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2023
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Adora Bradley
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Expression Literary and Arts Magazine, CCA 04.ii.c.2022.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections.
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CCA 04.ii.c.2022.01_Exp_2023_Music_01
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1954-1959
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Wyoming Mountaineers at Casper College, Albert Walter "Walt" Bailey
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ENG
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CCA 11.vi.1989.01
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Check out the WMCC Timeline here by clicking the link! <a href="https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=v2%3A2PACX-1vR4kBKQBUzb4cnvPOyrF54lC5xFZlrZI43LDJ55Dnw7xe8T_UV-qSVwlB1z-29SBMFMPhE7KYiXjN1l&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&width=100%25&height=650">https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=v2%3A2PACX-1vR4kBKQBUzb4cnvPOyrF54lC5xFZlrZI43LDJ55Dnw7xe8T_UV-qSVwlB1z-29SBMFMPhE7KYiXjN1l&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&width=100%25&height=650</a>
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1st Ascent of Devils Tower, 1955
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1955
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Newspaper articles and photos of the WMCC's first ascent of Devils Tower, climbers: Walt Bailey, Noel Tanneur, and David Sturdevant
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Albert Walter "Walt" Bailey & Casper Star Tribune
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ENG
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Wyoming Mountaineers at Casper College Collection; CCA 11.vi.1989.01
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CCA 11.iv.1989.01_WMCC_DT_1st_Ascent_1955_01
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Smokers Bowl Festival
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2024
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Alex Torres
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CCA 04.ii.c.2022.01_Exp_2024_Art_88
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Text
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS
Bulletin, 1928, No. 8.
INDIAN MISSIONS
of the
UNITED STATES
�INDIAN MISSIONS of the UNITED STATES
AT HEART, the American Indian, as may be said of most
primitive peoples, is essentially a devout person, his
sacrifices, his fasts, his fetishes, his ceremonies being
most rigidly adhered to, having predominence over all other
matters of merely temporal importance. He acknowledges
the existence of a Supreme Being, appeals to Him in matters
of importance to himself and his tribe, and expects to spend
the life beyond in accordance with his merits. To him, re
ligion as introduced by the whites wa.s no new thing; the
dogma was changed, but it was simply a variation of the old
theories and the old ceremonie.s of his fathers, and in this
variation the attraction lay.
Missionary efforts among the Indians date from the
earliest acquaintance of that race with the white man. Most
particularly were Spain and France aggressive in their mis
sionary labors, many of the early explorers or voyageurs
being themselves representatives of their churches and
countries in an official capacity, their work being under the
direct supervision of their governments. The Spanish mis
sions were propagated by the Franciscan Fathers, and the
French by the Jesuits, the former coming into the country
through the south, and the latter through the north.
The earliest records are those of 1542, when Coronado, in
search for the Seven Cities of Cibola, was accompanied by
his priests in his explorations among the tribes of Mexico
and as far north as the present state of Nebraska.
- It was not until a century later that the first Protestant
missions were founded in New England, under the super
vision of John Eliot, of the Congregational Church. It has
been noted that England left her missionary efforts to the
philanthropically-inclined individuals or to organized
societies.
/ The early missionaries contributed not only to the religiou,s advancement of the Indians, but historical and geo
graphical matter,s of importance were not neglected, pre
serving most valuable material which would otherwise have
been lost to posterity. The archives of the old Spanish
missions of the Southwest and of the French missions of
Canada and the Great Lakes region are replete with in
valuable manuscripts, maps of early explorations, diaries of
the early discoverers, notes on the habits, languages, and
characteristics of the tribes when their first acquaintance
was made by the whites.
1
�2
INDIAN MISSIONS OP THE UNITED STATES
The white man’s civilization was advanced by planting
colonies on the frontier, placing the white race in direct
contact with the primitive red man; the very outposts were
held by the missions under the direction of fearless men
who, in the interests of their State or of their religion, made
a highroad for those who came after.
The later years w'ere devoted more strictly to religious and
educational instruction. The Moravians were the real pio
neers in Protestant denominational work along educational
lines, followed by the establishment of schools by the
Friends in 1795, the Baptists in 1807, the American Board
(Congregational and Presbyterian) in 1810, Episcopal in
1815, Methodist in 1816, Presbyterian (North) in 1833,
Methodist (South) in 1844, the American Missionary
Association (Congregational) in 1846, Dutch Reformed in
1857, Presbyterian (South) in 1857, Hicksite Quaker in
1869, United Presbyterian in 1869, Unitarian in 1886, Re
formed Presbyterian (Covenanter) in 1889. Almost all
denominations are represented in this work, ranging from
the Roman Catholic and the various sects of Protestantism
to the Orthodox Russian among the Indians of Alaska, and
the Mormon Church of Utah, and practically every tribe has
come under the influence of the teaching of some Christian
religion, led by such men in the earlier days as Samson
Occum, the Mohican student of Rev. Eleazer Wheelock’s
Indian School in Connecticut; James B. Finley, David Zeisberger, and other pioneers of Ohio; the teachers of the
Society of Friends in Pennsylvania and adjoining States;
Evan Jones and Samuel Worcester among the Cherokee of
the South; the Williamsons, Riggs, and Ponds of the Sioux
country; Bishops Whipple and Hare in Minnesota; Whitman,
Lee, and Spalding among the tribes of the northwest coast;
Father Hamilton among the Omaha; Father de Smet among
the northern tribes west of the Mississippi; Cyrus Byington
among the Choctaw; Father Ravalli as priest and physician
among the western tribes; a list much too lengthy to
enumerate, taken from all Christian religions.
In 1832, four Nez Perce Indians came to St. Louis, then
the seat of the western activities among the Indians. The
story is told that they came in search of the “White Man’s
Book of Heaven.” They were feted, and just prior to their
return to their home, two of them having died, one of the
survivors is reported to have made a speech, the authen
ticity of which is disputed, but which is well worthy of
repetition:
“I come to you over the trail of many moons from the
•^setting sun. You were the friends of my fathers, who have
INDIAN MISSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
3
all gone the long way. I came with an eye partly open for
my people, who sit in darkness. I go back with both eyes
closed. How can I go back blind, to my blind people ? I made
my way to you with strong arms through many enemies and
strange lands that I might carry back much to them. I go
back with both arms broken and empty. Two fathers came
with us, they were the braves of many winters and wars.
We leave them asleep here by your great waters and wig
wams. They were tired in many moons and their moccasins
wore out.
“My people sent me to get the ‘White Man’s Book of
Heaven.’ You took me to where you allow your women to
dance as we do not ours, and the book was not there. You
took me to where they worship the Great Spirit with candles
and the book was not there. You showed me images of the
good spirits and the picture of the good land beyond, but
the book was not among them to tell us the way. I am
going back the long and sad trail to my people in the dark
land. You make my feet heavy with gifts and my moccasins
will grow old carrying them, yet the book is not among them.
When I tell my poor blind people after one more snow, in the
big council, that I did not bring the book, no word will be
spoken by our old men or by our young braves. One by one
they rise up and go out in silence. My people will die in
darkness, and they will go a long path to other hunting
grounds. No white man will go with them, and no White
Man’s Book to make the way plain. I have no more words.”
The United States Government contributed annually to
the education of the Indian, such funds passing through
the hands of the missionaries, until the year 1870. It was
about this time that the Indian country was apportioned
among the missionary societies, both of Catholic and
Protestant persuasion, each society having its own particu
lar field of labor, thereby establishing the foundation for the
large communities of Indians found in every section of the
country in which communities practically every person is
found to belong to the same church as his neighbor. In
1869, the first contract school was established, which schools
at first consisted only of day schools, later reservation and
nonreservation boarding schools being developed. This
plan was abandoned in 1900, when the several societies with
some exceptions took over their own schools, paying their
own expenses.
The work in the mission schools consists of training along
elementary lines such as is given in the public schools. No
professional schools are maintained. However, industrial
education is carried on along such lines as agriculture and
�4
INDIAN MISSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
INDIAN MISSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
stock raising, the various trades, domestic science, certain
branches of arts and crafts, especially those arts which are
primarily Indian. Some schools and missions have given a
great deal of effort to forward the sale of such articles as
are produced by the Indians under their charge, thereby
enabling them to earn a comfortable livelihood.
At the mission schools, instruction is given along religious
lines of the particular denomination having charge of the
mission, and the children are expected to attend religiou.s
services. Not only are instruction and services held in the
strictly mission schools, but in many of the Government
reservation and nonreservation boarding schools certain
portions of the buildings are assigned by the superintendent
10 the workers from the several churches who may hold
services on Sunday, and mid-week instruction may also be
given, two hours a week being devoted to the latter work.
The transformation of the American Indian, under this
tutelage, from a barbarian to a civilized man is regarded as
almost miraculous, most particularly when one considers
that it has been only within the last half century that in- ,
tensive training along educational lines has been given by
missionary societies.
In the early days of the missions, when western land
was not so valuable, it was the practice of the missionaries
to go among the Indians and take up such quantities of
lanu as would be necessary to support their plants, holding
these lands, it might be said, by right of occupancy with the
consent of the Indian tribes. Later, when the Indian coun
try was scheduled and allotted to the Indians, the following
was incorporated into what is known as the “General Allot
ment Act.” (24 Stat. L., 390) :
“And if any religious society or other organization is now
occupying any of the public lands to which this act is appli
cable, for religious or educational work among the Indians,
the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to confirm
such occupation to such society or organization, in quantity
not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres in any one tract,
so long as the same shall be so occupied, on such terms as he
shall deem just; but nothing herein contained shall change
or alter any claim of such society fox' religious or educational
purpose heretofore granted by law.”
Sundry legislation has authorized issuance of patents for
land found to be so used at the time of the legislation. Mis
sions have been enabled, through this possession, to be
practically self-supporting, at least so far as farm products
are concerned.
The report of the Indian Office shows that in 1923 there
were 410 Protestant and 240 Catholic missionaries engaged
in work among the Indians, and a total of 41,072 Protestant
and 52,316 Catholic church-going Indians attending 991
churches. These statistics do not include the Five Civil
ized Tribes of Oklahoma, who are largely Protestant.
Missionary
5
headquarters
Baptist:
American Bapti.st Home Missionary Society, 23 East 2Gth St., New
York, N. Y.
Southern Baptist Convention, Home Missionary Board, 1004 Healey
Building, Atlanta, Ga.
Woman’s American Baptist Home Mission Society, 276 Fifth Ave.,
New York, N. Y.
Catholic:
Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions, 2021 H St., N. W., Washington,
D. C.
Christian Reformed Church:
Board of Heathen Missions, Christian Reformed Church, 737 Madi
son Ave., S. E., Grand Rapids; Mich.
Congregational:
American Missionary Association, 287 Fourth Ave,, New York, N. Y,
Disciple or Christian:
United Christian Missionary Society, 1501 Locust St., St Louis,
Mo.
Evangelical:
Central Board of Home Missions, Evangelical Synod of North
America, 130 Chatham Road, Columbus, Ohio.
Free Methodist:
General Missionary Board, Free Methodist Church of North Amer
ica, 1132 Washington Boulevard, Chicago, Ill.
Friends:
Associated Executive Committee of Friends on Indian Affairs, 1226
Stephen Girard Building, Philadelphia, Pa.
Lutheran:
Board of Home Missions and Church Extension, United Lutheran
Church, York, Pa.
Mennonite:
Board of Foreign Missions, General Conference, Mennonite, Goessei,
Kans.
Methodist Episcopal:
Board of Home Missions and Church Extension of M. E, Church,
17th and Arch Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Women’s Home Missionary Society, M. E. Church, Allendale, N. J,
Joint Committee on Indian Work of the M. E. Church, 740 Rush
St., Chicago, Ill.
Methodist Episcopal, South:
Board of Missions, M. E. Church South, 810 Broadway Nashville
Tenn.
Moravian;
Board of Church Extension of the American Moravian Church,
Bethlehem, Pa.
’
�6
INDIAN MISSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
Presbyterian:
Board of Home Missions of the Pi-esbyterian Church, U. S. A., 156
Fifth Ave., New York. N. Y.
Executive Committee of Home Missions, 1522 Hurt Bldg., Atlanta,
Ga.
Women’s Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church,
U. S. A., 156 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y.
Protestant Episcopal:
National Council of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 281 Fourth
Ave., New York, N. Y.
Reformed:
Women’s Board of Domestic Missions, Reformed Church of America,
25 East 22d Street, New York, N. Y.
Board of Home Missions. Reformed Church in the United States,
15th and Race Streets, Philadelphia, Pa,
L’nited Presbyterian:
Board of Home Missions, 209 Ninth Street, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Woman’s General Missionary Society, United Presbyterian Church
in North America, 95 Trenton Avenue, Wilkinsburg, Pa.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bartlett, S. C,:
History of the American Board among the North American In
dians. Boston, 1878.
Barton, Winifred W.:
John P. Williamson, a Brother to the Sioux. Chicago: Fleming H.
Revell Co. 1919. 269 pp., ill. $1.75.
Breck, Chas.;
Life of Jas. Lloyd Breck, chiefly from letters written by himself.
New York; 1886.
Gather, Willa:
Death Comes to the Archbishop. New York; A. Knopf.
Chittenden, H. M.:
Life, Letters and Travels of Father DeSmet among the North Amer
ican Indians, 1801-1873. New York: Francis P. Harper. 1905.
4 vols., ill. 1624 pp.
Copway, George:
The Life, History and Travels of Kah-ge-gah-bowh (George Cop
way), a young Indian chief of the Ojibway Nation, a convert to
the Christian Faith, written b5’ himself. Philadelphia: J. Harmstead. 1847. 158 pp.
Eells, Myron:
History of Indian Missions on the Pacific Coast, Oregon, Washing
ton, Idaho. Philadelphia; The American Sunday School Union.
1882.
Father Eells, or Results of Fifty-five Years of Missionary Labor.
Boston-Chicago. 1894.
