 1910 our population was 2,639; in 1922 we were credited with 11,447, but we really had a population of 18,000 or more; and today there are at least 32,000 people living in the city of Casper, making it the largest in the state. We were made a city of the firstclass in January, 1917; we have thirty miles of paved streets, and the best water works system in Wyoming. The largest oil refineries in the United States are located here; and Casper is blessed with a happy, healthy, con­ tented and prosperous people. The first step toward the division of Carbon County and the organization of a new county was taken when a bill was introduced in the territorial leg­ islature in 1888 for such a purpose. The bill passed the legislative body, but was vetoed by Governor Moon­ light; the legislators passed the bill over the governor’s veto. On January 31, 1889, a petition was formally pre­ sented to the governor requesting that three commissioners be appointed for the purpose of organizing the new county of Natrona; but on February 26 the governor announced that he would not make the appointment, and nothing more at that time could be done toward the forming of the new county. Governor Moonlight was succeeded by Francis E. Warren, to whom a new petition was presented early in 1890, requesting that three commissioners be named for the purpose of organiz­ ing the new county of Natrona. On March 3, 1890, Governor Warren made the appointments as requested in the petition; the commissioners took the oath of office March 5, and ordered that an election be held on April 8, 1890, for the purpose of electing county officers and the selection of a county seat, the candidates for which were Bessemer and Casper. Bessemer received more than twice as many votes as Casper; but they were declared irregular, and Casper was named the seat for the new county. The newly elected officers took the oath of office and at a regular meeting of the board of commissioners held on April 12, 1890, the county of Natrona, Territory of Wyoming, was declared duly and regularly organized. The county derives its name from the natural deposits of natron or carbon­ ate of soda found in numerous basins and lakes that abound within this part of the state. Teapot Rock, near the Teapot Dome oil field, about 35 miles north of Cas­ per, from which the Teapot Dome de­ rived its name, is an interesting land­ mark and responsible for the name as applied to nearly everything in the vicinity. This rock is approximately 75 feet from the base to the top. At the left may be seen the “spout” of the teapot, which has the appearance of being about to fall; but has been standing at the same incline for years. Actual production in the Teapot Dome field is small in comparison with many other Wyoming fields. Its giant neighbor, the Salt Creek field, which in the main supplies four different re­ fineries in Casper, is considered by eminent geologists to be the greatest light oil field in the world. It can pro­ duce 150,000 barrels of petroleum daily under present conditions, against 4,000 barrels from Teapot. If Teapot were unknown or undis­ covered, the oil industry in Wyoming as a whole would hardly miss its pro­ duction. Casper, the oil center of the Rocky Mountain region, undisturbed by the Teapot investigation, continues to turn its wheels of industry, and is looking forward to continued develop­ ment. Casper ships more oil by rail than any other city in the world. “Hell’s Half Acre,” a tract of natu­ ral scenery, a marvel to tourists and travelers, is located approximately 45 miles west of Casper on the Yellow­ stone Highway. It is peculiar in natural and picturesque scenery, re­ sembling a giant bowl or depression in the earth, covering approximately 320 acres, which from its great depth, the coloring of its walls and pinnacles and the beautiful weather carving on the surface shales and talcs, enhanced by the contrasting colors of the strata. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes Subject The topic of the resource Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper Casper (Wyo.) -- History Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.) Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History Description An account of the resource The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letterbox 1-L Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alfred J. Mokler Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a> Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Casper Tribune Herald Midwest Review The American Farm Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1925-1925 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Alfred J. Mokler Papers, NCA 01.v.1992.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections. Description An account of the resource This Letterbox contains an address to the Casper Literary Club on April 26, 1945, titled "This Changing World," a State of Wyoming Agricultural and Industrial Production and Miscellaneous Statistical Report, sections of the Casper Tribune-Herald from 1926, a paper titled "Know Your Wyoming," along with pages from The Citizen and Midwest Review from 1940 and 1925 respectively. Researchers will also find an article Mokler published in the May, 1932 issue of The Voice of the Sportsman, titled "Scenic Beauties of the West." There are also handwritten pages on the Oregon Trail, and pages from Motor Travel. The latter contain an article by Mokler titled "Picturesque and Historic Wyoming." This article discusses Casper and the first people to locate here. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource ENG Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center) Relation A related resource Alfred J. Mokler Papers https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/8b4626560a64f8e77093501b5e09194e.pdf 0bae6a1b7bde47565c53460f53b7b136 PDF Text Text Loading Up the Freight Wagons Indians on Second Street, Casper, Coming to Town for Supplies—1892 �Wtiomincj S^ate (By Charles E. Winter) In the far and mighty west, Where the crimson sun seeks rest, There’s a growing, splendid state that lies above On the breast of this great land. Where the massive Rockies stand. There’s Wyoming, young and strong The state I love. CHORUS: Wyoming, Wyoming, Wyoming, Wyoming, Wyoming, Wyoming, Wyoming, Wyoming, land of the sunlight clear. land that we hold so dear. precious art thou and thine beloved state of mine. «*^.2 oless Gmeiica While the storm clouds gather Far across the sea Let us swear allegiance To a land that’s free. Let us all be grateful For a land so fair, " 'T' As we raise our voices . ' In a solemn prayer— CHORUS: God bless America, Land that I love. Stand beside her and guide her Thru the night with a light from above; From the mountains, to the prairies. To the oceans white with foam, God bless America My home sweet home. �How to Pronounce Names of Places on the Battle Front Gerald L. Schcyler General agency 1068 Gas g. Electric Elec. Denver, Colorado �COMPLIMENTS OF Ah-sy Acy . Ain-yee Aigny Ain Aisne Agincourt ........ Ahl-bair Albert .. Alincourt ............................................................... Ah-lan-ko ............................................. Om-bon-nay Ambonnay Om-bree Ambrief ... .................................. Ah-me-ang Amiens ... ..................................... ............................................................. On-se-on«veel Ancienville ..................................................................................... Ank'r Ancre Antilly ..................................................................................... Ahn-tee ..................... Ar-see Arcy Ar-mon-te-air Armentieres Arras Ar-rass, or Ar-rah Artois ............................................................... Ar-twah Arvillers Ar-vil-lair Assainvillers As-sain-vil-lair Atbis Ah-tee Aure Ore Auteuil 0-tur-yee AvaQon ...............................................................Ah-vah-song Avesnes Ah-vain Avize Ah-veez Ay I Azy Ah-zee Basel Baume Beaune Bellot Besangon Bethune Billy Blanzy . Blerancourdelle Bligny Bouchoir BoufFioulx .... Bouillon Boulogne .... Bourgoin Bourgogne .... Bourre Bray Brenne .................................... Bai-zy (Flemish) Borne Bone Bel-lo .......................................................... Bay-zahn-song ..................................................................... Bay-tune ............................................................................... Bee ..................................................................Blahn-zee Blay-ran-koor-del ................................................................. Bleen-yee ............................................................... Boo-shwah ................................................................ Boof-fee-oo .....................................................................Boo-yong ..................................................................... Boo-lone . ................................................................. Boor-gwon Boor-gone ............................... ................... Boor ............................................................................. Bray Brenn .......................................................... This Company Paid San Francisco �CALIFORNIA INSURANC] HOME OFFICE, 550 SACRAMENTO STREE^ Srie .... .....................................................Bree Brienne .................................................Bree-enn Bruyeres ................................................................................. Bru-yair Bruz ... ... 1................................... Bruze Bucquoy ..................................................................................Bu’kwah ......................................................... Buse-song Bussang Buzancy . ........................................... Bu-zahn-see Caix ............ ............ C&7 Cambrai . ................................. Cahm-bray Chantelle ... 1., .................................................................... Shan-tell ....................................... Shan-tay-nay Chantenay .... Chantilly ............................................................... Shan-tee-yee Charleville .... .................................... Shar-luh-veel Chateau-Thieiry Sha-to-tee-air-ree Chateauroux ... .................................................................. Sha-to-roo ....................................................................... Shah-tel Chatel Chaudefontaine ........ Shoad-fon-tain Chaulnes . .......................................................................... Shone Chipilly ....................................................................... Shee-pee Coligny .................................................................Ko-leen-yee Combles ...........................................................................Combi Commercy .... ............................................................ Kom-mehr-see .............................................................. Eom-pee-ain Compiegne Conde ....................................................................... Kon-day Congy .................................................................... Kon-zhee Consenvoye .... ............................................................. Kon-son-vwah Corbie ............... ;............................................ Cor-bee Cornet-Malo Cor-nay-mah-lo Craonne ...... ...................................................................... Krah-on Crecy ................................................................... Kray-see Dijon ................................................................................. Dee-zhon Dompierre Dom-pee-air Dompremy Dom-pray-mee Douai ... .................................. Doo-ay Doullens Dool-long Epernay Epinal Ay-pair-nay Ay-pee-nal Fere-en-Tardenoi» .. .................................... Fair-on-tar-den-nwah Fismette ................. :.......................................... Fee-met Fontenoy ............. :.................................. Fon-ten-nwah Fresnes ..........., ............................... Frayne Fresnoy-en-Chanu^e .... ................. Fray-nwah-on-show-say mflagration Net Losses, $1,845,000.00- �: COMPANY OF SAN FRANCISCO Fresnoy-le-Grand Fray-nwa-luh-grahn Gironville ......... ....................................................... ... Givet ....... . ...................................................... Zhee-vay Givry .............. . ................................................ Zhee-vree Grammont ..... ..................................Gram-mon Guise ................... • • ................ Geez Ham ............. Hahm Haramont ............ ... Ar-rah-mon Harbonnieres .... Ar-bon-nee-air Hartennes-et-Tanx .. Ar-ten-eh-to Hautevesnes .......... Ote-vain Herpont ......... Ehr-pon Hurlus ................... ................ Ur-lu lale-sur-Suippea Y-leh-sur-s weep Ivors ................. ................. Y-vore Jalons .............................. Zyah-lon Janvry ......................... Zyahn-vree Jaulgonne ................ ................................ Zho-gon J onchery-sur-Suippes Zhon-shay-ree-sur-sweep Langi ?s ... ....................................... Lon-gr Laon Lah-ou Lassigny .., ............................... .................................................................... ... Le Catelet . Luh-kat-lay Le Fretoy .. ........................................ Luh Fret-twah Le Quesnel . ............................................................. Le Tronquoy ...................................................................... Luh Kes-ne Luh Tron-Kwah Lens ............ Longwy .... ................................................................................... Lons Louvain .... ...........................................................................Long-vee .................................. Loo-vane Louveignd Loo-veen-yay Louers ........ ............................................................................... Loo-ay Luce ................................ Luce Lucon .............. ................................................................. Lu-son Lys ................................................................................. Leese Mailly ........................................................................May-ye Malines ......................................................... Mah-leeu Marie-auz-Mines ... -ree-o-meen Marseilles Maubeuge ......... ............................................................. Mar-say-yuh Meaux ............... ................................................................... Mo-burge .................................. Mo Merville ........... .....'. ........................Mair-veel )ne Hundred Cents on the Dollar �Meuse ................................................................................... Murze Mezieres ................... May«ze-air Mons .................................................................................... Mons Montdidier Mong-dee-de-ay Montmirail ............................ Mon-mee-ri-ee Montron ... .......................................................... Mon-tron Morangis Mo-ron-zhee Moreuil ........................................................ Mo-ruh-yee Morlancourt Mor-long-koor Mouilly . -Moo-yee Mouron • ........................................................................... Moo-ron Muizon ... ...................................... Mwe-zon Muret ................................................................................ Mu-ray Mutigny .. .................................. Mu-teen-yee Nesle Nancy Nanteuil Neuf chateau ... Nivelles Nogent-le-Ketrou Nomeny Noyon Oeuilly Oigny Oise .. Ourcq Ourthe TTh-ee Wahn-yee .................................................................................. Wahz ........................................... Oork Oort Facaut Pargny Peronne Petit-Croix .... Petit-Morin .. Pieronne Plessier Pont-a-Mousson Priez Proyart Prunay Quatre-Bras Hamillies .. Raon-l’Etape Remirremont Revigny ... Rbeims . ... Rocroi Roisel Romilly .... Rosiere Roubaix .... ................... Nail ...................................................................Nahn-see ................................................... Nahn-tuh-ee .............................................................. Nuh-sha-to . ................................................................... Nee-vell No-zhahn-luh-ret-troo ............................................................No-may-nee ................................................................ Nwah-yon ........................................................................ Pah-co ................... Parn-yee ...................................................................... Pay-ron ..........................................................Pet-tee-krwah .......................................................Pet-tee-mo-ran .................................................................... Pay-ronn .............................................................. Pless-see-ay Pont-ta-moo-son ......................................................................Pree-eh ............................................................... Prwah-yar ...................................................................... Pru-nay Kat’r-brah ................................................................... Rah-mee-yee Rah-own-lay-tap .................... Rem-meer-mon ................................................................... Rev-veen-yee .............................................................................. Rance ......................................................................... Rokr-wah ........................................................................ Rwah-zel .................................................................... Ro-mee-yee Ro-zee-air ....................................................... ........................................................................... Roo-bay �Roye Rozieres Rozoy-Bellevalle Rozet-St. Albin Ruasy Rozainvillers .. ......................................................................... Rwab ..................................... Ro-zee-air Ro-zwah-bell-vall Ro-zay-san-tal-ban .................. Ru-sy 4............................... Ro-zain-vil-lair Sacy . .............Sab-see Sancy .............. Son-see Sault-St. Remy So-san-ray-mee Savigrny ...................................................... . .Sab-veen-yee Sedan ............Seh-don Sezanne ........... Say-zan Soissons .. ............................................. Swab-son Somme . ... .............. Som Sonilly ........ Son-ee-yee Sonplets ......... Son-play St. Blaise .............................................................. ........ San-blaze Ste. Cecile ...................................................... .. Sant-say-seel St. Die .......................................... ... .San-dee-ay St. Mihiel ................................................ ... San-mee-yel St. Pol ...................................................... .......... Sang'pol St. Quentin ................................. ... San-kon-tan Tagnon ............Tan-yon Termes ........................................................ Term Thionville ........................... .. .Tee-yon-veel Thory ....................................................... Tore-ee Tirlemont .\ ....... Teerl-mon Tongres ................. Tong’r Tournai ...................................................... . ■........... Toor-nay Tournant ........................... ........ Toor-nahn Treves ................................. ; ..................Trayv Trois-Vierges Trwab-vee-erzh Unchair ............ Ung-shair Ussy .................................................................................................. Vadenay ............... Vab-den-neb Vailly .. ......................................................... Va-yee Versailles ..........................Vair-si-yee Verviers Vair-vee-ay Vervins . ................................................................................... Vair-van Vesle ............................................... Vail Vise ............................................................Vee-zay Vitry-le-Frangois ....’. Vee-tree-luh-fron-swab Vosges .............................................................. Vozb Vraux Vro Vregny Vrayn-yee Villers-aux-Erables Vil-lair-zo-ray-rabbi Villers-Bretonneux Vil-lair-bray-ton-nub Witry-les-Rheims Vee-tree-lay-rance �( ' I lz;3-.-^ /f/sr ; /T^yy--f- . \ /-'gr-T' /Ox,LxVUV-VVv£.*XZ^ -Uj^ A<i ~~^ 'A cc^ LA-h o-A hr _..,^l^,, ...,,.^_.,.>.,i.^.,-iXe^E^«»»«m^«ww»^ ' --- <;^-<-4(^w»«--=-^«b--^ �- QL'QL I,— 00 0 s ~ T - z. a* T - QQ‘O Q T aoNVTva aj.va loauuos aaH3ai5N03 39 -nim Jhnooov sihisavq sj-isoaaa naiNi aaiHOdaa si aoaaa on SMOaHO Ji ‘aoNO iv aNiwvxa asvaaa AiaivioaMMi NNva awi SMO3H3 ajiaon asvnd Aosutioo ion Alia 30 HXNOK SMaawo si ssanoav 3AOS¥3Hi ji S05 xoa dIHSXOAIAHnS do siaoiH mnd Hiia . AVfi 3 do/Gf^v usaxca r v eCGI AHVHNVP sikvnsi ‘ONIKOAjW‘HadSVJ HMSVD tIO qvKoixvx; okiwoaav ani jj«i030v 30 iNawaivxs ikiop 62 MVP j£i 9 T HVP 8£.2TNVP 39.0 T NVP g NVP aiva 3±va �3 (& 7'^^ t> ^)>UiA-6-^ ^ ' '\ J ^-^^A-'/<^ U 7 if Thz^c j /i^,»"ref^^ i)}. ,4,^ X 1/L.yf^^ /'^ avi'd) '>^ lyfy^ Off-t^rz^ . ----- ____ a, -rv X J"* 3>.<Ae �( {/JVrfh 11^ (S>-2. *«—32“^ �INVENTORY (Manusoripts* books and pamphlets.) October 31, 1936 * Holy Bible Ancient Egypt McCoy’s Egypt Susana and Sue * Calamity Jane | Soul of Parts Monroe Do Balzac Indian Odyssoy Cook’s Attainment of the North Polo More Power to You Pardners Goldsmith’s Poems T.’hittior’s Early Poems John Halifax Kate Mulhall Jaoob Hamblin Pioneering the West On the Face of the Waters Shakespeare’s Works The Old Timer’s Tale An Aray Boy of the Sixties Four Hundred Million Acres 2 @ 2.00 The Challenge to Liberty Over Land and Under Ground Frank Gouard Indian Fighter Eugene Field’s Works 12 © 2.00 Reminiscences of Chicago During the ’40’a. Inaugaural Addresses of Presidents Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard John Long’s Voyages Alexander Ross’ The Fur Himters of the Far West Alexander Ross’ Adventurers on the Oregon Josiah Gregg’s Comeroe of the Prairies Zebulon Pike’s Southwesteim Expedition Win. Louis Manly’s Death Valley in ’49 Memorable American Speeches - Secession, War, Reconstruction Kendall’s Texan Santa Fe Expedition Waubun The "Early Day" in the Horth-West McKenzie’s Voyage to the Pacific Ocean 1793 Narrative of the Adventures of Zenas Leonard Larpenteur’s Forty Years a Fur Trader Pattie’s Personal narrative Bidwell’s Echoes of the Past Steele’s In Camp and Cabin Kit Carson’s Autobiography 2.00 3.00 2.50 1.50 3.75 2.50 2.00 2.50 5.00 2.00 2.00 2.50 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.25 2.00 2.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 4.00 3,00 2,00 3,00 24.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5,00 5,00 5,00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5,00 5,00 5,00 5.00 5.00 �Cyclopedia end Diotionary 12 volumes 30.00 Teacher’s and Pupil’s Cyclopedia 4 @ 4.00 16.00 Our Times 4.00 Only Yesterday 4,00 Resouroes and Men of Mwitana---------------------------------------------------------- -------The Cambridge Modem History end Atlas 18*80 TIJyaaBing Compiles Statistics 12.50 The Adams’ Family 4.00 History ef the lMlted Statee (naaK^hewie) 8 velumee ' — ...lOyOeTrailing Goromimo 2.00 Darwin’s Decent of Man 3.00 Wine, Women and Song 1.00 Ths World of Just You and I (BillBarrow) 5.00 Meeker’s Busy Life of Eighty Years 2.00 Government of Teaming (Hebard) 2.00 Pathbreakers (Hebard) 2.00 Every Man a King (Huey Long) 1.25 Wild Fire (Zane Grey) 2.00 Madam Therese 2.00 The Blockade of Pahlsburg 2.00 Middleimaroh 1,50 That Printer of Udells 1.50 A New Philosophy of Life (Wemner) ,50 Popo’s Poems 2,00 Bancroft’s Works Vol, 25 5,00 Death on the Prairie 2*50 History of Natrona County XS@ 7,50 USr56 Longfellow’s Works 5,00 Gould’s History of Free Masonry Throughout the World 6 © 10,00 60,00 Mackey’s Encyclopedia of FreeMastmry 2 © 7,50 15.00 The Book ef History—18 © 8.00-----------------------------------The-Boek ef Baewledge—80 © 8.00------------------------------------------------*60.00 History Grand Chapter, R, A, M, Illinois (itesenle) 3,00 Grand Lodge of Washington (Masonic) 3.00 Histery ef Free Maeenry la Indiaaa------------------------------------------- 2.00 Mackey’s Principals of Mascaiio Law 3,00 The Maseaie Eeleetle - '—.. ... .... —......... .......... -....———............... —............ 8.00" dltstcrieal T.awdmarlfs ef Free Maseasy—8-© 4.60 ... . "OrOO’ -------- 2V8O Hletery ef Maseaie Initiatiea----------------------- -— 1.00 Ancient Craft .’