Marcus Whitman, Pathfinder and Patriot. Seattle: Allee Harriman
Co. 1909.
Ten Years of Missionary Work among Indians. Boston: Pilgrim
Press. 1886.
Engelhardt, C. A.:
The True History of the Missions and Missionaries of California.
San Francisco: J. H. Barry Co. 4 vols. 1908-1913.
Evans, James:
E. R. Young, the Apostle of the North, Revell. 1899.
INDIAN MISSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
7
Finley, James B.:
Life among the Indians; edited by D. W. Clark. New York: Meth
odist Book Concern.
History of the Wyandotte Mission at Upper Sandusky, Ohio. Cin
cinnati. 1840.
Heckewelder, John:
A Narrative of the Mission of the Moravian Brethren’s Church
among the Delaware and Mohegan Indians from 1740 to 1808.
Philadelphia. 1820.
Hinman. S. D.:
Whipple, H. B.:
Taopi and His Friends. Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger. 1869.
Howe, M. A. DeW.:
Life and Label’s of Bishop Hare, Apostle to the Sioux. Sturgis &
Walton. 1911.
Huebner, Francis C.:
The Moravian Mission in Ohio. Washington; Simms & Lewis.
1898. 128 pp.
Humphreys, Mary Gay:
Missionary Explorers among the American Indians. New York;
Chas. Scribner’s Sons. 1913.
Jackson, Helen Hunt:
Father Junipero and the Mission Indians of California. Boston:
Little, Brown & Co, 1902,
Johnston, Julia H.;
Indian and Spanish Neighbors. Home Mission Study Course (In
terdenominational). New York: Fleming H. Revell Co. 1905.
194 pp.
Kip, W. L:
Early Jesuit Missions in North America, compiled and translated
from letters of French Jesuits, with annotations. New York.
1847.
Kenton, Edna;
The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explora
tions of the Jesuit Missionaries in North America (1610-1791),
with an introduction by Reuben Gold Thwaites. New York: Al
bert and Charles Boni. 1925. 527 pp., ill.
Lindquist, G. E. E.;
The Red Man in the United States: An Intimate Study of the
Social, Economic, and Religious Life of the American Indian.
New York: George H. Doran. 1923.
Loskiel, G. H.;
History of the Missions of the United Brethren among the Indians
in North America. London. 1794.
Love, W. Deloss:
Samson Occum and the Christian Indians of New England. Boston:
The Pilgrim Press. 1899. 379 pp.
McAfee, G. F.:
Missions among the North American Indians. Woman’s Board of
Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church of the U. S. A.
McBeth. K. C.:
Nez Perce Indians since Lewis and Clark. New York: Fleming H.
Revell Co. $1.50.
McCoy, Isaac:
History of Baptist Indian Missions. Washington: Wm. M. Morrison.
1840. 611 pp.
�8
INDIAN MISSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
McSherry, James;
Here Jean, or the Jesuit Missionary; A Tale of the North American
Indians. Baltimore. 1847. 256 pp., ill.
Mitchell, Joseph:
The Missionary Pioneer, or, A Brief Memoir of the Life, Labours,
and Death of John Stewart (Man of Colour), founder under God
of the Mission among the. Wyandotts of Upper Sandusky. Ohio.
New York. 1827.
Moffet, Thomas C.:
The American Indian on the New Trail; or. The Red Man of the
United States and the Christian Gospel. New York: The Presby
terian Department of Missionary Education. 1914. .302 pp.
Palladino, L. B.:
Indian and White in the Northwest: or, A History of Catholicity
in Montana. Baltimore: John Murphy & Co. 1894. 411 pp., map.
(Rev. Ed. Lancaster, Pa.: Wickersham Pub. Co. 1922.)
Palou, Francisco:
Life of Ven. Padre Junipero Serra. San Francisco: P. E. DougbCTty
& Co. 1884. 156 pp.
Life and Apostolic Labors of the Venerable Serra. Founder of the
Franciscan Missions of California; edited by-George Wharton
James. Pasadena. 191,3.
Parkman, Francis:
The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth century. Boston:
Little, Brown & Co. 1902.
•Pitezel, John H.;
Lights and Shades of Missionary Life: Containing Travels, Sketches,
Incidents, and Missionary Efforts, during the nine years spent
in the region of Lake Superior. Cincinnati: Western Book Con
cern. 1860.
Pond. Samuel M.:
Two Volunteer Missionaries amongi the Dakotas. Boston: Pilgrim
Press.
Riggs, Stephen R.;
Mary and I; or. Forty Years arpong the Sioux. Congregational
■ S. S., £ Pub. Society. 1880. ,388 pp.
Tah-koo-walf-kan; or, The Gospel among the Dakotas/ Boston 1869.
Shea, John Gilmary:
History of the (iatholic Missions among the Indian Tribes of the
United. States, 1529-1854. New York: Kennedy. 1899.
Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley, with the Orig
inal Narratives of Marquette, Allouez, Hennepin, and Douay.
New York. 1852. 286 pp., map.
Whipple. Henry B.:
Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate. New York: MacMillan.
1912. 580 pp.
Winship. George; Parker:
The New England Company and John Eliot; the Ledger and the
Record Book of the Corporation for the Propagation of the Gospel
in New England and Parts Adjacent, covering the years 16501686; printed from original manuscripts, with introduction by
G. P. Winship. Boston. Published for the Prince Society. 1920, ‘
Wynne, J. J.:
The Jesuit Martyrs of North America, Isaac Jogues, .John de
Brebeuf, and others. New York. 1925. 246 pp., ill., maps. / •
�A WHITE INDIAN WOMAN
417
A White Indian Woman
During the years from 1889 to 1906, or until the Northwestern
railroad was extended from Casper to Lander, the Arapahoe and
Shoshone Indians from the Wind River reservation and the Arapahoe
sub-agency hauled the freight and supplies from the railroad station
at Casper to the reservation, the distance being about one hundred
and twenty-five miles. On these trips there were usually from twenty
to forty buck Indians and generally about half that number of squaws.
During the month of August, in 1900, there came to Casper with
one of these bands of Indians a white woman, who wore the usual
Indian garb, painted her face as the Indians do and spoke the Indian
language, but she could not speak the English language. The woman
attracted the attention of some of Casper’s citizens, and it was learned
from the white man in charge of the visiting Indians that the woman
had been captured by the Cheyennes when she was a child about two
years old, and had been raised with and married to an Arapahoe In
dian named John Brokenhorn. The story was published in the Na
trona County Tribune, and was copied in a number of western news
papers. The newspaper article attracted the attention of Mrs. A. M.
Cook of Davenport, Iowa, who wrote a letter to the publisher of the
Tribune, making further inquiry as to the identity of the woman.
Mrs. Cook said she was very much interested in the news, for she was
captured thirty-five years before at Rock Creek, Wyoming, and her
baby sister, Lizzie, was captured at the same time, but she had not
seen her since the night of the capture. Mrs. Cook said that her
father was Jasper Fletcher, who came to the United States from
England in 1861. They started for California in 1865, there being the
father and mother, three sons and two daughters. They left Quincy,
Illinois, in May and on the plains the Fletchers united with a train of
seventy-five wagons and continued their journey until they reached
Rock Creek station in Wyoming territory, thirty-one miles east of
Fort Halleck. Just as they had camped for dinner at noon and when
the entire Fletcher family was near a stream a little distance from the
train, a war party of three hundred Cheyenne Indians sprang up all
around them. Mr. Fletcher and his three sons escaped to the wagons.
Mrs. Fletcher and her two daughters, the younger, Lizzie, being but
two years old, were seized by the Indians. The mother was thrust
through the body with a spear, and instantly killed. One of the
Indians seized Lizzie, raised her to his saddle and rode off. Her sister
saw her once again that day, but never afterwards. Mary Fletcher,
the older girl, who was thirteen years of age, was struck with arrows
in several places and pulled them out with her own hands. Menimick
�4i8
HISTORY OF NATRONA COUNTY
was chief of this band and Black Kettle was chief of the tribe. Menimick took charge. One of the leading braves took charge of Mary,
and she remained his slave during the whole term of her captivity.
Immediately after the capture, the band fled rapidly to the moun
tains, where the squaws belonging to the band were concealed. There
was a white boy with the squaws, who had been captured by the band
of Indians in New Mexico. The boy pointed to the valley and cried:
“Look! That is the way they serve them all.” The train of wagons
was burning and white people were being murdered. In one of the
wagons was a ten gallon cask of brandy, and the Indians had drank
this and were indulging in a scalp dance, all the Indians being wildly
drunk. The scalp dance is one of the most horrible sights that can be
looked upon by a white person, and the oldest Fletcher girl, who was
being guarded by her captors, was compelled to witness the whole
affair.
The next morning the Indians tied the girl to a saddle and trav
eled in an easterly direction. Two days after the capture the band
came upon a family named Cackle, who were on their way to Colo
rado. The Indians took a small child from Mrs. Cackle’s arms and
seizing it by the feet, dashed its brains out against the wagon hub.
Mr. Cackle, two children and the mother of Mrs. Cackle were killed
on the spot, but Mrs. Cackle was carried away. Three nights after
the capture, however, the woman was placed against a tree in a sitting
position and she was made a target of, her body being pierced by more
than a dozen poison-pointed arrows' before her prayers were answered
for the ending of her terrible existence. That same week this band of
Indians and the soldiers of Fort Laramie engaged in a fight, and dur
ing the combat a buck Indian stood over the Fletcher girl ready to
kill her, should the soldiers get in a position to recapture her.
Darkness came on, fighting ceased, and the Indians made their
escape. The next morning the white girl’s face was painted red and
striped green and black and her hair was colored with soot water, and
her eye lashes and eye brows were burned with hot ashes. The girl
was compelled to care for fourteen ponies during the day while they
were traveling, packing them in the morning and unpacking them at
night, and her other duty was to gather wood for the fire that was
built every night. The Indian braves rode the ponies during the day
and the squaws were compelled to walk, and the girl and the white boy
‘To procure the poison for their arrow heads the Indians would Ike a fresh deer liver and fasten it
to a pole, then go to a den of rattlesnakes and poke the liver toward the snakes. The snakes would strike
the liver until it was saturated with poison. The liver was then put away until it became thoroughly drv
pounded to a fine powder and then placed in a buckskin bag, to be used as they needed’
J •
to any moistened surface. The Indians used these poisoned arrow
h^ds in their battles, and it was their delight to imbed one of these poisoned points into the flesh of a
white man, which meant slow but sure death.
�A WHITE INDIAN WOMAN
419
tramped on foot with the squaws. After about six weeks’ traveling
the band reached the main village of the tribe, among the mountains
in eastern Colorado. When all the bands were assembled there were
about four thousand Indians in the village. Here they indulged in war
dances, and these dances are described as the wildest orgies in sav
agery that possibly could be imagined.
The bands started out on another expedition after four days of
feasting and dancing, and on this journey the squaws would beat and
abuse the white girl to appease their anger. During the remainder
of the summer and fall and winter and spring that followed the band
was continually on the move; they waded and swam the creeks and
rivers, struggled through deep snows and endured the severe cold and
all kinds of hardships. One day in the early spring while crossing a
river the ice broke loose and started rapidly down the stream. The
girl was on the floating ice and was unable to escape. She was carried
rapidly with the current, and the squaws laughed and danced with
glee to see her moving rapidly to her destruction. She finally leaped
from the ice into the stream and swam ashore, where she was wel
comed by the braves as a heroine, but the squaws were jealous of her
and treated her with all kinds of indignities.
In the spring of 1866, the band came to a white man’s trading
camp. A man named Hanger was in charge of the trading camp, and
the Fletcher girl walked into his tent, dressed and painted like an
Indian girl, and in English asked Hanger if he had any soap. The
girl had been ordered to keep out of sight of the white men, but if
anything did happen that she should come in contact with them to
act as though she was an Indian girl and not to speak a word of
English. One of her captors was in the trader’s tent when she came
in, and when she asked for the soap, the Indian struck her in the face
and knocked her down. She was carried out of the tent and given in
charge of the squaws. The squaws were jealous of the white girl and
wanted to get rid of her, because she was becoming a favorite among
the braves, but they did not dare to kill her. The squaws arranged to
take her to the white man’s tent, unbeknown to the bucks. Hanger
told the girl that he would buy her from the captors, and in due time
he paid the Indians sixteen hundred dollars in cash, one good horse
and a gun for her release. The white man then placed the girl in
charge of an Indian agent who took her to Fort Laramie, and from
there she was taken to Fort Jura, and from there the Forty-eighth
Wisconsin infantry took her to Fort Leavenworth, and from there she
was sent back to Illinois among friends, arriving in Illinois in Decem
ber, 1866. A year afterward she was married in Davenport, Iowa,
to William E. Cook.
�420
HISTORY OF NATRONA COUNTY
After her marriage she and her husband went to Salt Lake, where
the girl met her father, who informed his daughter that he lay in a
ditch two days after the Indians attacked him, and he was badly
wounded. Her three brothers all made their escape and two of them
went to Colorado and one to California, but until the article was
published in the newspaper she had never heard anything concerning
her baby sister.
In due time Mrs. Cook came to Casper, and from here she went
by stage to the Arapahoe sub-agency, where she found the woman and
positively identified her as her sister, who was then thirty-nine years
of age, having lived with the Indians for thirty-seven years. She was
married to John Brokenhorn, an Arapahoe, and a number of children
had been born to them. She could not speak English and she dressed
and lived like the other squaws. Through an interpreter Mrs. Cook
told her sister how she had been captured, how their mother had been
killed and how their father and brothers made their escape, and how
she herself had been compelled to live with the Indians for sixteen
months, and how she made her escape. She wanted her to go back to
Davenport with her where she would be cared for, and where she
could dress and act like the white woman that she was, but Mrs.