<!as(mry in Vermont .1.50 Centennial Anniversary of Masons in Maine 2.50 Washington Grand Lodge History 2,50 Grand Lodge of Maine 2,50 Territorial Masonry 3.00 Nebraska Grand Lodge Masonry 2 @ 1*50 2.50 Intermountain Folk 1']^ K.OO Banditti of the Plains (Mercer) a typewritten copies © 6.00 r Histery ef the Jtesoaie flgand Lodge, of Iowa 8 © 4.00 ------- 3MO2,50 Centennial Gi*and Lodge of Masons in Kansas Centennial Grand Lodge ef Masons ta Delaware..... �History of Freimsonry In Illinois History of Frswnasqnry In Ohio—3 S 3,00---------------------------*■ History of King Ilirsm<o Lodge in Cosinootlswt 1783 to 1888 History of grand Lodge of rdaeone Bl atriot ^f-Oelumbia------Viyooilng Masonio Bulletin 1929»1931 -Hletei^ of Freenaaenry-ln Mguyland—8 — ----------------Hi atary ■ of ffreemaaonry. tn PeBnsyleania—3 @ 6,00--------------Poetical Works of Thessas Moore Soi*apbook8 }C|»000 pages 10 volumes (Indexed) Robert Stuairfc’s Dleoovery ot the Oregon Trail Maloom Campbell, Sheriff Trails Plowed Under (Russell) The Day of the Cattleman Nebraska State Historioal Soolei^ Publloatlons Saoajawea (Hebard) Washakie (llebard) fu\ ftlstory of Preeaasonry In wyeislgg—---------------Transition of the West % Caspar Collins (Wright-Spring) American Fur Trade of the Far West (Chittenden) 3 vols. Story of the Early Days in Wyoning Coutant’s History of ’'doming (with special index) Forty Years Among the Indians Our National Government (Mrs John A, Logan) Dictionary of Thoughts Mareus Wilson*s Aa^ioan History 1847______________________ The Crime of Cuba Porflrio Diaz Inumorable pamphlets (estimated @) War on the Rebellion - official records 8 @ 6*00 When Day is Done From Friend to Friend The Book of Mormon Deliveranoe The Weird Orient The Werld*B One Hundred Best Otesdee 10"e"w80'.... —.... -.. Menusorlpts of the Westwm Frtmtier Manuscripts of Bibliography of Alfred J. Mokler Western Historical Collections Half-tone outs for "Guardtena. of the Weatei^-FroHt3ber" Half-tone outs for "Transition of the West" Half-tone outs for History of Natrona flounty" Brass stamping die for "History of Natrona County" Brass Stamping die for "History of Freemasonry" Ealf-tcmes and die for "History of Freemasonry" Desk Standard dlotionary Total 1.50 -------------- 9*00 - ------------ 8^ -------------- 4<00 5.00 --------------- -g^iggr ------------ ifitoe 3,00 7*60 3.50 > 4.00 fl. 00 3*75 6*50 6*50 ----- a4»00 3.50 25*00 2*50 17*50 4*00 7*50 5*00 ------------ 12*50 4*00 5*00 20*00 10*00 1*00 1*00 1*00 1*00 1*50 300.00 150*00 50*00 66*00 87*00 353*00 26*50 18*50 659.00 2.50 �IHVaiTORY (Pumlture - November 1, 1936) 88888888088080808883s Section bookcases 9 © 2.50 22, One new- Royal- typewriter ---------------- ——------ lOOi Six chairs 20. Five desks 25. One filing and book cabinet 5, One gxm cabinet 7, One loose«*leaf ledger 10« Two Filing oabinets 12. One radio • Airline 20« Two brief eases 6« One gas heater 15« One desk set •> Shaeffer 14, One Shaeffer life tiaie pen 8, Fourteen pictures and frames © 2.50 35. Ono W-^wSnith typewriter (~pld.)1?oj a I One chandelier and lamps 10, One 8 X 12 rug 10, Ten letter files © ,50 5, Shades and curtains 6, Office supplies 15, Miscellanoous 25, Total � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes Subject The topic of the resource Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper Casper (Wyo.) -- History Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.) Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History Description An account of the resource The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letterbox 1-O Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alfred J. Mokler Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a> Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1838 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Alfred J. Mokler Papers, NCA 01.v.1992.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections. Description An account of the resource This Letterbox contains some odds-and-ends which include a print of a couple of photographs, a copy of the Wyoming State Song, a pamplet on how to pronounce places on the battlefront, and some notes of Mokler's. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDG Language A language of the resource ENG Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center) Relation A related resource Alfred J. Mokler Papers https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/cdc6c9d201a9c32433d346ddc97db42d.pdf 776af32dc3aa61021e189669e9bac686 PDF Text Text 1 Wyoming State Journal, Lander, Wyoming, Jan. 25, 1933 >4"' ceased to fall and the wi^ -was f* less furious.-. Mr. Ryder, .there­ frozen but her hand.s, feet and ! face were quite badly frosted and for, although badly frozen,,'a.gain [ the awful ordeal thru which she A set out in a last heroic attempt t had passed had completely unf to. secure help. In this effort he , nerved her. She, however, re­ 5 succeeded in reaching the. Dry | sponded at once to the rest and i Sandy station, but he was .’in al care accorded her at the Dry ^ terribly exhausted condition and Sandy station and it seemed that waa able to give to the stock fen­ she would recover. Several days Stage Drivers Worked Heroically to Get Thru der,. John Thorn, -little informa- I passed before her family at South ❖ With Passengers Who Suffered Greatly tion as to where he had left his! Pass learned of her plight, b,ut as ■ * passenger, Maggie Sherlock and I soon as the roads had been igain (By Peter Sherlock of South Pass) the horses and sleigh. Mr. Thorn, I opened to travel, her stepfather, however, gained some idea of James Smith, went out to Dry where the sleigh had been left, I Sandy and brought her home, ar- j riving with her at South Pass on ! While, the fi.rst half , of the win­ bearings, he set out again. Short­ and with a fresh team of horses, February 11th. After her return ' ter of 1882-3 in Wyoming, had ly after the second start was he at once started out in quest of home she continued to improve for i not been marked by the usual se­ made, the wind Increased in ve­ the .missing girl. After searching several days, giving rise to fond ; vere December and January locity, the snow fell faster and the for some time, Mr. Thorn finally hopes on the part of the faoiily storms, there had been a number storm assumed the proportions of • saw the seat of the sleigh,, pro i truding from, a deep snow, .drift ; and friends that she would iiot , of light falls of snow and the I a blizzard. i only be completely restored 1 to i weather, for the most, part, , had [ George Ryder was a young man, and removing the seat of;, the complete health but that her been cold and disagreeable, but! a Texan by birth, who had come J sleigh and digging down into, the hands and feet would also l^a up to January 3.0th, 1883, the i north during the summer of 1882 snow beneath it, he found .MagWhoozit No. 142 saved from the surgeon’s knil^ snow which- had accumulated on ! and he was therefore unacquaint­ ; gie Sherlock, wrapped in a buffa­ the ground, had not reached such i ed with the rigorous winter cli- lo robe, still alive, but in a semi­ could and after proceeding about There hopes, however, were d™j! Adepth zirtf 1^ rtasei +toi-i make rr* a V Q it-necessary i 4co . fO'c! mate of Wyoming. Soon after | condition. He extrifl a mile, he came upon Mr. Stuart fined to be creully crushed as t^^ J. L. Sanderson & Co. then oper- j making the second start from the I cated ,lhe sleigh from the snow, a'a lying in a bed of a deep gulch, al­ ! period of recovery was follow®! ating a stage line, furnishing mall ( Dry Sandy station, he again lost 'speedily as possible and hifching i most burled in snow and in an al- ( by a sudden change for the worsH and passenger service between the the road and he became so be- the team to it, he returned with ! most unconscious condition. With until on February 21st, deal® town of Green River, on the U. P.-■ wlldered by the blinding storm, the girl to the pr^l Sandy station ! great difficulty Mr. Manning suc­ claimed her as its shining mark.H R. R. and Ft. Washakie, 150 miles that he had no idea where he was ■Where/ Mrs. Thorn received her ! ceeded in reviving him and in get­ ! 'W. J. Stuart and Al Doughert® to the northward, .andy serving, en or what course to pursue to pro­ and tenderly chred for her, for ! ting him to Pacific Springs sta­ /were taken to Green River as sooiw route, the towns Of South Pass, ceed on his way, or to return to several ' days, until she could be tion where first aid ti-eatment was ! as possible after the roads hadB Atlantie-C it y :and. rLanide r,-. :to-'in ake-.'■ the'shelter of the station at Dry rernoved to her home in South ' applied to his feet, hands and face I been opened. Mr. Stuart received! which were found to have been ■'' ' attention at Green River! the usual winter change in mode Sandy. He drove about for some Pass. '/' *■’ of conveyance, from spring wagons hours but made little headway be­ I and Mr. Dougherty was sent to at The .stage for South ^ass left I terribly frozen. to sleighh On Jan. 30th. howev- cause of the snOw which the wind the station at, Big Sandy , pn the i Mr. Clark, like Mr.. Scott, per- ! hospital in Laramie, Both ultl- i or, a heavy snow storm set in now blowing at a terrific rate, evening of Jan. 30th with a man ! ished in the effort to reach safety. ihately recovered, but Mr. Stuart [ along the line of this route and'as .had piled in huge drifts through by' the name of Scott as driver and Mis body was found little more lost both hands, portions of both i the stor'm' Continued throughout which the horses drawing the William V. Clark, a ranchman of ' than a mile frOm Pish creek, feet, his nose and both ears, and J the night tand ■was unaccompanied .■sleigh, floundered with great dif- the Lander valley, as passenger, i where the sleigh was abandoned, Mr. Dougherty had one foot am­ by wifid,^ the show lay Where it ;: flculty,: Night had closed in and The snow which had been falling! but buried in a deep drift of snow, putated above the ankle and the' fell, with the result, that by naofn- imi>enetrable darkness added to all day and which continued to-1 it "was not discovered until several other at the instep. He also lost ! ng of Jah. 31st. hilltop And low- the blinding fury of the storm; the fall throughout the night, com­ weeks after the tragedy. portions of most of the fingers of ; .ahd were blanketed twith hnow to _ temperature; too, had dropped pletely obliterated the track and ! The stage scheduled to leave both hands. Both men were there-! V depth of Over 12'inhheg; " rapidly and the cold had become as darkness closed in, the driver; the station . at Bi^ Sandy , for Green fore hoplessly crippled for the re-! i The schedule on the Green Rlv- intense. In spite of the intense lost the road and wandered about ! River dti’ the mOfUing of January malnder of their lives. 5r, Ft,. Washakie stage line call- cold, the- smothering snow with making little headway, until morn- 31st, with Al DOugherty as driver, Wyoming has long been noted 3d- for the trip, one way, to be which the air was laden, was ex­ ing, With daylight, the road was delayed startiiig for several hours as ,a land of rigorous winters . ^ave been the blizzards hade in 36 hours and this was di­ tremely wet, this being a charac­ located and the stage proceeded awaiting the arrival Of the stagej vided into three drives of about teristic of the north east blizzard, on its way toward South Pass, ar­ : due from South Pass, but as the that have swept over the moun­ 10 miles each, these being a ^day |I and the wet snow, driven by the riving at Pacific Springs . about i South'Pass stage failed to arrive, tains and across the prairies tak­ I fierce wind, adhered tenaciously noon Jan. 31st, where Mr. Stqart Mr. Dougherty started for Green ing their toll of human lives and Jrlve between . Green River 'and < 3ig Sandy, a night drive hetween j to whatever it came in contact boardeil it to return to South.,; River in the afternoon. He ----had leaving widespread destruction in . Jig Sandy and South Pass and a. Vflth .and ,^t,, once fornie^ a Pass; there were therefore on the i Proceeded on his way Only about their wake, but never since the ! iay drive between South Pass and ! sheet of ice. To face such a stage leaving Pacific Springs for j ®®von miles when the blizzard I! earliest white settiers entered this : i;t. Washakie. ! lt.-had however, storm was. a human impossibility South Pass, Mr. Scott, the driver,/ struck him and so fierce was the !: section has it been visited by a that he.was unable to either ii blizzard equal in intensity, duraP^'actice of the stage com- and’ to 'travel' with it, through Mr. Stuart, superintendent of the ! )any to discontinue the night deep drifts of snow,' in impene- stage company and Mr. Clark, the [SO forward or return to the Big !j tion and fury to that of 1883. No '.five, during fhe. winter, months;’^Wable darkness, and t with Uhe :air passenger. Mr. Scott had sug- j Sandy station, and to remain record is available of the temper- j ereby increasing the time . re- J thick,.with whirling, wind-driven gested that the stage lay over at ."^i’ere he was seemed a;imost cer-!! ature which prevailed thruout the ired for making the through, snoyv, was almost equally impos­ Pacific Springs until the tblldwing | tain death. He knew that the Big !I storm, as no one in the region to .60 hours, but because of sible. Under these frightful con­ morning, as he and Mr. Clifk were i Sandy river, on which the stage !I where the blizzard reached its absence of serious, snow ditions, the team driven by Mr. weary from a sleepless night and ! station bearing that name was sit- greatest intensity, was provided s up to the last week in Jan- Ryder became exhausted and day of travel, and signs of the im-J uated, ran two or three miles to with a spirits thermometer, but 1883, this change from sum-' when he drove into a depression, pending blizzard were already in the west of the point he had reach­ it.is known that the temperature to winter schedule had not, filled yVith snow, he waS unable evidence, but Mr. Stuart insisted ' ed with the stage, and he there­ was far below zero as the mercury Igne into effect. The storm.' t0 urge the horses forward and on proceeding on the way to South ' fore decided to make an effort to in the ordinary thermometers des­ ^lary 3ofh prevented ttie arr", tj)pre.' the sle,igh remained until Paas, saying that as the road had ! r^.<lb...t.h.e strga.m hoping , that he cended into the bulbs and Just been staked the remainder of ! mig’llf tiien be able to fbliow 'up mained frozen for two days. Sii g* South Pass of the stage the/s,torm was over. ^eft Pt. Washakie that ■ ' It is proHabla that Mr. Ryder, the trip could be made without the streani ',to th,e station. He ac­ ! the time of this blizzard it 1 cordingly unhitched the horses and and was due to arrive ,at like most persons after becoming serious difficulty, ■ been the practice of old settl ss In the. evening and be-' lo^t; had traveled, for the most The furious north east blizzard with a Arm hold on-the traces he' ! in discussing any storm of unu the failure of the Ft., pirt, in a Circle, as the place where was encountered shortly- after the., v---scveiny severity to Compare it with , ■St stage to arrive the stage ''his sleigh was found after the stage left Pacific-Springs and al-: tng westward, with the storm hn,,.,rd nf isss Fifty Years Ago Many Pioneers Lost Lives When Exposed to the Terrible Cold in the BLIZZARD OF 1883 �^^^T^nd .gloomy, ine sl^ ^^Vvily pvercas},_and snow was^, which the stage road pa’^ed ’and^ Pass, but the .storm .had , now travel up stfCarh. He finally go' BR^bt^t there was no wind ai],d he was therefore unable to recog­ reached its. height and the worn this, question straightened out ii nize the gulch and to take advan­ out horses could no longer be in-1 his rnind, hut found that in ordei |n.empevature, was soriiewhat ----- " tage of of making wt it XV as I*u a *-> means — - c3 UUVCM to duced LU face X<XVC: it. it. X'Xg 11 V' had Night ’ilCvVl come! VVUltJS to follow Up the stream oviv^Clllt he IIC woUlc TVWUXV *^jve normal for that time ef -- - Sandy station, qj^ and inky darkness added ■ to j he cohipelled to face the storm t< [,'It was therefore thought! his’Way to the Dry 'Kio Tl 1 1 and Fti O M .1. v _ . . _ . . n .1 ■ j __ . • 2 tj rSi TVl /S ' ' ici v+ ' ‘a « J ' X V 1 _ ' 1 ■ L. [thereby saving his own/nXTlife Ryder, driver of„ the,■. that “ ,■ ,lady , passenger the, horrors of the situation. The j ®h.uie extent' and[ this he was un ini-en. George ~ of the young three men held a[ hurried consul, hble able to ,do. ,dq.[ He therefore decidec ’jge 'le'ft South Pass for Big San- I who ahardd his awful plight. tatidh, in which it was decided to remain, where he was and hj that morning that he would Jjite the 'drive without serious- ■ ; Throughout the night of ' Jan. that to. face the storm for the dis- rlgprous exercise escape freezins ..ijjfticUlty. He had with him, as,■^ist the blizzard raged with un- tance of 4 tniles to the town of until the storm had abated. The J passenger,’Maggie Sherlock, the. ■dilmihlshed ' fury. Maggie Sher­ South Pass wpuld be a physical , h’-'y ^iP^ along the east side o, lock"Was wafnfljr clad an'd_ well impossibility, but they thought'* : the. ’’'' riyer hfdhe the wind, to somt eighteen year old daughter'qf Mrs. provided with wraps and crouch ­ [extent, and a'patch Of willows that they might be able to retrace j>.net Shiith, of South Pass, who [ growing along the banks of the plahhed ’ gotn^ to Salt Laite City ing in the box of the sleigh, she their steps traveling with the (fherO she intended atteudlng protected herself, ad best she storm, and reach the shelter of stream furnished a little proeccould, from the bitterly cold wind the station at Pacific Springs eight tion. He thought of trying tc school. ' W'. J." Stuart, the super­ intendent Of the'stage company, and the whirling snow: JJt. JRyd- miles distant. They unharnessed start a fire but in that hurricane er unhitched the horses and he the worn out horses and turned of wind and with the air a mass was also on the outgoing stage ,'ind the stagewas loaded to ca­ spent the night in walitfng back them loose and they then set out of. wet. driving snow, he knew that pacity, wifh'''fcuridies of long wil- andforth, beside the sleigh, in an to battle for their own lives in he .ivquld never be; able to get a 10ws^ which Mr,...Stuart, intended effort to keep;.up circulation and an effort to reach Pacific Springs. fife s.farted; therefore, fastening using to [stake, .t^e^ tqad ajs he went withstand the penetrating death- 1 For a time the two men remained the ends of the traces of the hardealing " cold.? Both fervently J_ _ of the ______________ at_one stakes alongside the hess Oh'one of the horse’s together along, from Hq^'th [Pass to. Pacif­ hoped that-with the light of day j poad while the other weqt forward, and funning his.arm thru the loop ic 'Spriii'g^ th’e'..fir3t[ .atatiqn Out - the - pext stake,.! - ' thus formed he. drove the horse fromi. Soti'l:h ,[Fais. . The ^ '['distance the storin' would abatef.and that: until he had- found of .Pacific fepriiigs ffpni [ South they would then be-able'to reach i when he would call td his two rbefpfe him thru the snow alongPass' was 'afou't'.'12 ’’milesi'. The shelter, or that _help.--woUld come companions and when 'they had [side the 'patch of willows oh the staMrt.g"[.d'7th®. whs done by to them, but theTnorning of Feb., come up to him he would again I hahk of the stream and forward pla’nting. 'a if>lllp^*'.upfight‘in the 1st broke with no cessation lir the go forward and locate the next! and back he drove and, followed sndV," ^!' iiife'rvals’’of '26[['Or .30 fury of the elements and the storm stake, but as the progress made [ and stumbled'afUf the horse thrufeet, along the side or the road continued with undiminished in­ in this way was, very- slow and as [ piit the night and the next day and and the purpose was to enable the | tensity throughout that day and Scott and Clark felt ■ that they f the night following, until at last stage dri^r .to follq^ the road in the night which followed. Dur­ could not long endure the terrific; on Fehruafy 2nd the storm modsevere storm ~or when the track ing the day, Mr. Ryder made sev­ storm, they set out Saying the [ efated. had become obliterated bjr, heavy eral futile attempts to make his case was one in which each man,' Al Dougherty was a young man falis of sno'W.' This was the first way to the Dry Sandy station, but should strive to save himself, an(li of powerful physique, but his trip for the winter of ,a sleigh ov­ each time, he returned to the leaving Stuart who because of his hands and feet were badly frozen anxious buffalo overcoat and heavy cloth­ and he was nearly exhausted by er'th.e road and'its prdgrOss was sleigh, to report to his retarded, to some extent, by the passenger, the failure of his ef­ ing was unable to keep pace with the terrible experience thru which work of Staking the road .and the fort; he also got Miss Sherlock on them. None of the three men he, had passed. He therefore depth Of the nfe'W unpacked snow. one of the horses and mounting succeeded in reaching - Pacifi<| realized that if he would save his • life,he must seek aid without de­ It -was therefore nearly noon when the other horse himself, they Springs during the storm, On February 2nd Rafter thq day, and with this end in view, he the station at Pacific Springs was started out, hoping to be able to on reach the Dry Sandy station blizzard had subsided,sJoe Johnl started up the stream driving the reached. [ [" '” HCre ilTr. ■Stuart remaihed in­ horseback; but this too proved un­ son, the stocktender ^t * Pacifii i horse before him and clinging tc successful and returning to the Springs started on foot’ifor South i the traces of the harness as he had tending to await the incoming remain Pass and a short distanch, from the done for the proceeding forty stage and to. return, with it, to sleigh, they decided to there until the storm had passed, South Pass. A change of horses [ road on top of the dividC between hours, but the snow was deep and which they accordingly did. Pacific Springs and the Sweetwater! .horse and man were worn out alfor the outgoing stage, was had 'With the dawn of day, on Feb. rlver. about three and one halt mostto the point of collapse, at Pacific Springs and’the driver, Mr. Ryder, with his youfig lady 2nd, the storm gave signs of miles from Pacific Springs, hi therefore, progress was slow. passenger, proceeded on their way breaking. The cold was still in­ found.the trozen and lifeless body ;Mai|y times; the struggling man for the next drive of 11 miles, to tense, but the snow had almost of Scott. Loyal Manning, also ai lost his hold on the traces and employee of the stage company a| fell in the snow, but with desper­ the station at Dry Sandy. This Pacific Springs had left the stai ate tenacity, he each time regained drive was made without serio-us tiOh a short time after the depart his feet and again securing his incident’, but travel Was slow be­ ture of Mr. Johnson and made hij^ hold on the - traces he once more cause of the constantly increasing way to the top of the divid^ moved slowly forward. Within defith of the sndw which had con­ toward Sweetwater, thinking thaj two hundred yards of the station, tinued to fall throughqhf the day. he might possibl}^.; find spuieon^ ' at Big Sandy, he fell and it seem­ By the time the Dry Satidy station had been reached, the day was [ who had been caught in the storr^ ed to him that the end of the well Spent, and to add to the [ and who would be in need of a^ struggle had been reached as he gravity of’ the situation, a strong ! sistance. When he had reached was now so utterly exhausted that north east wind had sprung up ! a high emminance,'comm,anding d he could not regain his feet, he and the snow had commenced to good view of the surrounding however, made one desperate ef­ drift. It would have been the country, he saw on a. hillside some fort and crawling on his hands and part' of wisdom for’the driver to distance off to the north west ft knees reached the station in that have remained at the Dr'S; Sandy dark object. He started toward way. station until the storm had abated, this object which he later found When George Ryder reached the 'But Mr, Ryder insisted on going to be only a dark rock which had station at Big Sandy, his hands, ^rward, and after securing a been swept bare by the wind, buj feet and other portions of his kange of horses, he set out, with while traveling toward this object, body were found to have been ter­ ■passenger, on the next drive of he discoverd a line of indistincjl ribly frozen, and although Mr. and ^H|ailes to the station on Little ! marks in the snow, and believing Mrs. Thorn did everything within He had proceeded only a ! that these might be footprints Of their power for him, it was evi­ ^^^^^^ance when he lost the [ some one traveling thru the snoW dent from the first that he could after some difficulty he during the storm, and that thp not survive his awful experience. the Di'y Sandy station, footprints had been nearly obliter­ He died on the third day after ^^^^^Believlng that be could ated by the drifting snow, he fol- [ reaching the station. Maggie Sher­ after securioi bie Whoozit No, 137 S ' lowgd the line »» cipsely »» b( lock bad not b?ep so sortousiy �Bridger also named Alum creek a tributary of the Yellowstone One 7 in cjj '^day he crossed a creek and rode several miles out into the prairie. The return journey seemed only about half the distance of his out­ going trip, and his horse went lame He dismounted to look at his ani­ mal’s feet and discovered that they had shrunk to pin points. He tasted some water near by and found it heavily charged with alum. He at­ tributed the shrinkage of the dis­ tance and the condition of his horse’s feet to the astringent quali­ ties of the alum water, and named the creek accordingly. Alum creek it is to this day. What Daniel Boone was to Ken-1 ^cky Bridger was to Miiiilwmi'THII ' ' . He was the true type of i mountain man. He was one of the best of the fearless generation which scouted out the obscure trails, out­ guessed the Indians at their own game, and made the way clear for the more settled life of the pioneers who were to follow. Bridger deserves a high place in AtoaMaMb nail of ' fame^ Colter he was tli>n»<i»it. ' white known to have visited the Yellowstone National park, his per­ sonal knowledge of the wonderland dating back to 1829<fff <^Eridger haa'^seEIimany wonderful things in the west, of which he told j his friends, but the public was inclineej to doubt his veracity. So, when he tried to inform his ac­ quaintances on the lower Missouri, where he would go occasionally with a boatload of furs, of tl^ scenicmarvels of the Yellowstonejlaiis, he' TOS laughed out of countenance.