Brokenhorn would not go; she declared that she was an Indian, that
she was satisfied to live as she had always lived; to call a tepee her
home, to wear a blanket, to do the drudgery as all the squaws were
doing, and to claim a full-blooded Indian as her husband, and that
she could not remember anything about being captured, as her white
sister had explained to her.
Mrs. Cook returned to Casper alone, and went back to her home
with a broken heart. She said that although she had had many bitter
experiences, when her sister refused to give up her wild life and live
like a woman civilized, it was the hardest blow she had endured since
she saw her mother killed by being thrust through the body with a
spear by a blood-thirsty Indian.
The absolute proof that she was actually a white woman had its
effect on Mrs. Brokenhorn, and although she continued to live on the
reservation with her husband, she made it plain to the squaws of the
tribe that she felt she was of superior birth and was of considerable
more importance than the common Indians. That he had a white
woman for a wife also elevated Brokenhorn, in his own estimation at
least, to a higher plane than his fellow men, and while he, like most of
the Indians, seldom made much of an outward display of his emo
tions, nevertheless he was actually raised to a higher degree than he
was before the fact became established that his wife’s parents were of
the white race. In fact Brokenhorn felt that he was so great that
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But it was long ago, in some far-off place or forgotten.
*
'Gabriel LajeunesseJ' they said; *0 yesi we have seen him.
He was with Basil, the blacksmith, and both have gone to the prairies;
Coureurs-des-Bois are they, and famous hunters and trappers.'
'Gabriel Lajeunessel' said others; 0 yesl we have seen him.
He is a Voyaguer in the lowlands of Louisiana.'
Then they would say; 'Dear child I why dream and wait for him longer.'"
* * *
"All is ended now, the hope, and the fear, and the sorrow;
All the aching heart, the restlessness, unsatisfied longing;
All the dull, deep pain, and constant anguish of patience I
And as she pressed once more the lifeless head to her bosom.
Meekly she bowed her own, and murmured: 'Father, I thank thee I"*
♦ * *
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on his first expedition into Viyoming, and was honored by his commander in his
selection as one of the party to make the ascent of Fremont's peak . This
was
pioneer/descended from a numerous family of hunters, trappers and traders.
Gabriel Lajeunesse, his uncle, tradition says, was the hero of "Evangeline."
Francois, Basil’s brother, was one of the Premont party in 1843. These two
brothers are spoken of by old trappers as remarkable mon. They wore not only
successful hunters and trappers, but were familiar with the mountains, streams
and valleys in every part of incoming. They trapped many years before they met
Fremont. Thet were associates of Jim Bridger, Thomas Fitzpatrick and other men
of their daiy
who made fame and renown as well as wealth in the fur trade. Both
of them became permanent residents of Wyoming. In 1858 Basil Lajeunesse estab
lished a trading post on the Overland Road above Devil's Gate, about 100 yards
south of the place where the residence of Tom Sun is now located. He traded with
Indians and supplied emigrants who passed through the country, doing a prosperous
business. His family lived on a ranch at what is now Ferris, and it was there his
children grew up. In 1862 he started to make a trip to Derr Creek for the purpose
of trading with the Sioux. He took with him two men and fifteen pack aniipals loaded
withgoods. On the way the party was attacked by Indians, Lajeunesse killed and all
hisgoods and mules run off. he was married to a Sioux woman and had seveal children.
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�WOUNDED KNEE BATTLE NEAR PINE RIDGE AGENCY
*
/
Ghost Dance and ’’Medicine Men’’ Who Predicted the
Coming of the Messiah Brought on the Conflict
*
Legend has bequeathed many garbled versions of the Ghost Dance at the Pine Ridge agency
and the Battle of Wounded Knee^whxch started on December 29,1690,and continued four days,
tri t. (u rtinff
untH/^January 1, 1891. Wilson I. Austin, who was a member of the Home Guards of Rushville
happened,
’
Nebraska, was on the spot when all the trouble/msiaxMotj His story, written shortly after
the unfortunate affair occurred, said that Sitting Bull was killed at Standing Rock while
resisting Indian^ police, and not at the Battle of Wounded Knee, as many reports have it.
Si Tanka (Big Foot) did not lead the Wounded Knee battle, as^popularly supposed. Big
Foot had contracted pneumeonia while he was engaged in the Ghost Dance, having danced all
day and all night. He was dragged from the arena unconscious and left on the frozen ground
to "cool off," the Indians having a peculiar sense of how to relieve sickness of that nature.
Big Foot was ill on a cot in his tepee when the troopers came to escort his band of follow-
ers to the agency. He rose up on his
bed to askfwhat in the hell they wanted." Colonel E. V.
Sumner of the Ei|th Cavalry, tried diplomacy, and talked with Big Foot. The chief said he
xvanted to be friendly. In proof of this, he said, S3S of his people surrendered on Decem
ber 21. But Big Foot proved by his actions that he did not want to be as friendly as he
would have the soldiers believe. Then orders were issued to have the chief arrested. Big
Foot’s band fled to the ba^ld lands on December 22. Nearly 3,000 troops began at once to
close in dn them. On December 28 Major Whiteside of the Seventh Cavalry, found the village
on Wounded Knee creek and called on the Indians to surrender.
Big Foot tried to parley, and said^"we want peace. I am sick, but when I am well my
people will surrender." The two men argued for an hour to no
irllI'"TLL.alsh
ther-iMWHPwWtve.
Meanwhile General L. W..Colby, who commanded the Nebraska militia,^and W. F.,Codv and
Little Bat, the lndian interpreter, found
on her mother's dead
body, oh t:^"Battlefirst of Januray, 1891. This was the fBttrfeh day
of.,-theb‘attle.
The Ghost Dance trouble among the Indians started with the treaty of 1867. This treaty
�■ - 2 -
stated that: "to every Indian who came in and settled there, and would be good, were to
be provided with rations of food and clothing, which would be issued at stated intervals."
The Indians said they understood that this was to be forever, but the government took a
different view, and ruled that when an Indian "was producing he would receive no rations."
Ten years later the Indians never forgot that situation. They showed their displeasure on
every possible occasion. They claimed that the government had not kept faith with them.
Then McGuillacuddy, who was superindendent of the Pine Ridge agency, cut down the ra
tions, according to Orders from his superiors. This made the Indians very angry. Among the
I
rations issued by the government were clocks, and many other things that the Indians knew
nothing about. They were given wagons and told to keep the wheels greased. However, instead
of putting the grease on the axels, they rubbed it on th^Jpokes, and really thought that
this made the wagons run better. When they learned their mistake, they used the grease for
butter.
The coming of the "medicine men," however, was the real cause of the Ghost Dance trou
ble. These "medicine men" clehmed that one of them was the "Messiah." The Indian word for
Messiah is Wakantaka, which means God. Some of these "medicine men" were Indians, but most
of them were whites. They claimed also to have had visions of th© "happy hunting ground."
Among them was one who came to Rushville, twenty-six miles from the Pine Ridge reservation.
This "medicine man" wa3=»e#=Scoteii==dws«eTit^=wnd wore his beard in the style of Christ, ’ hile
in a state of beastly intoxication he fell and broke his leg.
Big Foot (si Tanka) had planned to meet this supposed Christ, but hearing that he was
on
not coming, he formed a hostile camp and was^his way to join another band of Indians when
he was intercepted by the Seventh United States Cavalry, under General Forsythe, at Wounded
Knee, fifteen miles from the Pine Ridge reservation.
Meanwhile, the''medic ine men', who were well educated and posed as prophets, told their
red skin comrades of visions they had of the white man being pushed back and the return
of the happy hunting ground. The buffalos were to return, they predicted, and the Indians
T/ere to reign supreme. It was a tempting vision, and the Indians accepted it.
These "medicine men" had
invented a '^host shirt," made of cloth with holes cut for
the head and hands. Some of these shirts were highly ornamented, but others were simply
common cloth, "womdiheca waci, which interpreted, means ^spirit dance." Ghost dances, they
�- 3 were called, and were held all day and all night in a nearly air-tight tepee. In the center
of these tents the medicine men placed r/jhot atones, and dashed water over them.
Into
that hot inferno an Indian was told to go and dance until he saw "visions." Some braves
danced all day and all night, and only stopped when unconscious, and were dragged out to
cool off on the frozen ground. They then told of the "visions" they had seen. Probably
they did see "visions," Who wouldWt?
The exposure after the dance led to many cases of pneumonia. And among the number
that contracted the disease was Big Foot, the chief of the band. So at the time of the
battle of Wounded Knee, Big Foot, a victim of the dance fever, was on his cot and did not
load his men, as was stated at the time.
Meanwhile, the Seventh Cavalry, under Colonel Forsythe, and the Ninth Infantry, from
advanced to within hailing distance of the encamped tribesmen.^Colonel Forsythe and Big Foot had a parley and the efforts of the officer to get the
Indians to give up their arms and submit in peace to an escort to the agency met with fail
ure. The Indians were under the spell of the'medicine men and refused to listen.
Big Foot was profane in his accusations, and called the troopers "tu we wahtesni'(damn
rascals) and told them to go to "wakan-sicati" (the Indian's hell). Big Foot considered him
self a great orator, and he did himself proud on this occasion. He swore in Indian and in
English, and in every language he knew. The chief was employing strategy in his parley, for
he knew that if his band were able to reach the "bad lands," which at the time was their
destination, it would be almost impossible for the troopers to dislodge them. His tribes
men were composed of remnants of the "olyotanke tatankabodoka" (Sitting Bull) band, that
was broken up several days before when Sitting Bull was killed by Indian!^ police while re
sisting arrest.
The "bad lands," almost indescribable, were impregnable. Just a dim view may be had,
if one thinks of New York city as being several times larger than4
then imagine the
streets and alleys strewn with huge rocks, several hundred feet high. Explorers in the "bad
lands
always plant flags on their trail, as it is almost impossible to tell directions,
even by compass, as the lava deposits which make up the terrain deflect the instrximent.
There are cases in some parts where there is an abundance of grass, but the water in many
of the pools is poisonous.
�- 4 Colonel Forsythe had detailed Captain Wallaoe to search the tepees of Big Foot’s
hand. TShen the captain approached on his errand he was met by an Indian carrying a flag
of truce. The Indiar^ smiled and extended his hand. Little Bat, the Indian interpreter,
saw that the Indian was reaching out his left hand, and cried out to Captain Wallace to
"look out.’" But it was too late. The IndiariS emissary had drawn a wr club from his blanket
and struck the captain over the head, killing him instantly. (Several years later Little
Bat was killed on the streets of Crawford, Nebraska. When he was killed he was not armed
ft
and was living as a peaceable citizen. The tough who shot him bragged that he had "beat
Little Bat to the draw^^ but the citizens of Crawford soon put a stop to this.)
Immediately after the killing of Captain Wallace. 120 Indian bucks drew up in threeT'*'^^^
facing the cavalry. The Indians were wearing their "ghost shirts" ubder their blankets,
the "medicine men" havii:^ told then that no white man's bullet could pierce these shirts,
Many of the Indians had participated in the Custer massacre, and it was said that the
troopers "had it in for them." This was not true, for the officers argued for hours, try
ing to get the Indians to give up their arms, even after the shooting. They were implored
to bring al}, their firearms, twenty at a time, and the Indians evidently accepted the pro -
posal. The first twenty, however, iReturned, bringing only two guns. The next twenty did
but little better, and the officers, seeing that the arras were not being brought up, gave
the order to search the Indiahs. As soon as the search began, the "medicine men" began to
chant in the Indian tongue. The first Indian searched had no gun, but the next one had a
sawed-off shot gun under his blanket and refused to give it up. During ths struggle for
this gun it was discharged, and then the battle was on. The Indians threw off their blankets,
revealing sawed-off shot guns they had hidden, and were in readiness for the battle. The
Indians fired the first volley, as is shown by the following letter:
Seventh Cavalry, Fort Bliss, Texas.
January 16, 1924.
Wilson I. Austin
Norfolk, Nebraska.
•
Dear Sir:
^?I am inclosing notes of the battle of Wounded Knee, - ade by Chaplain McMurray, of the
history division. Major General Melson A. Miles, commanding the division, was at Rapid
City, South Dakota, exercising command of the forces in. the field. Brigadier General John
N. Brooks, in field and made all military preparations at the Pine Ridge agency, fifteen
miles from Wounded Knee. Some malcontents had formed a "hostile camp." Big Foot was making
�- 5 for this camp when he was overtaken by Colonel James Forsythe, of the Seventh United
States Cavalry at Viounded Knee. Every precaution was taken to protect the squaws and
papooses—they were placed in a separate camp, about one-fouth of a mile from the bucks.
Cause of the battle was the rfusal of the Indians to give up their guns, and the firing
by the Indians on the troopers. The first volley was fired by the Indians toward their
squaw camp. The Indians then turned and fired point blank at the troopers. The Indians
were armed with sawed-off shot guns that they had hid under their blankets. The battle
was fought December 29, 1890. The burial party, a few days later, buried 146 bodies.
Twenty-one were buried later in the trench at Wounded Knee. When the Indians fired point
blank, the troopers dropped to the ground to make room for the artillery. The Indians re
treated right toward the squaw camp, thu§ making it impossible to discriminate.
"Fjtz Hugh
"Commanding the’^ Seventh cKrolry,
"Fort Bliss, Texas."
It was generally supposed, on account of the position of the troops, many of the troop
ers were killed by their own comrades. Colonel Forsythe was court martialed later for bad
disposition of the troops, but was acquitted, as he should have been, for no mortal could
have seen that the Indians would retreat toward their squaw camp. At the battle the Indians
saw for “the first time, explosive shells. They succeeded in reaching a dry canyon, however,
where they picked off troopers at will. They were finally dislodged, but with a loss of
sixty troopers. Thus ended the battle of Wounded Knee, regretted by both the whites and
the better class of Indians. Some of the striking events of the battle were;
V/hile Phillip WeIls-While, Indian, interpreter of the Seventh Cavalry, was endeavoring
•f ht fn
to persuadeyito surrender, his nose was cut off. The writer has a photograph of General L.