^ ^ne of the stories credited to him had to do with the celebrated obsid­ ian cliff, of black volcanic glass, familiar to tourists who have visited the park. Bridger claimed to have discovered it on a hunting trip. His story was that one day he was in the park hunting. He came up to a bull elk of gigantic proportions which, apparently, was grazing only a short distance from him. He took careful aim at the animal and fired. To his astonishment, and he was a dead shot, the elk did not appear to have been wounded, and paid no i attention to the report of the rifle. I He shot again, with the same result, i Four times in all he fired, missing each time. The elk continued to graze undisturbed, and paid not the slightest attention to Bridger. Dumfounded, he rushed toward the elk. crashing into a wall of transparent glass. He walked around t^e glass cliff, but the elk had disajjpeared. Then he walked back and the elk was again grazing within a few feet of him. He repeated the per­ formance with the same result. Sev­ eral miles away and just discerni■ ble, he saw his elk. The obsidian glass, according to his explanatiorx 7 was a telescopic lens and brought the elk up to within a few feet of him. snciksrffianr-iupidiy '■Another Bridger story was about a hot lake which he discovered in! the Yellowstone park. Thousands of i young ducks covered its surface.! When he got to the lake shore he noticed that every few minutes more! young ducks would pop up out of the water in every direction. He found that the mother duck laid' her eggs in the warm water, which hatched out the young ducks, and as they freed themselves from the shells they would pop up to the surface. The lake was a natural in­ cubator. "Along the shores of the Yellow-1 stone lake are several immense springs which discharge boiling wa­ ter into the lake. About the place where the hot water flows into the lake it lies several feet thick above the cold water, on account of the difference in specific gravity be­ tween the hot and cold water. Bridger’s story was that he would bait his fish hook, and with weights on his hne, sink it through the hot and into the cold water, when he had hooked his trout he would pulli it into the hot water just above! and let it remain there until it wa«i cooked. ____ . —Xhese wereia fe^df 'thFstbfiM with which old Jim Bridger regalfd. the tenderfeet living in and other Missouri river towns, oni his occasional trips back to civili­ zation. Because of them he made a! Munchausen reputation for himself. So when he told the world of the wonders of the Yellowstone park, along in 1835, his story QiUih£_ri»F was discredited, and no one would believe him. He went to the newspapers and publications of the time with his narrative, but the edi­ tors laughed at him. One western newspaper, which had ridiculed his Describefl EcW’Vtvidly Bridger also told of a remarkable! echo, near a spot where he frequent­ ly made camp. According to hisi story, it took the words thrown; against the cliff just six hours to come back after utterance. When he was retiring he would say to the cliff, “jrane to get up!” Six hours later, at a time he wished to arise , from his slumbers, his own words would awaken him. Another of his stories was to the effect that while Ore^^lalTS^ the bweetwater country on his way to the S valley at a point about five miles east o< Devil s Gate, he picked up a stone and threw it across the river at an antelope. He missed the antelope and ^h^ stone sank into the ground. Several years later, when he returned, the mistle he had thrown across the river had grown to, such proportions that it was as large as a goodsized h^se, and finally grew into what is now known^as which covers an area of twenty-five acres and it its highest point is 193 feet. years after the derisive publication^ apologized to Bridger editorially after the knowledge of the existence, of the Yellowstone park became! generally known. >) I sd 'tiaL �1 /* < CAPTAIN BOKKEVILLSli ADVENTUBSft -——. *' Most Interesting, Fascinating and Enchanting Stories of the Far Vilest -Ever Published. Mors than a century ago Captain Benjaioin L.3. Bonneville re­ turned to the ^JBl^tes" from the "Fur Country of the Far West”, after a ■Bhr_99 year’s experience of hardships in the mountains among the trappers and traders and the Indians. The expedition had coat the people who furnished the money for the enterprise more than $75,000. Bonneville himself had lost his standing in the army by violating end overrunning his leave of absence{ he was generally discredited, and he was decidedly a disheartened man. Today he is looked upon by '^<njany'/as the moat popular "explorer” that ever invaded this then wild, {rv^ savage country, aed the man who crowned this venturesome, valorous, distinguished hero v/ith so much fame and glory by transcribing his jumbled notes into a fascinating,bewitching story v/as never west of the hiissouri^Rivar at St. Louis. It was mors than a century and eighty years before Bonneville was bom that Shakespeare wrotsi "Some men are bom great; some achieve greatness, and others have greatness thrust upon them." Many historians and authors claim that Bonneville came under ths lattsr classification; that the wily captain not only had greatness thrust upon him, but that he was a speculative adventurer and a deceptive faker. Whatever may have been the captain's true standing as an ex­ plorer or a fur trader, it cannot be denied that he performed a great and lasting service to thia wonderful west, even though all may be ,4 true that his opponents have written him. Benjamin Louis Bulalie de Bonneville was 'oom in Francs April 14, 1796. He came to America with Thomas Pains and secured a cadet- , �ship at West Point and graduated in 1819. He returned to France in 1825 with General LaFayette where he remained several years and upon his return to America he was assigned to duty on the western frontier. He secured a leave of absence from August, 1831, to October, 1833, with permission to explore the Far West, The letter from the War Department specified that he vzas to "explore the country to the Rocky fountains and beyond, with a view to ascertaining the nature and character of the several tribes of Indians inhabiting those regions} the trade which might be profitably carried on with them; the quality of the soil, the productions; the minerals, the natural history, ths climate, the geog­ raphy and topography, as well as the geology of the various parts of the country." Alfred Seton, a Kew York capitalist, provided the funds for the Bonneville expedition. One hundred ten men composed the party, and they had the finest assortment of goods and equipment that was ever taken into the mountains, tiiagons drawn by oxen and mules - were ths first to go forth on an expedition of this nature. They left Fort Osage, ten miles from Independence, tiseouri, on Lay 1, 1832. The route was up the valleys of ths Platte and Sweetwater, through South Pass, and then on to the Green river valley. Bonneville erected his first permanent trading post on the west shore of Green river, about five miles above the mouth of Horse creek. In history this was called Fort Bonneville, but the trappers called it "Fort Nonsense” or "Bonneville’s Folly", because of the fact that the winters at thia point were so severe the Indians and trappers sought a more convenient climate, and Bonneville, for the same reason, after he made the discovery of his mistake, set out for a new location, and finally established his headquarters on the Lemhi �fork of tha Salmon river. After hunting and trapping in this part of the country all winter and meeting with many disappointments and some misfortune, Captain Bonneville in the early spring set out for the headvzatera of Powder River. Here ho was oeaieged by the Aricara Indians who pilfered and robbed him of horses, furs and supplies, and as a result of his year's work, the captain hadyjbwfe about twenty- three packs of beaver, and on^ a few horses. In the valley of the Godin river, and on the plains of the Snake river, where can be seen the Three Buttes to the south and the Three Totons to the far southeast, on June 22, 1833, Nathaniel J. Wyeth met one of Bonneville's clerks, a man named Hodgkiss, and by him Wyeth sent a letter to Bonneville proposing a joint hunt in the country south of the Columbia river as far as the vicinity of the Spanish settlements in California. The proposition was accepted Iqr Bonneville, and Wyeth joined Bonneville on July 2, at a point about eighteen miles east of Henry river, where they remained for five days, writing letters and making arrangements for ths hunt. It was arranged that Wyeth should lead the party. In less than two weeks, however, the//pgwpoiaiittun Qmd fitl.lan thrsugh, and Bonneville continued on his own resources. In a letter written by Fontenelle to KcKenzie at the Green River rendezvous on September 25, 1833, he says* •'Bonneville, seeing that he is nearly gone, playa the devil with us. He offers to common hands $350 to $1,000 per annum, knowing that when the time is up he r will pay them with wind. Kany of the men that I have ^ught out, having received a larger allowance in ^S^' Louis, have left ma ... He (Bonneville) is out of goods and can get no supply thia year. I am ir> hopes we shall get clear of him ... If he continues as ha has done, �$80,000 will not save him," Bonnsville*8 leave of absence would expire in October, but in ths face of this he did not return to the '^Htates" with his meagre returns, but detailed his first assistant, M.S. Carre, udio was to deliver them at St. Louis, while he decided to inaugurate his fall hunt in the Crow country, but in order to make a "thorough exploration of the Great Salt Lake and the country around it," he sent out one of his men, I.R. ffalker, by name, whom he considered coispetent to make the important "exploration." But on thia “explor­ ation" Bonneville's instructions to Walker were to "Xeep along the shores of the lake, and trap in all the streams along the route," Walker took with him on his Salt Lake "expedition" forty men, and he was to be absent a year. Bonneville was to meet him the following summer in ths Bear river valley. The Walker party departed for the Salt Lake country on July 24, 1833. It is evident they had explored sufficiently the "Great Salt Lake and the country around it* in a vary short time, for on iUigust 7, they set out in a westerly course through the Salt hake desert and after several weeks* travel over the barren plains they reached the Hxuabolt river. Indians were encountered while following down this stream, and a number of the red man were killed by the trappera because of their thieving propensities. This enraged the Indians, and a few days later a battle ensued in vhich thirty-nine of the rod men were killed, and only one or two of the white men slightly wounded with arrows. This ended the trouble with the mis­ chievous Indians, and the men proceeded on their westward way, to be hindered only by the mountain fastnesses. They encountered many hard­ ships, found no game, and finally were compallad to kill their poor �horaea for food. After weeks of wandering, suffering and consuming seventeen of their horses, they reached the foot of the main range of the Sierra/l^ountaina on October 30. They then came upon the Yosemite river, which they followed and finally, in the middle of Hovamber, reached the San Francisco bay, then traveling in a southerly direction the party on Kovember 20, first caught sight of the Pacific ocean, fhe Walker party remained in sunny California during the winter and on Fabniairy 14, 1834, started on their return trip to again join Bonneville in the Rocky Mountains. They encountered nearly as much hardship on their return trip as they did on their westward journey, and they again came in contact with the same tribe of Indians with whom they had had trouble^another battle was fought and fourteen Indians ware killed and mAwy were wounded. Three of the man ware slightly wounded. The party made its way up the Snake river, and on June 1, arrived at the appointed rendezvous on Bear river where they were mot on June 20, by Captain Bonneville. Ths California trip by the Walker party was a disappoint­ ment to Bonneville, and he deamad it a great failure, for the •‘Great Salt Laka and the country around it* had not been sufficient­ ly explored, and no furs ware brought in. On July 25, 1833, the captain and his full party left the rendezvous fa* the headwaters of the Sweetwater rivar and arrangements ware made to transport what furs they had to^^ Louis. After much maneuvering to avoid the troublesome Indians, the captain finally re­ turned to headquarters on the Snaka river where his men were to trap, while he decided to explore the Columbia river. After toiling over the mountains, having numerous encounters with the thieving Indiana, �and meeting with great hardships, Bonneville and his two men on liar ch 4, 1834, reached the Hudson's Bay post near walla'Walla, where they were graciously received, but they ware denied supplies, because Bonneville was considered a competitive trader to the Hu/idson’s Bay company, and not an explorer for the United States government. On account of being wholly without supplies, Bonneville was precluded from further descending the Columbia river, and on liarch 6, started on his return trip to his winter camp on the Fortnauf, arriving there on May 12. From hare the reunited party left for tha Bear river valley rendezvous, whara they found Walker and his party, and soon after Cerra ratui*ned from Louis with the annual supplies. Thera was general rejoicing among tha mountain men on account of once more being united and they indulged in the customary celebration of feasting and drinking, but not so v/ith the leader. On account of the poor supply of furs gathered during the year there was but gloom for him, and it was ths general opinion among the traders and tappers that another year "would ba the end of him in the mountains", for the niuabsr of furs that had been sent to the market would not bring a sufficient sum to pay the man half the money due them. In the face of the gloom and the past two unsuccessful years the captain decided to stay another year in the mountains. Tha furs that had been accumulated the past winter were sent to Louis and hia men were sent to different sections of the trapping country, and Bonneville himself decided upon another trip to the Columbia. He left on July 3, with twenty-three men, going via the Snake river, and in due time reached the Columbia about fifty miles below the Walla Walla, but tha Indians showed their prefaranca for the Hudson's �Bay company, and ones mors the expedition proved unaucGsssful—or rathar a complete failure, and the captain once more faced toward the east, and after a great deal of suffering and hardship they arrived on the Snake river on October 30, and on November 17 they arrived at the caches on Baar river, and spent the winter on the upper ©id of that river, where game was plentiful and hardship and want was un­ known, The party was visited by many bands of Indians, and occasion­ ally some white trappers. In the early spring of 1835, Captain Bonne­ ville commenced to make arrangements to leave the mountains, and on April X he broke camp on Bear river. On June 10, ha had arrived at a point a short distancevto the east of the Wind River Jfiountaina. On June 22, he reached the rendezvous on the forks of Wind Jtiver where he was joined by his men who had been sent to the Crow country, and the united party here celebrated the Fourth of July, after which Bonneville started on his journey toward the states, arriving at (S^ Louis on August 22, 1835. The captain’s leave of absence had expired in October, 1833, and he was dropped from the rolls of the anay on May 31, 1834, He immediately set out to be re-instated, but there was a strong oppo­ sition to his re-instat ament among the aray authorities, but on April 19, 1836, he was re-instated by President Jackson "on account of his contributions to geographical knowledge of the mountain coun­ try, and for the further reason that his expedition had been at his own expense and none whatever to the United States government," After being re-instated. Captain Bonneville served in the Seminole and Mexican wars. He was wounded in the latter war. It is said that his sympathies were with the secessionists during the Civil War, but he remained loyal to the Union, In due �time ha was advanced to idajor and later to Lieutenant Colonel, than to Colonel and finally to Brevet Brigadier General on liarch 13, 1865. Soon after the Civil War he retired from the army and made his home at Fort Smith. He was married twice, end died June 12, 1878, and hie remains ware interred in Belle-fontaine cemetery at St. Louis. Commercially, Bonneville’s expedition was a failure, for the captain was not trained in business, especially to compete with ths Hudson’s Bay and the other companies that were then in the fur trad­ ing business, for he held himself above the base methods resorted to by the other traders. He was always hospitable and quite popular among the Indians as well as the whites. During his four years in the mountains not one of his men were lost and not and Indian was killed by his orders. Xt is claimed that the two maps of the western country he furnished the goverament wore "filched" from the maps made by Albert Gallatin the year before, but Bonneville has been given full credit for them, and it was these maps, mors than anything else, that caused President Jackson to re-instate him in the army, No doubt ths greatest debt the people of the United States owe to Bonneville of a historical nature was the furnishing to Washington Irving the notes from which ware written that intensely interesting description of the Rocky Uountains, which, when it first appeared bora the title of "The Rocky Uountaina, or Scenes, Incidents and Ad­ ventures of the Far Y/estj Digested From the Journal of Captain B.L.B, Bonneville, of the Army of the United States, and Illustrated From Various Other Sources," In later years the revised and re-printed edi'fei bear the name of "Adventures of Captain Bonnevilla," **By tha Eternal ’ S'? I’ll that you are ra-instatad to your �conmaad. For this valuable aarvica to the War Department and the counti*y you deserve high promotion.'* Thia was the exclamation of President Andrew Jackson when Bonneville showed him his two maps of the mountain country, one of them being the region about the sources of the laissouri, Yellowstone, Snake, Green, Wind and Sweetwater Rivers, which also included the region of the Great Salt Lake. The other map included the country westward to the Pacific ocean. Albert Gallatin had prepared maps the year before which con­ tained nearly all the important features of the Boiuxeville maps, but in some instances ths Gallatin maps were more nearly correct than BonnevilH’s, It is evident that Washington Irving’s emballieliment of Bonneville’s adventures into high-class literature mads them mors in­ ters sting and gave the captain more fame than his actual discoveries during his ^Exploration" of the Mountain Country of four years. It will be noted on the maps furnished by Bonneville that he gave the name Youta (Stau) to the Great Salt Laks, but posterity has very propsrly refused to recognize that great body of water undsr that name. Additional light discovered since Washington Irving wrote Bonneville’s Adventures disclose many discrepancies and considerable presun^tuousness on the part of Captain Bonneville upon his "explor­ ations'* and "discoveries", which are too numerous and too extended to mention hers. It may be said in Captain Bonneville’s favor, however, that he was a popular leader of men on his expedition to the Mountain /dwntry, and that he managed the men in his party with open and splendid judg­ ment, and during his four years in ths mountains not a man of his party lost his life, while great numbers of men from other companies �lost thair lives through sickness and being killed by the Indians. Bonneville was popular with the Indians, and although they robbed him and imposed upon him, he never killed any of them and seldom had a dispute with them. Ho never furnished liquor to the Indians to in­ duce them to trade with him, and this, no doubt, was one of the con- tributing factors for his expedition^ being a complete failure from a comercial standpoint. It was the rule among the Indians in those early days to trade with no one who would not furnish them with enough Tire water” for a week or ten day’s debauch. "Mo fire water,* no trade*, was ths universally adopted slogan among all the tribes of ths red men. iill through life Bonneville was lucky. -Even his unsuccessful expedition to the Mountain^pduntry proved to be his most successful adventure, for his luckiest day was when he met Washington Irving, who took his notss and worked them into one of ths most interesting, fascinating and enchanting atories of the Far West that has ever been published. Alfred Mokler, Author \ Bibliography} Washington Irving’s "Adventures of Captain Bonneville." Putnam n.d Hiram M. Chittenden’s "History of the Fur Trade of the Far V/est." Harper 1902 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes Subject The topic of the resource Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper Casper (Wyo.) -- History Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.) Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History Description An account of the resource The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letterbox 2-B Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alfred J. Mokler Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a> Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Lander Journal Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1933 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Alfred J. Mokler Papers, NCA 01.v.1992.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections. Description An account of the resource This Letterbox contains a January 25, 1933 newspaper article from the Lander Journal titled "Blizzard of 1883: Stage Drivers Worked Heroically to get Thru with Passengers Who Suffered Greatly " other newspaper articles and captions, and a paper titled "Captain Bonneville, a Speculative Adventurer: Most Interesting, Fascinating and Enchanting Stories of the Far West Ever Published." Type The nature or genre of the resource text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource ENG Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository. Relation A related resource Alfred J. Mokler Papers https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/24c63fc44c2e92d581bd7dd2193d693c.pdf 5e31dd1a102ae032fdd48ca3fb820e90 PDF Text Text The question has often been asked how the town of Greybull and the river hard by L wore gibon such a strange appelation. There are several versions, but I will tell you of an old legend, and I will tell it to you as it was told to me in the summer of 1901 while C. H. Townsend and I were traveling by team and buokboard through the Big Horn country. Readers of thia interesting and informative daily column may take it for what it ia worth—believe it or not, as you wish. * ♦ ♦ This is the story: In the very, very early days a gray buffalo bull ranged in the Absaroka valley, along what is now known as the Greybull river, feeding on the luscious grasses of the broad, verdant meadows. In this valley ranged wild animals of many kinds, because there was always an abundance of feed, and the water was good. This was the only gray bull that had ever been seen in that part of the country by the red men. It was considered a good omen. ♦ » ♦ Arapooish, chief of the Crow tribe, who had possession of the vast Absaroka domain issued an edict that the extraordinary animal, which excited so much wonder and admira> tion among his people, should not be molested or harassed in any way. In honor of the bull Arapooish named the stream of water in the valley "Greybull," After a number of years, as must all living things, the bull died. The carcass was skinned and the pelt was made into a beautiful rug for Arapooish, which was placed in the center of the great chief’s tepee. Only the most honored guests were allowed to tread upon it. • ♦ * In a very few months after the death of the deeih ef the bull, which had been held in such high reverence and awe, hard luck, disater and death overtook the Crow tribo. Came the Sioux, the Cheyenne, the Blackfoot and the Pawnee Indians from the east and the south. The Absaroka country and the Crow tribe wore encircled by the invading enemy. Hany of the Arapooish fighting men were killed. Their horses were stolen and several hundred Crow children were carried away. Young squaws were captured and forced to become the wives end slaved of the hated Sioux and their allies. ♦ ♦ ♦ Forced to retreat, after many moons of hard fighting, Arapooish and what was left of his people, established themselves on land farther to the north. The invaders took possession of the Absaroka country end held it for many years. Although, by conquest, the ownership of the rich hunting ground was changed to the Sioux and theiriallies, the name of the stream given by the Crow chieftain, remained unchanged. * * * Later came the white man from the east, far beyond the 'ather of the