W. Colby, on the back of which is written,by Colby, these words:
"Zitkala Nuni (Lost Bird) Indian baby girl, found on the Wounded Knee battlefield, by
the side of her dead mother, on the fouth day after the battle, and adopted by me. She
was given the Christian name of Marguerite Elusabeth, after the wives of the two Asay
brothers, storekeepers at the Pine Ridge agency. She was frozen on her hands, feet and
head, but has entirely receovered. Si Tanka (Big Foot) band was largely made up of the
remnants of Sitting Bull's band, of which Big Foot .doubtless one. If so. Lost Bird is
an 'Unk Papa Teton Sioux'."
L. W. P^lby, 1891.
Lost Bird, lovable as a baby, had an interesting and checkered career. When she was
fourteen years of age she ran away and married an Italian in California. The Italian died
and then Lost Bird married a Cherokee Indian. She separated from him and then married a
white civil engineer, named Allen. All in all she faced the altar five different times,
and no doubt would have married oftener, but death overtook her at Hanford, California.
When she died she was in her thirty-fifth year. Before going to California, she had jourthe
neyed to/Cheyenne reservation to see Pretty Voice, and Julia Pretty Voice, her supposed
parents. She remained there about a year. It has been proven that Pretty Voice and Julia
were not her parents. General Colby, Wm. F. Cody and Little Bat, the Indian interpreter.
�
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Title
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Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes
Subject
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Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper
Casper (Wyo.) -- History
Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.)
Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History
Description
An account of the resource
The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s.
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Letterbox 2-F
Creator
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Alfred J. Mokler
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1924
1928
1935
1939
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Alfred J. Mokler
Dell Ward
Department of the Interior Office of Indian Affairs
Description
An account of the resource
This letterbox contains the following: a bulletin from the Department of the Interior Office of Indian Affairs titled "Indian Missions of the United States" from 1928, notes from Alfred J. Mokler regarding the Lajeunesse family, an account of Charles Lajeunesse from Alfred J Mokler written on June 16, 1935, a short biography of Basil Lajeunesse, a letter from Dell Ward to his sister discussing Basil Lajeunesse from May 26, 1939, an account of "Wounded Knee Battle Near Pine Ridge Agency" from the Seventh Cavalry on January 16, 1924
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text
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PDF
Language
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ENG
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The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from their use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository.
Publisher
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Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center)
Subject
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Indians of North America
Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History
Wounded Knee Massacre, S.D., 1890
Relation
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Alfred J. Mokler Papers
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Dublin Core
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Alfred J. Mokler Notebooks
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The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Notebooks are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication of text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from their use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository.
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Title
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Notebook 1
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Description
An account of the resource
This notebook contains several articles written and edited by Alfred J. Mokler. These pieces include historical events, people, and places of Wyoming. Not all articles are digitized and are available for in-person viewing. Not digitized articles include: "Chapel of the Transfiguration," "History of Menor's Ferry," and "Shoshone Cavern National Monument."
"Magnificent Mountain Peaks of Wyoming" details several of Wyoming's mountains with historical name selections made in 1934 and a list of mountain peaks accompanied by their elevations.
"Fremont's First Expedition to Wyoming" is an account of the first exploratory military expedition to Wyoming led by Lieutenant John C. Fremont in 1842. This also contains a short but comprehensive biography of John C. Fremont with a handwritten draft from Alfred J. Mokler.
"Origins of The Indian" is Mokler's account of Native American origins and culture, including tribal practices, migration and settlement, and notable events. This also includes a bulletin from the Department of The Interior Office of Indian Affairs of the "Indian Wars and Local Disturbances in the United States from 1782-1898" written in 1921.
"Sanity and Enthusiasm in the Western Oil Empire" was an article detailing Wyoming's oil and was written by Charles A. Selden and published in the New York Times in January of 1920.
"Reclaiming the "Great American Desert"" is a brief historical account of emigrant migration, pioneers, their settlements along the Oregon Trail and the Santa Fe Trail, and their changes made to the Wyoming desert.
"Robert Stuart's Expedition in 1812" is an account of Robert Stuart's expedition from Astoria to Saint Louis in 1812. This includes their travels, experiences, and hardships endured around Wyoming and the routes established along the way.
"Dr. Marcus Whitman's Noble Sacrifice" details Dr. Marcus Whitman's work with Native Americans and his contributions to western frontier development from the late 1830s to the early 1840s, including his death and thoughts surrounding the matter.
"History of The Settlement of Wyoming" describes Wyoming's origins and history with details of explorers who paved the way for the March of Emigration, including Lewis and Clark.
Creator
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Alfred J. Mokler
Contributor
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Charles A. Selden
Subject
The topic of the resource
Casper (Wyo.) -- History
Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History
Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.)
Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper
Publisher
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Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center)
Date Created
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1812
1842
1920
1921
1932
1934
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Text
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PDF
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Alfred J. Mokler Papers, NCA 01.v.1992.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections.
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ENG
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The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Notebooks are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication of text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from their use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository.
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Text
•-.'iniw»i^——iriBiMi in nnriiiiTTfr.Y~' ~iii
Dealing in
Qrain Futures
EDWARD JEROME DIES
Author of
“THE WHEAT PIT”
“SOLVING THE FARM RIDDLE”
Etc.
�Dealing in
Grain Futures
By EDWARD JEROME DIES
Author of “The Wheat Pit,"
‘‘Solvinff the Farm Riddle," etc.
RAIN
exchanges as they function
today constitute one of the miracles of
modern commerce. Slowly, quietly they
have passed through an evolutionary period in
which the machinery of marketing has been over
hauled. New parts have replaced those that had
weakened. And the whole system has been geared
up to keep pace with the needs of agriculture and
commerce.
Modern grain exchanges are the product of the
last sixty years. They w’ere born of an economic
need. They have performed a difficult and trying
task in the face of a shifting, growing agricul
ture and an ever-expanding commerce. During
the long period of groping with the ponderous
problem of distributing the grain crop over the
world, the exchanges blundered, just as all other
great industries blundered, and they suffered from
imperfections, just as all other big Industrie)! suf
fered.
Q
3
�DRALINO IN GRAIN FUTURES
But the exchanges continued, with hardly a
pause, their long uphill pull to higher efficiency.
The}^ finally attained an enviable goal, that of
marketing the farmer’s wheat at a lower cost than
exists in the marketing of any other staple farm
product That is the indisputable fact which
shines out clearly in court decisions, in statements
of the world’s leading economists, and in testi
mony of authorities who have devoted their live.s
to the study of marketing problems. Such evi
dence cannot be shaken; the facts are too clear.
But grain marketing always will be a highly
controversial subject. The reason is plain. Fann
ers want high prices for their grain. Labor wants
low prices for bread. One or the other of these
two forces is forever crying out against the grain
exchange, forgetting that the exchange does not
make prices but simply registers the price at
which the world buys and sells that commodity.
Discontent must have an outlet, and the grain ex
change has always served as the object of critic
ism when prices seemed too high or too low.
Crafty politicians have always taken advantage
of this situation. When a parade of malcontenl.s
started down a highway some politician was ready
to leap to the head of the procession and shout:
“Come on, boys.” It seemed a good vote-getting
scheme, just as attacking the railroads in the old
day.s assured a certain following of voters in
capable of thinking for themselves.
But the exchanges, like the railroads, have
gradually strengthened their position by reason
of rendering greater public service. As a result
the opportunist in vote-getting ha.s seen his prize
shrivel rapidly in recent years.
Despite the progress and efficiency of the mod
ern grain exchange there are still vast numbers
of persons who draw their grain marketing educa
tion from the sensational headlines depicting the
exploits of. some irresponsible plunger; or from
the startling outburst.s of some insignificant and
4
DEALING IN GRAIN FUTURES
scheming politician, who represents no one but
himself, who knows nothing whatever about grain
marketing, and whose comment is utterly ridicu
lous to those familiar with the subject and to
those charged with the duty of supervising the
affairs of the exchange. But even the uninformed
public is growing weary of this type of disturber.
Under the progress being made by the Chicago
Board of Trade, the largest grain market in the
world, and other domestic grain exchanges, the
day is not far distant when the exchanges, like
the railroads and other major industries, will have
placed such agitators in their true light. The
end can be attained in but one manner, that is
for the exchange to function as nearly 100 per
cent perfect as is humanly possible. And today
that is the sincere, genuine aim of the grain ex
change.
The Board of Trade
The Chicago Board of Trade has grown into a
great artery through which the life blood of grain
commerce is continually throbbing. Contrary to
the general understanding, the board of trade
neither buys nor sells grain. It only register.s
prices. It is not organized for private gain. It
i i an association of some 1,600 reputable busi
ness men, many of whom are heads of large firms.
The membership includes banks, railroads, steam
ship companies, elevators, commission houses,
brokers, speculators, and the like. The objects
of the association formed three-quarters of a cen
tury ago, are to maintain an exchange, promot *
fair dealings and facilitate business. Rigid rules
and regulations are laid down and are followed.
Serious violation causes expulsion from the ex
change and forfeiture of the valuable membershij5. A glance at the records will show that such
action is taken and taken quickly when occasion
warrants.
It has been suggested that the Chicago Board
of Trade does not keep step with progress; that
�DEAtJNO IN GRAIN FUTURES
DEALING IN GRAIN FUTURES
it does not overhaul its machinery frequently
enough to stay abreast of changing times. The
answer may be found in a study of the records
of any single year. These fundamental changes
have been made in the past two years:
By a vote of the membership a Business
Conduct Committee with wide powers was
appointed and its remarkable work in an
ticipating and preventing emergencies in the
market has been praised by market author
ities and financiers throughout the nation.
A new modern clearing house system for
handling grain trades has been established at
great cost and inconvenience, all of which is
being amply repaid, however, by reason of
the increased defficiency which has elimi
nated the complaints that now and then were
heard under the old system.
A new rule has been adopted which per
mits non-resident members to vote by mail,
thus more fairly distributing the voting power
of the exchange throughout the country.
An antiquated state elevator law, long a
thorn in the side of the exchange, has been
removed and a modern warehouse law en
acted.
A rule was adopted which permits the di
rectors to declare the existence of an emerg
ency arid limit price fluctuations on grain in
time of great market stress.
These are but a few of the numerous funda
mental changes brought about in the short space
of two years.
culture see to it that the act is in no way violated.
Representatives of the department of agriculture
are stationed at various contract markets. The
board of trade is supervised by a staff of govern
ment employes under the able leadership of L. A.
Fitz, grain exchange supervisor at Chicago. Offi
cials of the exchange work in close co-operation
with these government officials for the purpose of
continually improving the machinery and prevent
ing acts which might be inimical to the proper
functioning of the markets.
Government Regulation
Besides enforcing its own rigorous rules, the
grain exchange functions under the direct super
vision of the United States government. All ex
changes must comply with the Grain Futures Act
before they can be designated as contract mark
ets. A staff of officials in the department of agri
Under this close co-operation attempted cor
ners, squeezes, market raids, and the like, have
become a thing of the past. The government has
the power to inquire into the personal dealings of
any trader, and exerts that power whenever such
course seems advisable.
The Chicago Board of Trade and the United
States government have long worked in close har
mony in an effort to make the marketing machin
ery 100 per cent efficient. And steady progress
has been made.
Cash and Futures
Four hundred million bushels of cash grain,
physical grain, are received in the huge Chicago
market each year. The figure helps to visualize
the giant facilities of the cash grain division of the
board of trade.
But the futures market of the exchange reflects
even greater magnitude. It is the very hub of
world grain trade. In this board of trade futures
market foreign nations anticipate their future
needs in the way of bread supplies. Exporters
buy grain for future delivery, as they sell to for
eign customers. Country elevators hedge their
holdings of actual wheat, and millers and manu
facturers use the market constantly for hedging
purposes and for acquiring grain to be delivered
at some future date.
7
�DEALING IN GRAIN FUTURES
DEALING IN GRAIN FUTURES
Hedging, or what might be called i)riee insur
ance, is the most vital factor in the whole grain
distributing system. In order to have hedging
facilities there must be a futures market. And in
order to have a futures market there must be
speculation. The three elements, hedging, fu
tures, and speculation are locked tightly together,
and the market would lose its purpose it specu
lation were to be eliminated.
Speculation consists in buying or selling prop
erty with a view to making a profit between the
buying and the selling price and in the meantime
accepting the risks. This is true in grain just as
in real estate or any other commercial endeavor.
Gambling consists in wagering money on some
future event without any necessary relation to the
acquiring or disposal of property. The risks in
speculation are those incident to ownership of
property. The risks of gambling are unnessary
and artificial risks. They are created for the sheer
purpose of deciding bets. It is utterly ridicu
lous to confuse speculation and gambling. Spec
ulation has been called the greatest incentive to
progress that man has ever had. It has been a
driving force in every phase of life.
a bushel, wholesale, he will have to pay you the
other 50 cents a bushel which you lost, and if the
retail price is then 55 cents a bushel, you make
5 cents. Let’s praise this speculator instead of
condemning him, for he takes a risk that few
men would care to assume, and so protects busi
ness men from loss. . . .
“Eight lout of ten concerns fail. For instance
in 1922 there were nearly 24,000 business failures.
Fully two-thirds of this enormous increase was due
to vanishing inventories of high-priced goods,
bought at the wrong time.
“Now, how will we prevent this loss? One
method is ‘hedging’ such as I have just described
in the operations of the grain exchange at Chi
cago. Don’t assail the fellows in the grain and
cotton exchanges. They buy and sell futures,
but they take risks that other persons don’t
want. That’s what all Insurance is.”
Dr. S. S. Heubner of the University of Penn
sylvania in an address took occasion to praise the
so-called “gamblers” in the commodity exchanges.
“These men take risks that nobody else wants.
I'hey save loss to others. Why, the Chicago Board
of Trade is the biggest insurance concern in the
world.