Waters. The great government these pale faces represented gave to the rod man allotments, annuities, reservations, pensions, chatties, schools, missions, liberty, and everything under the �- 2 - sun that could be given for their comfort, happiness and convenience, in exchange for their hunting grounds, which were now almost depleted of game. The red man accepted the generous gifts from the Great V^hite Father, but they wanted to "eat their cake and still have it." It cost the United States givernment billions of dollars end the lives of more than a million white men, women and children to convince the red man of his error. * • * After years and years of warfare between the Indians end the United States government, the Absaroka country, the fertile valley and the placid stream in the Big Hom Basin re­ tained the name given it by the Crow chieftain, Arapooish. « * * Translated from the Crow language, Absaroka, means sparrow hawk, or the land of the Crow. The Cx*ow tribe was not numerous, end probably did not number more than 10,000 in their most flourishing days, but their land was the richest hunting ground in the Great Northwest country, and it was considered the most pleasant place in the vast Rocky Moun­ tain region to live. The Crow Indinas were physically and morally the best of the West­ ern Indians, and in proportion to their numbers they possessed more and better horses than any of the other tribes. • ♦ ♦ Absaroka was the valley and watershed of the Big Horn and the Little Big Horn rivers, and it extended considerably to the eastward, including the valleys of the Rosebud, Tongue, Powder, Sweetwater and Platte rivers, as well as a strip of territory on the north bank of the Yellowstone. Arapooish was chief of the Crow tribe for many years, and in addition to being friendly to the whites, he was always loyal to his own people and their country. That he was possessed of great wisdom may be judged frcm the following eulogixan: » * ♦ "The Crow country," he said, "is a good country. The Great Spirit has put it ex­ actly in the right p>abe. While you are in it you fare well; whenever you go out of it, whichever way you travel, you fare worse. If you go to the south, you have to wander over great, barren plains; the water is warm and bad, end you meet the fever and ague. To the north it is cold; the winters are long end bitter; with no grass you cannot keep horses there, but must travel with doge. What is a country without horses.* On the Colum­ bia they are poor and dirty; they paddle about in canoes, and eat fish. Their teeth are worn out; they are always taking fish bones out of their mouths. Fish is poor food. To the east, they dwell in villages; they live well, but they drink the muddy water of the Missouri—that is bad. A Crow's dog would not drink such water. About the forks of the Missouri is a fine country; good water; good grass; plenty of buffalo. In summer it is almost as good as the Crdw country, but in winter it is cold; the grass is gone, and there is no salt weed for the horses. • * * r V** The Crow country is exactly^the right place. It has snowy mountains and sunny pl»i«5^* �all kinds of climates and good things for every season. When the summer heats scorch the prairies, you can draw up under the mountains, where the air is sweet and cool, the grass fresh, and the bright streams come tumbling out of the snow-banks. There you can hun^ the elk, the deer, and the antelope, when their ekins fre fit for dressing; there you will find plenty of white bears and mountain sheep. In the autumn, when your horses are fat and strong from the mountain pastures, you can go down into the plains and hunt the buffalo, or trap the beaver on the streams. And when winter comes on, you can take shelter in the woody bottoms along ths rivers; there you will find buffalo meat for yourselves, and cot­ tonwood bark for your horses; or you may winter in the Wind River valley, where there is salt weed in abundance. Tes, the Crow oountzy is eaakly in the right place. Everything good is to be found there. There is no country like the Crow country." * ♦ ♦ It was some time after the Crow Indians lost possession of their valuable lands that Port Reno and Port Phil Kearny were established, and soldiers were stationed at these posts for the protection of ths white people who were passing through that part of the country over the Bozeman Trail, but the Sioux and the Cheyenne stole their horses end killed the defenseless emigrants, who believed that the Indians would respect the ft treaties signed at Fort Lramie by the heads of the different tribes. These forts were as cities of refuge in a boundless wilderness, but it was not long until the hostile such Indians had congregated iiv'great numbers that the soldiers and forts were attacked by large bands of Indians, which finally resulted in the Petterman massacre. * * * * in* * this *perti *ef *the *eewntry *wae 1‘absndened *by * the *white *peep le * * When I made my first trip into the Big Horn country a few months more than forty- two years ago there was no town of Greybull, and only a few Bettered settlements in that vast territory. The land where the thriving little city of Greybull now stands was as free as the sky above and primeval as the redman's trail. It was still a wilderness. But in the space of two score years flourishing settlements throughout the Big Horn Basin have developed into bustling trade centers. Their patterns of paved streets, public squares, comfortable homes, substantial business blocks, factories, modem school build­ ings and churches ^ave advanced by stages into numerous little cities of charm and beauty. �Block Precinct Street oa CD CD CD tXl CD oa KCD CD � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes Subject The topic of the resource Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper Casper (Wyo.) -- History Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.) Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History Description An account of the resource The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letterbox 2-E Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alfred J. Mokler Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a> Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Alfred J. Mokler Papers Description An account of the resource This Letterbox contains an article titled Greybull, which is about the origins of the town of Greybull. The author writes about the Crow tribe and the story as it was told to them in 1901. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource ENG Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from their use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center) Relation A related resource Alfred J. Mokler Papers https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/84cd17ee57e9291019312897d18679b0.pdf 187e660d33870c86aa71d643c7a5d268 PDF Text Text "MAGAZINE SECTION THE DENVER POST—FIRST IN EVERYTHING—SUNDAY MORNING, JULY 17, 1938 TAe Post Phone—'Main '2121 �Crossed the Plains day, July 24, hailed thruout the intcrmountain sec­ tion, is the Mardi Gras of the ORJION M west. The date—a state holiday in Utah— calls for a solid week of celebration and from July 19 to 25, this year, the event will be widely and wildly her­ alded, in Salt Lake City and Ogden especially. Annually there are solid rounds of parades, processions, wild West shows, rodeos and dramas depict­ ing the trek of the Mormons (LatterDay Saints) in the early days to Utah. The celebration this year will com­ memorate the ninety-first anniversary of the state’s founding. On July 24, 1847, Brigham Young, Mormon pioneer leader, with his band of Mormons, arrived in Salt Lake City (then a wilderness) after a trek by handcart and oxteam across the plains, from Nauvoo, Ill., to found his western empire. “This is the place,” cried Pioneer Young, setting his staff in the ground end halting his followers. Today nearly one million Mormons In all parts of the world echo this cry end on Mormon day revere his mem­ ory, The west is colonized. OVERED wagons have been greased for the long lines of parades which will be staged daily. Oxen have been given final training in drawing heavy oxcarts for the processions planned for thousands of spectators which annually ere drawn to Ogden and Salt Lake City by the celebrations. Pioneer costumes have been made ready for the dances and pageants which will be held. Sagebrush days will come to life as Utah gets “wild” and the “good old days of the west” will be relived by the Beehive state. Mormon day queens are chosen anrually from among the fairest in Mormondom. This year, at Ogden, for the pioneer Days celebration, blond Mar­ jorie Anderson, 16, will reign, heading the procession on her buckskin pony. Pal. Helen Vent, curly-haired eques­ trienne, will head the horse .show and jodeo. At Salt Lake City, for the Covered Wagon Days celebration, brunet Kay Robins will reign, assisted by her aids, Elaine Hatch and Betty Lee Buehler. The beauties will reign supreme at the rodeos, parades and head pageants into which will be woven the back­ ground of Mormondom, followers ol the Angel Moroni. Heber J. Grant, bearded president of the Mormons, an­ nounces that services will be held thrucut Mormondqm—Pioneer day comes cn Sunday. Tributes will be paid in the various Mormon wards or branches and at the world-famrfus Tabernacle Square, in Salt Lake City, to the valiant colonizers ■who braved the wilderness, Indian.s, starvation and thirst on that perilous 1,037-milo trek across the plains west­ ward. The movement began at Nauvoo, 111,, February, 1846, when the Mormons C Kay Robins, center. Is queen of the Salt Lake City celebration. Her as­ sistants are Elaine Hatch and Betty Lee Buehler. Bridger helped guide them part' of the' way, pointing out the route to Great Salt Lake valley. He said, however, it would be useless to try to farm—he would give $100 for the first bushel of corn grown on the alkali flats. '• On July 23, 1847, Pioneer Young, lying ill in the wagon of Edgar 'Wilford ■Woodruff, obtained his first view of the land in -which he purported to find rest and peace for his weary people. ' Young gazed out upon the Salt Lakei valley for a long time and then said; “Enough. This is the place. Drive on,” The pioneer band passed thru Emi« gration canon and came into the val­ ley of the Great Salt lake on July; 24, 1847. _ Then came “hard times,” the build--'; ing of the commonwealth; days of bread and molasses, the discovery of i the sago and other edible roots on which the pioneers might survive; the sowing of grains and the coming of. the Mormon cricket scourge—but thru it all lived the pioneers and others who. followed. Ci They raised the Stars and Stripes everywhere over the new Mormon empire in the Rockies, then Mexican territory, and in a few years applied for admission to the union as the State of Deseret. A great commonwealth which fed the California goldseekers en route west and others had been founded. A NNUALLY, on July 24, the achievejnent of conquering the plains, and the making of the desert “blos­ som like a rose” i.s celebrated. In Salt Lake City the so-called Covcred Wagon Days celebration extends from the year 1849, when the Mormon pioneers gathered in “Pioneer Park,” then a stockade of protection against Indians. Mormon day ha.s codtinued intermit- , lently thru the semicentennial celebra­ tion in 1897 and is designed to reach its climax with a government-spon­ sored “Centennial Celebration,” ob­ serving the hundredth celebration of the settlement of the territory. Ogden, second largest city of the state, caught this spirit five years ago and staged a mammoth Pioneer Days celebration, led by Mayor Harman W. Peery, Utah’s “cowboy mayor.” The event was one of the most successful This great Mormon cathedral in Salt Lake City, Utah, will be the center celebrations—bar none—ever held, of Founders day activities. and each year the day has been re­ peated. day in Salt Lake City, Og­ band followed the meanderings of the the bare skin of the feet was covered denMormon and thruout Mormondom will com­ Platte river, keeping mostly on the with bark and animal hides. The pioneers were a determined lot. bine the pioneer spirit and the gaiety north side of the stream. They touched Fort Laramie, an old trading post, and Braving the scarcity of food and water of modern days. (Copyright. 