“Let me show you how you can buy wheat for
$1 a bushel, and sell it at 55 cents a bushel, and
make 5 cents profits. You buy, say, 100,000 bu
shels of wheat, paying $1 a bushel. You put it in
a grain elevator. In other days you waited to sell,
and if the price dropped you were wiped out. To
day you sell the 100,000 bushels short at $1 a bushel
and you are insured. Some speculator will take
the chance, and buy it; if wheat drops to 50 cents
8
Trading in Futures
It may be interesting to explain the precise
method of dealing in grain futures from a specu
lative viewpoint.
Let us suppose that you are a business man with
some knowledge of speculative markets, and with
some knowledge of grain supplies and demands.
After observing general conditions you decide to
speculate in wheat.
If you have established no connections with a
reputable brokerage house you will perhaps in
quire of your banker, and he will recommend a
responsible firm holding membership on the Chi
cago Board of Trade or one of the other large
grain exchanges. This commission broker operates
under all the rules of the exchange and under the
provisions of the Grain Futures Act enforced by
the United States government. He charges a slight
commission for executing your order in the grain
market. He will make available to you official
9
�DEALING IN GRAIN FUTURES
DEALING IN GRAIN FUTURES
statistical matter and other information which may
aid you in forming an opinion as to the future
course of the market. He will advise, but you
will instruct and your orders will be carried out.
This commission merchant who executes your
order in the futures market, be it either to buy or
sell, must have some security to protect him from
losses. His profit comes only in his commission.
The security he requires is called “margins.” Now,
let us suppose that you decide to purchase 5,000
bushels of wheat, a very small order, for delivery
next May, believing that the price in the mean
time will be higher and that you may make a
profit on your investment. You deposit with your
broker from 5 to 10 cents a bushel, depending on
the current price of wheat. He immediately flashes
your order to his representative on the floor of
the exchange. The order is executed and the con
firmation sent to you at once.
When you are ready to sell you simply instruct
your broker to sell at a price which you fix upon
or at the price then prevailing in the market.
Your profit or your loss will be shown in the state
ment of your account immediately forthcoming
from the broker.
The same method is followed in trading in all
the various other commodities dealt in on the
Chicago Board of Trade, including corn, oats,
rye, cotton, lard, dry salted bellies, short ribs and
other meats. The margins placed with the broker
are based somewhat upon the current value of
the commodity, and rather in proportion to the
margins mentioned on wheat.
Under the rules funds for trading must be in
the hands of the commission merchants before or
ders are executed, and may be sent by express,
bank drafts or certified checks, or they may be
deposited in any responsible bank in the country
whose cashier will receipt for the funds and notify
the merchant that the money has been deposited
to his credit.
There are thousands of business men and others
who might be called competent speculators by rea
son of their knowledge and their financial respon
sibility who trade regularly in the speculative
commodities markets. This widespread competent
public speculation, added to the professional spec
ulation creates a liquid futures market broad
enough to immediately absorb without undue price
fiuctuations the enormous volume of hedging by
country elevators, millers, exporters, manufactur
ers, and others incident to the world-wide distri
bution of a world commodity.
When you eliminate competent speculation you
throttle the market and defeat its purpose. With
out an open futures market there would develop
chaotic condition of unorganized, incompetent
speculation, replete with unfair practices; the
producer would be gouged, for he would have
no way of knowing true values. Virtual control
of grain traffic by powerful interests large enough
to drive small competitors from the field would
soon result.
10
Hedging in Grain Futures
When you possess a commodity which has been
purchased for resale you assume an inevitable risk
due to the fiuctuations in market value which may
occur between the time of purchase and the time
of resale. Should the commodity be one whose
price changes frequently your risk is greatly in
creased.
Grain is such a commodity. Values are revised
many times during the course of a single hour on
the organized exchanges. In the quotations reg
istered by the grain exchanges are reflected the
minutest variations in supply and demand condi
tions. Traders, merchants, millers and speculators
representing world-wide interests come together
and the figures at which they buy and sell reflect
the composite world opinion on grain prices.
Crops, weather reports, economic and political con
ditions are all considered and weighed in the del11
�DEALING IN GRAIN FUTURES
DEALING IN GRAIN FUTURES
icate scales of speculative opinion. The market is
sensitive to the slightest change in value-determin
ing factors. With nice precision it reflects the
varying world conditions as they are interpreted
by men whose judgment, backed by wide experi
ence and expert knowledge, is their chief reliance
in a highly important business.
can never destroy speculation as it is something
inexorably connected with the ownership of any
kind of property.
There are many kinds of farm produce and gen
eral merchandise that cannot be hedged by the
owner and he must assume the speculative risk.
These articles must be merchandised and the
wholesaler and the retailer take the risk. Hence
a profit must be taken large enough to justify therisk. Losses are inevitable from time to time and
a larger profit is necessary to absorb such losses.
In the ownership of grain this speculative risk
is shifted upon the special class known as specu
lators who help to make up the futures market.
By reason of the accuracy with which prices
reflect changing conditions frequent fluctuations
are to be expected. Prices swing within a narrow
range in normal times, but extreme conditions
call forth extreme fluctuations, and it is at such
times that the merchant, elevator man, miller,
exporter and others who do not wish to specu
late but to carry on a stabilized business find
the hedging facilities of the grain futures mar
ket indispensable. Save for the fact that this
hedging protection is available the grain busines.s would be an extremely hazardous one for
even the most judicious business man. Without
some sort of protection all type of grain dealers
would necessarily become daring speculators.
Some commentators have made the important
subject of hedging quite involved and quite diffi
cult to grasp. In reality it is very simple. As
explained before, the futures market is a place for
dealing in contracts for the delivery of grain at
some future indicated month. This market is used
for hedging, or insurance purposes, by the owner
of grain. The purpose of hedging is to avoid a
risk known as the speculative risk, which attaches
to ownership of any kind of property including
wheat. The owner of wheat, whether he is a
farmer with wheat in his granary, a farmers’
elevator company with wheat in the elevator, a
terminal elevator with wheat in store, or a miller
with wheat on hand for manufacture necessarily
speculates upon that wheat. In other words, the
owner takes the risk of loss through a drop in
price and also faces the possibility of a gain
through a rise in price. Incidentally, legislation
12
A Typical Hedge
Let us take the case of a farmers’ elevator com
pany, It purchases 10,000 bushels of wheat for
cash and stores the wheat at its country elevator.
Now, unless that elevator company immediately
hedged this wheat in the futures market it would
be speculating on an enormous scale. But with
its wheat hedged, or insured against price fluctu
ations it is operating on a safe, sound business
basis.
If the company purchased the wheat in Septem
ber and immediately sold a like amount of wheat
in the futures market for delivery at a certain
specified time, a trade profit on the handling of
wheat would be obtained regardless of any price
fluctationsj that took place in the interim between
the purchase of the actual wheat and the delivery
of the actual wheat. If the wheat was purchased
at a profit of 3 cents a bushel, after deducting
the freight to the terminal market this profit
would not be increased by any advance in price, or
decreased by any decline in price. Let us say the
wheat was shipped out in October to arrive in the
terminal market the next month and was sold as
cash wheat, at the same time the hedge of the sale
for future delivery was closed in the futures mar1.3
�DEALING IN GRAIN FUTURES
DEALING IN GRAIN FUTURES
ket. If the price of wheat had advanced 5 cents
a bushel an apparent profit would be made in the
sale of the cash wheat through the advance in
price. But the price for the future month would
also have advanced 5 cents and in the purchase of
this hedge a loss would be made of 5 cents a
bushel. This would exactly offset the gain in
the sale of cash wheat, or 5 cents a bushel. The
original profit of 3 cents a bushel for handling
would remain. If the market had declined the
result would have been the same for there would
have been a profit on the hedge in the futures
market which would have offset a loss of the
same amount on the actual wheat.
By this system of selling for future delivery
the farmers’ elevator company, the independent
dealer, and the line elevator company can avoid
speculative risks which some one must assume.
Millers find the futures market indispensable.
Millers often make sales of flour for delivery
many months in advance. The sales are based
upon the price of wheat at the time of the sale.
If the miller purchased no wheat for future de
livery as a hedge against his flour sale, he would
be assuming the speculative risk which the whole
milling industry wishes to avoid. Like other in
dustries, the milling industry wants to carry on
business in a sound intelligent manner. If a
miller were to sell flour for delivery at some
future time and was not able to purchase wheat
until the time arrived to fill the flour sale, and
in the meantime wheat had gone skyward, he
would be flirting with receivership.
Hedging adds security to the grain and mill
ing business. It eliminates speculative profits
and prevents speculative losses. Every intelli
gent business man prefers to weed out the spec
ulative pitfalls and function with some degree
of certainty.
States Supreme Court called hedging “a means
by which growers and exporters of grain or other
products, and manufacturers who make con
tracts in advance for the sale of their goods,
secure themselves against the fluctuations of the
market by counter-contracts for the purchase or
sale . . . of an equal quantity of the product. ’
Cost of the futures market with its hedging
facilities is very low as compared with premiums
on other forms of insurance. It has been figured
that maintenance of the futures market exacts
a toll of about 2/5 of a cent a bushel on the
whole crop. Without this insurance the pro
ducer would receive less for his grain and the
consumer would pay more. In markets having
no hedging facilities the additional toll has been
placed at approximately 10 cents a bushel.
Therefore, it may be readily seen why even
the most aggressive critics of the grain futures
exchange become alarmed over any move to in
terfere with the hedging market. Its economic
value is recognized by all. Russia had no fu
tures or hedging market when it was a great
wheat producing country before the war, and the
prices paid the farmer were relatively much
lower than in the United States and Canada, or
any other western European country.
Low Cost of Hedging
In sustaining the legitimacy of fhtures con
tracts on the Chicago Board of Trade the United
It
Types of Hedging
&
Hedgers in the futures market may be divided
roughly into two classes:: There are those who
sell futures against grain they own, and there
are those who buy future.s against sales of actual
grain or flour.
Those selling futures in the pit as a hedge
against grain they own include line elevators,
which are companies having a line of elevators at
country railway stations; country shippers which
are called independent elevator companies and
farmers’ elevator companies; big farmers and
terminal elevator companies at the market cen
ters.
15
�DE.-1LTNO ly QRAiy FUTURES
Those who buy futures as a hedge against sales
of grain and flour are millers, local elevator
shippers at every market center, grain commis
sion houses and exporters at the seaboard.
Here it should be pointed out that the daily
transaction of these buyers and sellers in the
hedging markets do not by any means balance
Such a condition is impossible. The balance is
maintained by the speculative division of the
market. Without sj)eculation the hedging mar
ket would be narrow, tliere would be crazy price
gyrations and the wliole purpose of the market
would be defeated.
Hedging begins in June or July in the winter
wheat markets and earlj^ in August or September
in tile spring wheat centers. During the next
four months it is heaviest because of the move
ment of the wlieat and oats crops. New Corn
crop hedging does not begin on a large scale un
til December.
When the crop is moving freely a line elevator
company, with perhaps fifty houses in the coun
try, may buy a thousand bushels of wheat a day
at each station. It is the business of such com
panies to buy grain on a reasonable margin and
to sell it again as quickly as possible. These
companies do not care to speculate.
So as the actual wheat is accumulated by one
of these companies, sales of an equal amount
are made in the wheat pit as a hedge. If the
company t)uvs fifty thousand bushels of wheat
in one day it will sell in the wheat pit a contract
to deliver fifty thousand bushels of wheat during
a certain future month. As the company dis
poses of the actual wheat, it buys back in the
wheat pit the same volume which it had sold for
future delivery.
Thus it is protected against price fluctuations,
while holding the physical wheat. For should the
price of wheat go down, an offsetting profit is
16
REALINO IN GRAIN FUTURES
made on the futures contract. Should the price
go up and involve a loss on the futures contract,
it is offset by the rise in the value of the actual
grain. Thereby the company makes precisely
what it set out to make, which is a fair merchan
dising profit.
Terminal elevator companies buy the day-today surplus at the markets and carry it until
decreasing supplies late in the winter and in the
spring bring forth a demand. They are located
at the market centers. At most markets they
buy their grain at the exchanges instead of in
the country as in the case of the line elevators
and farmers’ elevator companies.
Five million bushels of wheat carried by a
terminal elevator comijany would be an enor
mous risk without the protection of hedging. So
as rapidly as the wheat is accumulated the com
pany hedges by selling an equal amount of fu
tures in the wheat pit.
Hedging has a vitally important bearing upon
the crop movement. For instance, banks loan
money readily on grain in store. They loan al
most up to its market value if the grain is
hedged. Should elevator companies fail to hedge
their grain the banks would look upon them as
speculators with dangerou.s risks. Under present
conditions terminal elevator companies, carry
ing million.s of bushels of grain, are enormous
borrowers of money. Nor do they have any dif
ficulty in obtaining these funds when their grain
holdings are insured in the hedging market.
Exporters Hedge
Exporters of grain utilize the futures market
for hedging purposes to a very large extent. The
exporter will contract to sell grain abroad before
be ha.s purchased the actual grain in thi.s coun
try. But when he enters into the foreign con
tract he will buy in the futures market an
amount equal to his sale abroad. The price will
enable him to deliver the physical grain abroad
17
�DEALING IN GRAIN FUTURES
DEALING IN GRAIN FUTURES
at a profit. In the meantime he need not fear a
rising market, for he is safely hedged. His
transaction becomes a plain business deal and not
a speculation.
There can be no doubt that without the specu
lative market with its hedging facilities the
grain business would eventually become concen
trated in the hands of a small but powerful
group. As it stands today the speculative mar
ket with its hedging facilities is a great benefit
to the farmer as well as to the man in the street.
Hedging is now almost universal in the grain
and milling business and in the cotton trade.
From time to time there has been criticism by
ill-advised politicians because it seems that the
quantity of sales for future delivery is several
times that of cash sales. Those who point to this
condition do not take into consideration the fact
that the same grain may be hedged many times.
Every time the ownership of the grain changes a
new hedge may be put out and the previous
hedge taken in. The grain may change hands
several times between the producer and the con
sumer just as any other commodity must neces
sarily pass through its natural course.
In the case of grain, each owner may carry out
his method of price insurance by hedging in the
futures market. A farmers’ elevator company
might first purchase the grain and hedge it in
the usual way. The grain might then pass to the
terminal elevator who would hedge it in the fu
tures market, the farmers’ elevator company
meantime buying in the hedge. The terminal
elevator might sell to a miller, who in turn would
hedge, while the terminal elevator bought in its
hedge. Thus the process would continue, with a
hedging purchase and sale for each owner of the
actual grain. Often there are half a dozen such
transactions. Moreover it happens that the owner
of grain will transfer his hedge from one month
to a more distant month, each such transaction
adding to the volume of trades in the futures
market. But such volume of trades need not re
flect undue speculation, as has been proved time
and again.
18
Speculation
In this connection authorities have pointed out
that the volume of these contracts, whether spec
ulative or not, is of no real consequence so long
as the integrity of the contract remains in ques
tion.
The greater the volume the less costly is the
operation of the marketing machinery.
Contrary to a former rather widespread mis
conception, speculation is now recognized as a
part of the great system of distribution to which
credit and transportation belong.. In its way it
performs the same general service. It facilitates
the distribution of products to consumers. Henry
George likened speculation to a balance wheel,
by which the whole machinery of industry is
regulated. Mr. Justice Hughes of the United
States Supreme Court said speculation “consists
in forecasting changes in value and buying and
selling to take advantage of them.”
In a celebrated decision in which the Supreme
Court sustained grain exchange contentions, Mr.
Justice Holmes pointed out that “in a modern
market contracts are not confined to sales for
immediate delivery.”
“People will endeavor to forecast the future
and make agreements according to their proph
ecy,” he said. “Speculation of this kind by com
petent men is the self-adjustment of society to
the probable. Its value is well known a.s a means
of avoiding catastrophies, equalizing prices, and
providing for periods of want. It is true that
the success of the strong induces imitation by
the weak, and that incompetent persons bring
themselves to ruin by undertaking to speculate in
their turn.
“But legislatures and courts generally have
recognized that the natural evolutions of a com
19
�DE/ILING TN GRAIN FUTURES
DEALING IN GRAIN FUTURES
plex society are to be touched only with a very
cautious hand, and that such coarse attempts at a
remedy for the waste incident to every social
function as a simple prohibition and laws to stop
its being are harmful and vain.”
The speculator’s service to society, then, is in
avoiding or mitigating catastrophies, equalizing
prices, and providing for periods of want.
Abundant proof is available that this service
is actually performed by the grain futures mar
ket. It ha.s been shown, for instance, that had
speculation in grain suddenly ceased in the sum
mer of 1920, when post-war prices began tumb
ling, the resultant situation might well have been
termed a catastrophe. And precisely that very
thing happened in wool, hides, leather, tobacco,
silk and scores of other articles which are not
commodities of speculation on the organized ex
changes. The single purpose is price stabiliza
tion. The ruinous price swing.s in commodities
not dealt in upon the futures exchanges are a
dreaded hazard to which the owners of the com
modity must submit. It is but necessary to com
pare prices of such commodities over a period
of years with the price of grain to understand
how the futures market eliminates the risk.s of
grain ownership.
It has been fairly asserted that the most use
ful portion of the speculative class are those who
speculate in commodities affected by the vicissi
tudes of seasons.
Without wheat speculators the price varia
tions would be much more extreme than at pres
ent. Moreover in a deficient season the needed
supplies might not be forthcoming at all. With
out speculation the price in a season of abund
ance v.ould fall without limit or check, with the
dange.' of wasteful consumption bringing on a
later famine. .lohn Stuart Mill . stresses these
points clear and sharp in his Principles of Politi
cal Economy.
20
A.s stated before, some critics of the grain future.s market, while defending its hedging facil
ities, have disapproved the vast volume of specu
lative transactions. It has been claimed, for
example, that the futures trades on the Chicago
Board of Trade are several times the nation’s
total wheat crop.
To the layman this is an arresting thought.
And many a farmer has been disturbed by the
notion that his wheat was sold over and over
from the time it left his wagon until it reached
the ultimate consumer. The fact is that the
volume of futures trading has no effect upon
price other than to add stability.
In the futures market the trading is in wheat
contracts. The same contract may pass through
the hands of a dozen or a score of buyers and
sellers, each time adding to the volume of fu
tures transactions. Hence the large total as com
pared with the actual crop.
But this volume i.s no more striking than the
enormous disproportion between the currency of
the country and contracts for the payment of
money. These contracts are set off in the clear
ing houses of the banks. No one ever dreams
of attacking their integrity.
For example, at this writing the savings ac
counts total some twenty thousand million dol
lars. Yet the Treasury Department report shows
that all the money circulating in the United
States amounts to only four thousand seven
hundred and seventy-six million dollars. Note
the wide disproportion.
Five times as much money i,s in the banks to
day as there i.s in all the United States com
bined. The answer is simple. The same dollar
is used over and over again, just as actual wheat
is contracted for over and over again. Should
all depositors of banks and trust companies ask
for their money at once, it i.s estimated they
21
�DEALING IN GRAIN EUTURE8
would receive no more than 10 per cent. Yet
their money is perfectly safe.
Perhaps no other institution has been more
completely misunderstood than the grain ex
change. Grain marketing is a highly technical
subject and easily lends itself to misinterpreta
tion when being treated by antagonistic persons
with a selfish interest. In other words, since the
public is not familiar with the subject, the pub
lic, including the producers, is frequently misled
by a few colorful catch phrases denouncing the
whole marketing system. Yet the system survives
and is stronger today than at any other time in
history for the sheer reason that serious minded
bankers, farmers, economists, law-makers and
jurists know full well that it can not be replaced
by any other system that would carry on the
huge task of marketing the grain crop with such
a small margin of cost between producer and
consumer.
Grain exchanges will survive and will continue
the evolutionary process by which they are be
coming more and more efficient each year.
�Dumfries,Scotland
MOST ROMANTIC ECCLESIASTICAL STROCTORE IN ALL CHRISTENDOM
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�The Chicago Board of Trade
A View From the Gallery
WHAT
IT
MEANS
THE GREATEST GRAIN MARKET IN THE WORLD
his is the place where the rise and fall before making an offer. The sellers are
of grain prices responsive to the great quite as acute and lose no opportunity of
law of supply and demand is registered min
disposing
of their car lots.
ute by minute, hour by hour, and day by day
These men deal in specified grades of
while the Chicago Board of Trade is in
grain which have been established by the
session.
State and Federal regulations. The unit of
Buying and selling grain is the occupation trading is the bushel and the trading is in
of the busy men who crowd the floor of the contracts for delivery at a future date. In
exchange. The traders can be roughly divi other words, one trader buys and another
ded into two groups. Those on the left, sells a contract calling for the delivery of a
standing or walking among the rows of specified number of bushels of grain of a
marble topped tables are the cash grain standard quality in a certain month.
dealers.
If the contract calls for delivery in De
'I'hey bargain for car loads of grain, sam cember it is referred to as December wheat,
ples of which in small paper bags, are before corn, oats or other grain as the case may be.
them on the tables. The samples, small If the contract specifies May for delivery
quantities of grain from each car load, have it is a trade in Alay grain. These contracts
been taken from cars of grain in the rail are called futures, and the future takes its
road switching yards around the city. Many name from the delivery month, not the
of the cars arrive in the yards the very day harvest or the month in which the sale is
the grain is sold on the Exchange.
made.
The grain has been tested by the Illinois
raders in futures or contracts for
State Grain Inspectors and the Sampling
future delivery occupy what are known
Department of the Board of Trade, and
as
the pits, each of which is a series of steps
each bag shows the official grade of its con
tents according to the standard fixed for the raised in circular form leaving a pit-like de
pression in the center from which the name
entire country by Federal enactment.
is derived. Their peculiar form enables
The buyers, men who know grain as few traders standing on the different levels to
men can, sift the grain between their fingers, see each other clearly and so transact busi
perhaps smell of it or split a kernel open ness in spite of the tumult.
T
T
�THE CASH TABLES
There are five pits. One for each of the
major grains, wheat, corn and oats. One
for provisions, and one, the smallest on the
floor, for rye and barley. The method of
trading is the same in each pit.
trivance to hasten business gives precedence
to the simple gesture of the hand as the ulti
mate of rapidity in business transactions in
the grain pits of the Exchange.
Confusion worse confounded is the im
pression on seeing the exchange at close
-range, ruid- hcaring -iPie rear- of Hwiny-voiccs,
swelling and diminishing like a great organ
playing a tuneless melody.
he sign language is simple and consists
of eight motions covering fractional
changes in price, and a
ready code, denoting the
amount of bushels bought
or sold.
But intelligent men are not given to mean
ingless madness, and it would be difficult to
find a more intelligent group than that same
shouting, hand-waving crowd.
The key to unlock order out of the seem
ing confusion is the sign language, the old,
old motion talk which scientists tell us pre
ceded the earliest speech, and which has
here been revived, brought under strict rules
and carried to its highest expression.
The telegraph, the telephone, the airplane,
the locomotive, and every other human con
T
Even Cent
Prices are denoted by
the hand held horizontally.
Held vertically the hand
signals the quantity de
sired or offered.
The
hand signaling price or
quantity held with the
palm out or away from
the trader shows a desire
to sell, with the palm
toward the trader it de
notes a wish to buy.
PRICE CODE
�THE PIT
The horizontal clenched fist denotes an
even price, say $1.80 a bushel. One finger
extended, one-eighth of a cent; two fingers
spread apart, one-fourth of a cent; three
fingers spread apart, three-eighths of a cent;
four fingers spread apart, one-half a cent;
four fingers and the thumb extended and
spread apart; five-eighths of a cent; four
fingers and the thumb extended but pressed
together, three-quarters of
a cent; hand clenched
with the thumb alone ex
tended, seven-eighths of a
cent.
Indicating the quantity
the fingers are displayed
vertically, each represent
ing 5000 bushels. The
whole hand, fingers and
thumb extended vertically
represents 25,000 bushels.
A single transaction is
after this fashion:
A
broker wants to buy 5000
bushels of December grain
at $1.24J^ a bushel, th!
PRICE CODE
last sale having been $1.25 a bushel. He
extends his hand, fist closed, thumb ex
tended, palm toward himself, and shouts
his offer. His words may be lost in the
volume of sound but his signal is seen by
a broker across the pit who is willing to
sell at that figure, and the signal is an
swered. The buyer raises one finger verti
cally, indicating that 5000 bushels are
wanted and a nod accepts the offer. The
transaction is complete. The buyer notes
on the blue side of his trading card “5—
Johnson 1.24%,” the blue side denoting a
purchase, while the seller notes on the red
side of his trading card, red denoting a
sale, “5— Smith 1.24%.”
he whole transaction took a fraction
of the time it has taken to read the
description, and under the rules of the
Board of Trade the trade is as binding as
though it had been a formal contract drawn
by legal talent, signed, witnessed and deliv
ered in duplicate after prolonged negotia
tion.
T
�Multiply this transaction with its shout
and its signals by hundreds occurring si
multaneously ; add the noise of a multitude
of clicking telegraph keys; repeat it in every
pit augmented by strong lunged, calls for
scurrying messengers and the shuffle of a
thousand feet and you have the roar of the
exchange. A roar meaningless to the super
ficial observer but filled with meaning to the
initiated, who hear in it^the voice of the
world bargaining for the great primal neces
sity—food.
here is a doser relation between the
cash grain and futures pit than is ob
servable on the surface.
Ownership of any commodity implies risk,
and ownership of grain is no exception. In
deed, because of the constant change in
prices, forced by the law of supply and
demand on a world basis, the owner of
grain is constantly subject to the hazard of
lower prices.
T
Trading in futures, however, supplies
grain owners with a ready means of insur
ing against loss through price changes.
The process is called “hedging.”
From the morning gong until the triple
clang of the great bell above the gallery
tolls the close of the market the clamor and
Its operation can be described by taking
„ tumult continue, and to this .resounding ac- ian-actuaF instance of its—usefulness-to a
companiment the stream of grain from the cash trader. Suppose he has bought four
harvest fields of the world takes its course, car loads of grain, approximately 5000
supplying the needs of the nations.
bushels, at the sample table, he paid, let us
say $1.80 a bushel, and hopes to sell in a
As each transaction is completed in the few weeks at a profit. Meanwhile the price
pit it is noted by a trained observer on a may go down. The trader on completing
raised platform, and transmitted to a teleg his purchase immediately rushes to the fu
rapher stationed on the “bridge,” an elevated tures pit. The grain, December delivery, is
gangway in the center of the exchange, and selling at $1.88 a bushel. He sells a con
by him ticked to the man at the quotation tract to deliver 5000 bushels of grain in
blackboards and to the offices of grain December, four months distant. He is in
brokers. On the blackboard the last quo sured against loss. The risk of ownership
tation or sale price is chalked in plain view has been transferred from his shoulders.
until it is superseded by a different price. Should prices decline he has an assured sale
at a profit.
The changing quotations are sent broad
Any time before December the trader
cast over the land by telegraph, by the com
mercial market bureaus and by the news can sell his 5000 bushels if he is satisfied
papers so that the price at which grain is with the cash price, and buy back his sale
being bought and sold in Chicago is known of the contract to deliver, or he can wait
and the changes observed almost instanta until December and deliver his grain on
contract, covering the cost of storing the
neously in far distant places.
grain for four months and making a profit.
Not the least of its virtues is the inflexible _ Hedging, is yirtually. insurance, and tlic____
-code of-dien©r-meulcated and enforced by’ only insurance not capitalized and operated
the Board of Trade which makes these sig as a separate business. Its operation is only
nalled trades as binding as more formal another example of the many sided benefits
methods.
of organized grain trading.