1938.) also Red Buttes, Independence Rock, and the danger .of .nearby redskins. Page TItre± Devils’Gate, Little and Big Sandy and Fort Bridger^ Finally the pioneers arrived at Echo canon, where ..they met certain trap­ pers—among them being Martin Harri.s and Jim Bridger. • These two gave the pioneers very dismal pictures of the Salt Lake valley, on the shores of America’s great inland sea. Great Balt lake. The trappers urged the pioneers to go on to the fertile lands of the Pa­ cific coast. But Pioneer Young had decided to seek shelter in “the great basin in the Rocky mountains.” Joseph Smith, founder of Mormonism, had conceived this idea—the building up of a permanent abiding place of the people belonging to the Mormon church. He would not be dissuaded and the pioneer band trudged on. Skulls of oxen, bulletins of the plains, marked their route. Shoes were worn out and Heber J. Grant, left, president of nearly oiie million Mormons, and Reuben Clark, high in Mormon ■ church circles, will greet their fol- , lowers on Mormon day. banded together to flee from religious persecution. The multitude of church folk numbered 12,000 persons, who possessed 30,000 cattle, mules, horses and sheep. Leaders were chosen in the first exodus from Illinois, with Brig­ ham Young at the head. The companies left Nauvoo in the winter under the command of Pioneer Young, 400 wagons stopping to pitch tents at the first of the “Camps of Israel” upon snow and ice. They renewed the journey on the first day of March, when they traveled five miles and rested on Sugar creek. Permission had been obtained to cross thru Iowa. The company was divided into two parts and each of these into hundreds, fifties and tens, with captains. The prescribed outfit for a family was one wagon, three yoke of cattle or three teams, two cows, two beef cattle, three sheep, 1,000 pounds of flour, twentyfour pounds of sugar, a tent and bed­ ding, seeds, farming tools and rifle, a total being estimated at the value of $250. But in addition to. those which were thus equipped there was a large num­ ber of nondescript outfits, the make.shifts of poverty, from the unsuitable heavy cart that lumbered on mysteri­ ously, with its crazy two-wheeled trundle, to mere handcarts pushed by humans. Roadf? were bad most of the way and wagon.s were always breaking down, so that the company considered it had made remarkable progress when­ ever it covered fifteen miles in a day. The people of Iowa used to tell that all day long the slow procession' passed over their prairies—the strangest spec­ tacle they had ever witnessed—and that they sjnnpathized with the toil of those quiet but zealous pioneers. *T^HE main camp established itself at winter quarters, on the east bank of the Missouri, partly occupying some bluffs at which the Indians were wont to hold their councils, whence the later name of Council Bluffs. The house.s were built of logs, a fortification was erected, a grist mill and log taber­ nacle put up and school established—altho the Mormons knew they were to stay a short time, a year or two at most. The winter was a hard one and the Thi» monument marks the spot •where Brigham Young halted his followers and said: “This is the place.” Their long journey across the plains was ended. Ross Beatty will re-enact . the scene. Marjorie Anderson is queen of the Pioneer day celebration which will^ be held at Ogden, Utah real cowgirl and quite the saddle. journey just complet^ had its dark-i^ side. Sickness had beeij|general. Deaths i) had been so frequent (that burials had , to be performed wjxhout ceremony. H Sorrow and lamentatjbn had been daily ■ visitors. No family had escaped; few ,i[ but had buried one or more. Early in the spring of 1847 PioneerYoung gathered the famous Pioneer 4 company together at winter quarters J and on April 17, 1847, they crossed’, over on the north side of the Platte river, breaking a trail toward the ’ Ko<;ky mountains. Pioneer Young took with him 143 ; men, three women, two children, 148 souls in all; seventy-two wagons, ninety-three horses, fifty-two mules, sixty-six oxen, nineteen cows, seven­ teen dogs and some chickens. He also took along a cannon to awe the Indians. The men were farmers, mechanics and blacksmiths—sturdy pioneers from all walks of life, and progenitors of the j present “hardy” Utahans who today celebrate this famous trek westward. I The women did their share of the work,'; being tender persons who nursed the ' feet and wounds of the men folk and helped to cook the meals and arrange the tents and the wagons. They cheered •. with songs such as “The Girl I Lett: Behind Me” and the religious favorite of the Mormons: “Come, Come, Ye Saints,” the latter ending: “No toil i and labor fear, all is well, all i.s well.” ; For hundreds of miles this pioneer ' �THE DENVER POST—FIRST IN EVERYTHING—SUNDAY MORNING, JULY 17, 1938 ■ MAGAZINE SECTION The Roaring Machine Lurches to the Side . • . The Helpless Driver Is Shot High in the Air . .. Racing Enthusiasts Everywhere Go to See the Spills. This One Ended Tragically for the Driver. George Herzog, 23, Is Shown Falling from His Racing Machine as Both Man and Machine Spin Above Track . . . It Turned Upside Down. A Moment Later It I.anded on Top of Him and Snapped His Neck. He Died in an Ambulance on His Way to the Hospital. was the Canada Rid, himself, TA • 71 7 ITsU^^frhTnXSlVtXaS Jewel Acquires Some Mighty whence he had sprung (one his haven of sanctuary. “With all this here org’nizin’ an’ HiJfaintin’ Ideas Which Sort £ y jr \J The Driver Falls, the Engine Bears Upward ... J -jy" • J The Post Phone—Main 212T ' Another Victim for the God of Speed. This Spill Occurred at the Memorial Day Race at Indianapolis When the Car of Al Gordon and Frank Howard Went into a Spin. Miraculously, They Lived. �back. An’ my business, bein’ in a sort o’ luxury bracket for its source, is feelin’ the pinch.” The Kid’s business, of course, is that of being the slickest pickpocket in all the Americas. "I was sayin’ to Jewel,” he con­ tinued, bringing in, as he always did, his adored red-headed wife, “that it’s no use stickin’ your fingers into kicks what ain’ got nothin’ in ’em. “Big shots ain’ makin’ no profits, most o’ the workers is on strike an’ most o’ the rest of ’em is out o’ jobs. I s’pose I could lift a few relief checks, but I ain’ fellen that low yet. i‘I figger these here lib’ral labqr laws is what’s at the bottom o’ the brief. An’ yet, I belong to one o’ the oldest an’ most hon’rable unions in the land. “For half a cench’ry or more, the Pickpockets’ Trust, or Dips’ Union, has had headquarters in Ch’cago an’ branches aroun’ the country. “Ev’ry p’fessional is a member. The dues is on percentage, the amounts is paid on the honor system, an’ our bpys play on the up-an’-up with the org’nization. The dues is a tenth .o’ the take; the scripchural tithe. “It’s what we call ‘fall dough.’ A ‘fair is when one o’ the lads gets in trouble. Then the fund gets him a square mouthpiece if that’ll help, or a fixer what can reach the right peo­ ple—judges, juries or prosecutors— a^tiTITHE A True Story From Real Life !*‘My Business, Bein’ in a Sort o’ LuxSury Bracket for Its Source, Is Feelln’ » the Pinch, Too.” By Jack Lait or it puts up in cash so he can lam the bail if it’s hopeless. “It don’ say ‘Pickpockets’ Trust’; on the door, o’ course. But it’s a law firm, see ? That firm ain’ got no other kind o’ cases. An’ they gets paid by’ the year, so much. “The head office is in a skyscraperowned by a big bank, an’ the rent is’ paid on the'line. “lye got ev’rything an org’niza­ tion o’ workers or industrialists—fig-; ger us either way—could need, excep’ a press agent or a senator. , “We exchange inf’mation about conditions aroun’ the country, where the bulls is tough, where a new D. A/ can or cannot be reached, what race­ tracks is bearin’ down, where we can So She Throws a Book at Me—an’ the Book Is b.y One o’ the M a r X Brothers — 1 Think Karl.” Illustration by Geo. A. Fish slip a few grand in the campaign fund of a right judge—an’ if any brother is in distress, penal or pers’nal. “We even got international c’nections to fence bonds an’ di’monds an’ such where it ain’ too close to their home. I, my?elf, never touch securi­ ties or ice. Currency is my dish. It ain’ got no identity. It’s tough enough to chance a rap for ‘larceny from the person’ wit’out havin’ to get by ‘possession o’ stolen goods’ or c’nspiracy falls. “But I say I’m a good org’nization man. I come clean with my tithe an’ I appreciate what p’tection it gets me. “But we ain’ in no fed’ration or other union o’ unions. We ain’ tryin’ to shape over the world. We’re sim­ ply one for all an’ all for one; we ain’ lobbyin’ for no floor'under what a sucker can carry in his wallet or a ceilin’ over how long one of us can chump cased. “Some weeks I work forty hours an’ some I jus’ lay aroun’ the house an’ look at Jewel, an’ some weeks I stay on a trail night an’ day till I clip my cluck. “If Stalin Is handin’ out orders to all these here unions, he hasn’t got aroun’ to ourn yet, an’ if he ever shows up at our headquarters one o’ the members’ll prob’ly frisk him for his five-year plan. “Nach’rally, like in all groups, we have our radicals. Some o’ the tithe-payers in good standin’ are defi­ nitely for packin’ the Supreme Court the New Deal way, though me, myself, I don’ see how you’re gonna get in the pockets of a sapi all covered up in a Ku1 Klux kimono. “My Jewel — who’sI got some red in her. Sideswiped! Charles Engles Ploughs Over the Side Wall After Striking Car No. 34, Driven by Don McKenzie, Whose Machine Was Turned Completely Around. -mostly in her hair—says as how he bein ’ byI’m trade a shoplifter —• “— She says a tory, an Indivij;fould never nothin out ofana’ ualist, out of swipe time wit ’ the’ times torenowhat a picket-line; she ^ot sense had o’ solidarity. zouldn ’ work a place what “I says it ainin’ so. I’m for old was age [nfair. I saysyour that hands was a flock o’ msionsSo when get so loloney an’can I’d’t not go at’empty rough laky you put only ’em in 1itch-pocket picket-line wit but’out go turnin t’rough aa picket ’ in riot i— if heI’m had for anything. ill. share-the-wealth—I ant a share of anybody’s wealth, n’ I can sit down with as much enirance an’ enthusism as any man. “Jewel asks me am I for c’lective irgaining, so I tells her no but she bughta be. ’Cuz when them mammas p’lect for bargains in them stores, that’s when she can put in her best licks. An’ she says stop kiddin’—do stay on the job if he’s got a good--.. I ptand for the closed shop? So I i says avboob what marries a red-head learns to stand for anything. So she Ithrows a-book at me—an’ the book is by one V the Marx brothers—I think Karl. \ w’ cho ii■? “An she says she’s a hund’ed per ;ent behind the ti tirls in our hand the corner, what’s laundry aroun’ thi been out now for two months for a livin’ wage an’ shorter hours. i “So I says, well if them laundry girls wasn’ gettih’ no livin’ wage an’ struck for one, how was they livin’ ipp to then? An’ she says maybe I Bbetter not ask. Girls who can’t get & livin’ wage have been forced to feates worse’n death. I says I don’ tbelieve it, ’cus I’ve seen the girls in phis laundry. |. “Anyway, Jewel says, they’re right fin demandin’ shorter hours. So I says |l don’ know. How many hours was [they workin’ before they struck an’ ^demanded shorter hours? An’ she bays she don’ know an’ that’s beside fehe point. I “I says how ? If you don’ know blow many hours they was workin’, plow can you say that many hours ithey was workin’ was too long an’ tthey’re right in strikin’ for less |hours ? j “An’ Jewel says, bless her, she Ididn’ unde’stand they was strikin’ for jUESS hours—they was strikin’ for SHORTER hours!” Al Gordon Does a Solo Flight This Time. He Crashed Through the Fence Below the Wheels and Flew 125 Feet In the Air. He Received a Broken Nose and Bruises. Note How This Thrill-Provider Is Trying to Extricate Himself Before His Whirl­ ing Slachine Falls on Top of Him. The Driver Escaped with Minor Injuries. Copyright. 1338, King features Syndicate, Inc. Page Four ' ,, '• i. -.1 ............ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes Subject The topic of the resource Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper Casper (Wyo.) -- History Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.) Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History Description An account of the resource The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letterbox 2-G Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alfred J. Mokler Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a> Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 1938 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Alfred J. Mokler The Denver Post (July, 1938) Description An account of the resource This letterbox contains a magazine section of the Denver Post from July 17, 1938 with a large article about the celebration of Mormon Day and the Mormons' arrival in Utah. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource ENG Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from their use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center) Subject The topic of the resource Utah -- History Mormons -- Utah -- History Relation A related resource Alfred J. Mokler Papers