By means of a net work of telegraph
his brief view from the gallery gives
wires, converging at the stations at the right
a little insight into the complex business
of the pits, the grain trading of the entire of marketing the millions of bushels of
country centers here in the few hundred grain which yearly pass from the farm to
square feet of the floor of the exchange.
the consumer.
T
�The POWDER
sjJHus tra tiorL^
Walterrdin e
WAS standing m front
of Joel Collins's Tivoli
Saloon in Cheyenne one
afternoon in the spring
of 1876 when somebody let out
a whoop and hollers, “Here she
comes!”
Glancing down Seventeenth Street I saw swinging along the
plank sidewalk a fairly stocky figure, of medium height, dressed
in the rumpled blue uniform of a soldier. People crowded the
doorways on both sides of the street to get a look at the new
comer, and the shouting and banter, back and forth, made quite
a commotion. I couldn’t understand the reason for so much fuss
over a soldier, as the town was full of soldiers attached to General
Crook’s expedition, which was outfitting to take the field against
the Sioux. That was what had brought me up from Texas.
Someone must have noticed the blank look on my face, because
a fellow standing beside me remarked:
“You don’t mean to say you never heard of Calamity Jane?”
Of course I had heard of Calamity Jane, but that was the first
time I had ever seen her.
Calamity walked past where I was standing and turned into
the Tivoli, with about a dozen men at her heels. She marched
up to the bar, put down a gold piece and asked Billy Heffron,
the bartender, to set out a bottle of his smoothest whiskey.
The long bar was immediately filled. Calamity had two or three
drinks, buying back and forth with members of the crowd,
and then she walked into the gambling room, which was in the
rear of the bar, where poker, faro and keeno games ran night and
day. Calamity asked who wanted to play a little poker. It
did not take long to get another game under way.
Calamity was a good poker player, and I think she played a
square game. I never heard anyone complain that she cheated.
Like any card player with a conscience, she would stake a fellow
she had cleaned out. Calamity must have won a lot of money
by gambling in her time. I have no way of knowing what she did
with it, but she seems to have put something by for old age.
I have heard stories, of course—stories of disillusionment and
tragedy, and of respectable connections in another part of the
18
Qy
‘•y
With a movement which no eye could follow
Wild Bill's hands dropped to his sides.
There was one report, and the cow puncher
fell with two bullets through his belly
country who were dependent upon the bounty of this strange
woman for their support. Others must have heard these stories
too, but I have never seen any of them in print, and I will not
be the one to break the ice. Calamity was never at a loss for
something to say, particularly in the line of repartee, but she
seldom spoke of herself and never of her past.
This form of reticence was not uncommon in the West of that
day and date. A man’s past was his own, and his reserve
with reference to it was a privilege not to be questioned lightly.
This etiquette applied to Calamity Jane. She accepted the
West on even terms with any man. She did a man’s work and
lived a man’s life. She was twenty-eight or thirty years old at
the time of which I speak, and had been a character of note in the
West for five or six years. I never saw her except in a man’s
clothes, or without a gun. She was better than an average shot,
and in her day the average was high. It has been said that
she killed several men. I do not know about that. I never
saw her kill anyone, or eyen draw a gun that I remember of.
I think if I had seen Cmamity draw for business I would
have seen her shoot. She had a sensible look in her cool gray
eyes.
Another thing which tended to keep men at their distance
where Calamity was concerned was her friendship for Wild Bill
Hickok, the most celebrated peace officer and surest shot the
West ever knew. It seems that some years before in Abilene or
Hays City—One of those Kansas towns where Bill was marshal—
Calamity had come to him for protection. To be known as a
friend of Wild Bill’s was the best accident insurance one could
carry. It enabled Calamity to avoid a lot of unpleasantness
which a woman in her environment otherwise naturally would
have encountered.
In the spring of ’76 Wild Bill was the marshal in Deadwood.
He was killed there that summer by Jack McCall. Calamity
was out on the Rosebud campaign with us at the time, and prob
ably did not get the news until sometime afterward. But wh^n
4/y
Thi AXffiRICAN LEGION MoittUs
Oct, I « 26.
�conditions, Macaulay was
obliged to debate in Parliament
against a bill which would have
decreed capital punishment for
any man who went on strike.
Such being the atmosphere,
the Marxian doctrines made an
immediate and furious hit with
the working classes of Europe.
If I traced the subsequent
growth of radical parties in
Europe from that day to this,
or described thQ sects which
have branched off from the cen
tral doctrine, I should only
make myself as much' a bore as
Marx. It is enough perhaps to
say that by the seventies Social
ism or Communism—for a long
time the two terms were prac
tically synonymous—^was estab
lished as a force in the European
continent, and that by the
eighties the workingmen of
Europe had formed Socialist
parties everywhere. Already
some of the Marxians had
begun to modify their master's
teachings. The moderates had
repudiated his whole-hog doc
trine of collective ownership.
It was not necessary that the
state, or associations under
the state, own every pencil,
every suit of clothes or every
baby-carriage. It should own
merely the “means of produc
tion and distribution”—the rail
roads, the factories and perhaps
the agricultural lands. As to
the rightful extent of this con
trol, Socialist opinion differed.
Some believed that it should
include only the “key indus-
on the Marxian doctrine, like
his war on the churches; we be
gan to hear of “Christian
Socialism.”
They did not
seek so much to destroy capital
as capitalism—the system by
which surplus wealth is the
mainspring of industry. Above
all, they abandoned the idea of
a literal revolution by force.
Modern Socialism must bring
about this change by “consti
tutional means”—-persuading
the majority of the voters,
exactly as the old parties had
always done.
From that time forth, the
history of Socialist politics in
all European countries has
nearly the same general outline.
The party at -its origin was
orthodox JMarxian, entering the
arena for the purpose of helping
to prepare for the social revolu
tion. ’ Growth and prosperity
always diluted this doctrine.
As the leaders approached their
day of power, they compro
mised. By the time they sat
in parliaments or cabinets, you
could scarcely distinguish them
by their actions from repre
sentatives of the merely liberal
factions. Ten years more of
power or influence, and the
party often had little in com
mon with Socialism except the
name. The French RadicalSocialist party, led by Clemen
ceau, who prosecuted the war
so fiercely in 1918 and grabbed
territory so cheerfully in 1919,
furnishes an example.
Disgusted with what they
«S
John Wilkes Booth
sassin of Abraham Biihi
coin; Leon Czolgocs^ {left}
slayer of President MeKinley, and Charles ].
Guiteau, who shot Pres
ident Garfield. Cttolgoc^
and Guiteau were hanged,
'and Booth was shot while
defying his pursuers. All
“had the same type of
disordered mind. In
other climes and times, it
is probable that they
tvould have been king-kill
ing Anarchists' ’
tries” such as coal production and steel mining; with consump
tion, most moderates felt, Socialism should have little concern.
They repudiated the doctrine, implied if not expressed by Marx,
of “equal rewards”—the same pay or equivalent of pay for
incompetents as for men of energy and ability. They concen
trated much of their criticism on the “undue power of wealth”
in modern society. Some of them sheared off the trimmings
OCTOBER, 1926
‘
considered betrayal, the orthodox disciples of Marx would break
away, organize a party of their own, gather to it new converts
from the rising generation, and begin to follow exactly the same
cycle.
All Socialist parties the world over gave at least lip-service
to the Second International, formed in Amsterdam during the
eighties of the last century. This was a (Continued on page ^6)
17
�STiilMS© 70s
2 n 11 c,
By Henry
W. Daly
she did she changed
her mode of life. She
went to Deadwood
and finally married
Clinton Burke, a hack
driver. Burke died in a few
years, but Calamity lived until
1903, when in accordance with
her dying wish she was buried
on Mount Moriah, at Deadwood,
close to the grave of Wild Bill.
Her tombstone bears only the
name Mary E. Burke. When I
knew her her real name was sup
posed to be Martha Canary,
and I find it written that way
in a diary which I kept at the
time.
Calamity drove a six-mule
team on that expedition after the
Sioux. She was with the wagon
train through the entire cam
paign of Crook’s expedition,
which was saved only by the
shrewdness of its commander
from the fate which befell poor
Custer, who was operating in
conjunction with us on the
Little Big Horn a few miles away.
She wore a soldier’s uniform, without insignia, as many teamsters
did. Teamsters were not enlisted, but contracted for, as were
surgeons and considerable of the personnel which one now finds
on the regular rolls of the Army. In that expedition I was follow
ing the bell, as the saying was. I was a packer with the mule
OCTOBER, 1926
train. Mule trains kept up
with the troops and went any
place they did. On the march
the trains moved in single file,
the line being led by a horse, or
pony, with a bell around his neck. It was necessary to have a
horse because one mule will not follow another mule unless there
is a horse leading the procession. Two horses would split a
train, some mules following one horse and some another. So
we went out with one horse and had to take good care of him.
19
�I
■
Henry W. Daly as he looks today, at seventysix, and as he looked forty years ago
Following the bell was a regular calling in those
days. Men spent their lives at it. I put in most
of my time that way between 1868 and 1898.
Cheyenne, where General Crook organized
his expedition, was a rough place in 1876,
though no worse and no better than twenty
other frontier towns which come to mind.
j
But between the gold excitement in the Black
j
■I
Hills around Deadwood and the Crook expedi
tion there was plenty going on. Cheyenne was
the outfitting station for prospectors going
into the hills. The most flourishing place of
business in town, outside of the saloons and
dance halls, was the Warren Mercantile Com
pany, which was run by a young man who had
come out from Massachusetts eight years before
with a capital which consisted of a Congressional
Medal of Honor which he had won in the Civil War
and a determination to get ahead. The proprietor of that
outfitting store still lives in Cheyenne, although Washing
ton, of course, is the best place to catch United States Senator
Francis E. Warren, General Pershing’s father-in-law, who has
represented Wyoming in the upper house of Congress for thirtyfour years.
The center of life in Cheyenne was Seventeenth and Eddy
Streets. The Tivoli Saloon was on Seventeenth, and up the street
a little piece, at the corner of Eddy, was McDaniel’s Variety
Theatre. Across from McDaniel’s was Mahnke’s Restaurant,
where the flush washed down their oyster suppers with French
champagne.
These were all high-toned places. Their doors were never
closed and the crowds surged in and out at all hours of the night
and day. McDaniel’s was the swellest of the lot. Outside
it was not so much to look at—a two-story frame building with
■
20
a false front to make it look imposing. You
walked into an elegant barroom, with a long shining
counter, a polished rail and fastidious brass spit
toons. Whiskey was twenty-five cents a drink
at the bar—which was the standard price. At
the end of the bar a double door led into the
theatre. The stage was at the far end. Tables
were arranged about the auditorium, and when
you sat down to watch the performance you were
supposed to order a drink. Drinks in the theatre
were fifty cents and up. The girls who waited
on the tables regulated the charges according to
the customer’s ability to pay or his willingness to
part with his money. There was a balcony, with
tables also, and private rooms where the customers
might retire and play cards.
Things began to liven up at McDaniel’s at
about nine in the evening, when the vaudeville
started, and the place was in its glory from then
until daylight dimmed the big oil lamps which
hung in a row from the ceiling. The patrons were
miners, soldiers, prospectors, gamblers, cattle men
—adventurers of every sort, all with money and
all ready to spend. Every stage from Deadwood
brought prospectors who had made a strike.
Champagne flowed like beer at a German picnic,
and ten-dollar gold pieces were tossed as tips to
the girls who waited on the tables. If one of the
lady performers especially pleased the clientele
with a song or a dance she would, on a good night,
pick up a small fortune in gold which had been flung
at her feet. Many a miner left the hills with enough
money to keep him comfortable for the rest of fis
life, stayed a week or so in Cheyenne and then
started back to Deadwood, staked to stage fare
and enough to buy grub on until he could get to
the diggings again.
I first heard of the Black Hills gold excitement
in 1874. I had just returned from the Tonto
Basin War in Arizona and was driving an ambu
lance out of San Antonio carrying gold for
the army payrolls. I had enough money
of my own to buy a prospector’s
outfit, so I decided to go to Deadwood and try my luck. I started,
but one thing and another turned
hk
'Tkwk.
'’P
never got to Deadwood
that time.
1
When I got as far as
Sherman, Texas, I found
’■bat the first train on that
®
end of the Kansas & Texas
■
Railroad was about to run
Denison. This
BV
. j j a?
was only ten miles, but
it was a big event. The
‘./J
coming of the locomotive
turned the page of an epoch,
'i'be Kansas & Texas had
1
been building for years. Its
MM
't.
construction had made history in the West. It was responsible for Bill Cody’s nickname.
Bill was handling a
scraper on the right-of-way in
Kansas and on Sundays used to go
out and kill a buffalo or so for the mess.
Bill’s gang worked so much better on this
diet that the company decided it would be a
paying proposition to take Bill off the scraper and
give him a steady job killing buffalo for all the messes. That
is how they came to call him Buffalo Bill.
The original Buffalo Bill was Billy Comstock, a scout, pros
pector and all-round Western character. In the early 6o’s Bill
hit it rich prospecting in California or Nevada. He was not,
however, the discoverer of the Comstock Lode, the richest gold
and silver strike in the world’s history. That was Henry Com
stock, who, incidentally, died poor also. Bill made a strike
somewhere else. He blew in his money as fast as he got it and
presently was broke. In 1868 he was scouting again for General
Sheridan, and was killed by Cheyennes while carrying dis
patches from Fort Wallace to Fort Riley, in Kansas.
im
ajF
''3 s
The AMERICAN LEGION Alonifly
�A peace conference which would never have been held if Packmaster Daly had not kept his nerve and had not understood
Indian character—the meeting between Geronimo, the great Apache chieftain {seated at left of center'), and Major General
George Crook {second from right) in the Canon de Los Embudos, Sonora, Mexico, in March, 1886. Mr. Daly, surrounded
by Indian guides and Geronimo s escort, is seated behind the fifth and sixth figures from the right
When I got to Sherman nothing would do but I must make
that maiden trip on the K. & T. to Denison. The train was
crowded like a street car coming from a ball game, and people
had gathered in Denison from miles around to see the train
pull in. I suppose there were between four and five thousand
of them, swarming around ankle deep in the sand. Denison was
a town of board shacks, and everything was wide open. While
killing time and laying plans for getting on north I got in what I
took to be a little sociable poker game. There was a fellow in the
game called Montezuma, a professional gambler of great finesse,
as I later had opportunity to observe. He came from the East
somewhere, I should judge by his talk, but Montezuma was the
only name I ever heard him called in Texas. We played all
night and I got up with fifty cents. Montezuma had all the money.
He did not make a move to stake me.
This put a crimp in my Deadwood plans. I walked to Dallas,
a matter of eighty miles. There a friendly stage driver gave me a
lift toward Fort Worth. Near
Fort Worth I saw a cow outfit
and a man on horseback under
a tree and a cook wagon near
by. It was going on three days
since I had had anything to eat. I asked the horseman about the
chances for a job with the cow outfit. He looked me over from
head to foot. I had on a piccadilly suit, a boiled shirt and a
derby hat. I carried a cane. After my dusty eight.v mile hike
you can judge what this finery looked like—to a Texas cow man,
or anyone else.
“Have you ever been on a horse?”
I said I had.
“Have you ever punched cows?”
I said I had done that.
“All right. Go down to the wagon and get some grub. The
boss will be back frcm Weatherford pretty sooti.”
When the boss returned he sent for me. His name was Mr.
Williams.
“Young man,” he asked, “did you
(Continued on pa^e 80)
■■I
III
A halt at a prairie stage station
OCTOBER, 1926
2T
�I
I
eHANDSHAKER
By Peter B. Kyne
Illustrations by Wallace Morgan
Part II
promptly besought First Sergeant Grasby to banish him back
to the line and give his pay to the Handshaker.
^HE Handshaker had managed, on being ordered to
/what’s this?” Peep-Sight wanted to know, when the crafty
permanent kitchen police, to impress upon Peep-Sight
Grasby set before him for his signature the order for Private
the fact that, using a recipe of his mother's, he could
Bland’s promotion to cook.
turn out marvelous doughnuts. But it was two weeks be- .f “Might as well give it to him, sir. He’s sold himself again and
fore the mess sergeant sufficiently overcame his prejudice against ' the men are crazy about his cooking. He can command kitchen
the man to permit, him to experiment with them.
/
police or know the reason why. The mess sergeant asked for his
“I’ll tackle the job at retail, sarge,” the pestiferous lU^le
appointment, sir.”
runt promised. “Then if I hit it right I’ll tackle it vale
“It’s all wrong to encourage that man to think he’s as good as
sale.”
\
f
he knows he is,” Peep-Sight grumbled, but signed the order
The first attempt was.,fairly successful, the second rgbre so,
nevertheless. One night a month later he heard a scratching on
the third a culinary dream. “Got it now,” the Handsl/ker an
the canvas of his tent. “Come.” he called—and the Handshaker
nounced with a smug, self-satisfied look on his face^Grasby
entered. Peep-Sight wasn’t surnrised. He had suspected who
told Peep-Sight later that this smile reminded him of ^ox eating
it was.
guts. Eh, well! Grasby was an.old soldier.
/
“Sir, Cook Bland has the first sergeant’s permission—”
_ That feast of doughnuts brought to the Handshaker the first
“All right, Bland. What is it now?”
bit of recognition he had ever received in the battery. The mess
“I’m too good to be a cook, sir. I don’t mind cooking—rather
sergeant said he wouldn’t have believed Bland was a Doughnut
like it in fact, and I’ve tried to become expert at it so the captain
King, which was quite a compliment 'When one takes into con
could always feel he wasn’t shy a cook in case all the regular cooks
sideration the extremely hard lives led by mess sergeants. Nor
got killed. However, I’ve reached the point of perfection as an
did the Handshaker’s culinary ambitions rest satisfied with his
army cook and the mess sergeant stands in the way of my addoughnut achievement. With all the persistence of his nature he
vancernent in that department. He’s a good man and I don’t
proceeded to sell himself to that mess sergeant.^ He came through
want his chevrons, so I’d like to go back to the line, if it pleases
with a recipe for frijoles
the captain. The
Espagnoles, which for
captain will doubt
the benefit of the prole
less recall that he
tariat he explained were
placed me in the
beans Spanish. He
kitchen, unjustly, for
could make a light fluffy
some breach of dis
hot cake also. Lives
cipline I hadn’t com
there the red leg with
mitted. However, I
soul so dead, who never
haven’t grumbled or
to himself hath said:
complained and I’ve
“Cripes, why don’t them
made good and now
doggone cooks make hotI’d like to have my
cakes once in a while”—•
sentence lifted.”
quite forgetting the enor
“That’s so. Bland.
mous labor involved. The
Guess I was a little
Handshaker
bit irritated at you
stood over the
that day. That con
hot range and
founded woman,
cooked a thou
Nellie, got me riled.
sand of them
Well, I’ll have to ad
and nobody
mit you’ve made
said “Thank
good, and your
you.’’ Quite
doughnuts are things
without solici
to conjure with.
tation or en
What new worlds do
couragement he
you seek to conquer
took to bossing f
now?”
the otheif
“I’d like to be as
K . P.’s a rod
signed as the supply
from that/o
sergeant’s assistant.
telling the cooks
His office is in terrible
where to Kead
shape. I’ll bet right
in was but a
now he’s got the cap
step.
Qhe of
tain stuck for a thou
them slapped
sand dollars’worth of
him wit|5 a hot
property he can’t ac
dish rarg but
count for.”
that did not de
“He has me stuck
ter him. He
for six hundred dol
slapped the
lars I know about.
cook with a tight little fist that set
Bland, and we can’t
the latter on his broad back; where
find
it. I’m hoping
“That dashed German folice dog fleiv at
upon the mess sergeant suddenly
we’ll get away to
discovered he had never liked that
me. I shot him between the eyes with
France, where there
cook from the very beginning, and
my pistol as he came on ’
is no property ac-
7
22
Thi AMERICAN LEGION ,Uon(Wy
�tures. If he were, he would long ago in craggy regions beside the sea he may
have ceased to exist. He has intelli- use some lofty cliff as a lookout point.
His home is a castle indeed. It is
gence as well as courage, and he knows
when he is hopelessly overmatched. built of sticks, some of them five feet
Among the poets, none has expressed or more in length and almost as thick as
the eagle so well as Tennyson in a fam a man’s wrist, sods, weeds, grass, moss,
ous “fragment” often quoted and never bark, pine tops, stalks and branches of
various kinds. The eagles, which are
to be forgotten:
believed
to be mated for life and which
He clasps the crag with hhoked hands;
probably live to a great age if no acci
Close to the sun in lonely hnds.
dent befalls them, return to the same
Ringed with the azure world, he stands.
nest year after year and add new ma
The wrinkled sea beneath hiirKcrawls;
He watches from his mountain'twalls,
terial to the structure each season, so
And like a thunderbolt he falls. \
that ultimately it attains an immense
That is the eagle not only of legend but size. Nests six or seven feet in height
of reality, an accurate and inspiring pic and six feet wide are not uncommon,
ture. In the legendary lore, howeVer, and there is a record of one nest in
which has grown up about the King qf Ohio, occupied for at least thirty-four
Birds, imagination has played a certain years, which is twelve feet tall and eight
Pj
and a half feet across the top. In a
part.
Probably even in legend his marvelous ^shallow depression at the top of the nest
“Two years ago he was a clerk at
the female de
power of vision
our grocer’s. He wasn’t making
posits two, oc
has not been
more than $25 or $30.
casionally three,
exaggeraty “Then he started selling Harrison
great white
ed. Those fierce
•
’
Clothes.
At once he began making
eggs; and when
and haughty
/ big money. He earned over $125
the eaglets
eyes, gleaming
last week. He’s his own boss, and
make their ap
so sternly un
mighty popular with everyone.
pearance,
both
J
der their over
“He sold me this suit and it’s the
parent bird y
hanging brows,
best suit 1 ever owned. It stood me
work
diligently
are in truth as
$24.75, and I just can’t wear it out.
and faithfully
keen as they
I’ve sent him many a customer.”
to satisfy.'the
look and are
voracious/appeable to pick out
tites oF their
small objects at
offspring.
a n Incredible
There have
distance; but
been many
whether it is
carfs in which
true that the
A bflid eagles have
eagle alone
.defended their
among mortal
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•X.nest and young
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/ with dauntless
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big money! We supply handsome
ly at the noonday sun is a ques bravery, while a wounded eagle, wingFREE selling case with samples of
broken
and
brought
to
bay
upon
the
tion which science has not yet deter
long-wearing woolens and smart
mined, though all birds have a third in ground, will fight 0 the lasl;with furious
New York models. You collect cask
ner eyelid, a delicate translucent curtain resolution against odds whidi might well
commission when you make sale.
which they are able to draw at will chill the spirit fif the braved man that
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across their eyes.
prompt deliveries, satisfaction guar
To give a Retailed account,of the life
anteed. Big repeat business. Write
in one respect legend has magnified
us about yourself today.
the eagle’s powers and has done him and habits df the American eagle would
serious injury. There is no known basis require more space than is i. available
S. HARRISON BROTHERS
V
for the widespread myth, quite generally here. This article is designed to open
Dept. 1015, 133 West list Street, New York
the
way
to
a
better
acquaintance
with
believed, about the eagle’s habit of car
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rying off small children. It is perfectly a splendid bird too little knowfi in life
safe to say that all the stories of Ameri to the'people of this nation, whose em
can eagles kidnapping babies are prod blem he is; and, above all, to Impress
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ucts of the imagination.
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Aside from legend, there are various to read it the desirability of making the
camping and trapping stories and
American
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valualile information
popular misconceptions about eagles in
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general and about the bald or American theory our national bird, a bird to be
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Protective laws are less effective than
And here’s the
ing to most people, perhaps, to learn,
Remington
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famous naturalist Audubon who, mis bers and may ultimately even go the way
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taking the gray eagle for a distinct spe of the bison.
Surely, among the men of The Ameri
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crags, as is generally supposed, though friends.
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HARRISON CLOTHES
OCTOBER, 1926
�British War Office Model
FIELD GLASSES
The Towder'-(§tained yd s
f Continued
ever ride a bronco?” His tone showed
he expected me to say no.
“Yes, sir. I have broken broncos?”
“Broken broncos?” said Mr. Williams,
in a tone of mild surprise. “Who for?”
“For Colonel Cunningham, sir.”
Colonel Cunningham was an ex-Confederate officer and a fine old gentleman.
He had a contract to supply cavalry
horses to the Government. To have
broken broncos for Colonel Cunning
ham was a feather in any man’s cap.
Leather Case and Carrying Strap Included
But was I telling the truth?
This powerful and handsome pair of Brit
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“All right,” he said. “We will give
special purchase by our London ajjent at a
particularly low price.
Finished in pig
you a trial in the morning.”
skin and black enamel. Finest achromatic
During the night the herd was moved
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the Indians had
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two boys kept
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Successors to
watch, while the
HENDERSON BROTHERS
Lakoest Impokters 'IE Fiei.I) Ci.asses ix Amebic.k
rest of us slept
01 Federal Street, Boston, Mass.
on the prairie.
In the morning
Bill Lamb, the
straw boss, led
out a rangy roan
horse. He had
been saddled
rtidkcs it easu
with difficulty.
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are,” said Mr.
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The whole outfit gathered around,
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laughing and joshing and giving me ad
vice. Bill Lamb held the roan by the
cheek piece. “Try your cinch,” he said,
“and be sure your foot is in the stirrup
before you get on. If it isn’t he’ll throw
you the first jump.”
Bill meant this in a helpful way. He
was not guying me like the rest.
But I had a plan of my own. I took
the horse by the cheek piece with my
left hand. In my right hand I held the
reins and the saddle horn. I told Bill
to let go. Bill turned loose and backed
quickly out of range. I vaulted into the
saddle without putting my foot in the
stirrup, trusting to luck to land my feet
there when I hit the saddle. This was
not trusting to luck altogether, because I
was pretty good at mounting that way—
and I may say that it was reckoned as
no great feat. My feet hit the stirrups
Ex-Service Men Get Preference
and I was firmly seated before the roan
knew what was up. I had borrowed a
Common
/
Franklin Instituta
Education
/ Oepl. BI93, Hoch.iter, «. ».
pair of spurs and a quirt. I gave him
Sufficient
f
/ Gentlemen : Rush to me, 32the
spurs and a cut with the quirt and
Mail Coupon , •’«’
7'')' “’'.5' V. S.
today —
/Government big paid posigave him rein. A horse won’t buck if
eiiDC
' tions now open to Ex-Service
men. Advise me also regard
you hold his head up, and I was pre
ing the salaries, hours, work,
/vacation and tell me about pre pared for this one to buck and have it
ference to Ex-Service men.
over with. I was tolerably sure of my
z
self as a rider and the guying of the
“Due to your well
rrepared training,
fName___________ _____
received my apbunch had not weakened my determina
§ ointment eight
ays after my name
tion to show them a thing or two.
was placed on the
I
register.*’
David W. Tucker.
The roan put a bow in his back, let
$1700to $3300 aYear
/
8o
jrom page 21)
out a bawl and rose straight in the air.
He came down with his four feet so
close together that the hoof-prints must
have touched. Up and down he went,
traveling in a jagged semi-circle for
about three hundred yards, but four
times that far counting the ups and
downs. I heard Bill tell a couple of the
boys to be ready to help if I got in
trouble. But I was never in trouble
for an instant. This may sound like
boasting, but I don’t ever recall riding a
bucking horse and having such good Iuc'k
as I did that day. It w'as like sitting in
a rocking chair in somebody’s parlor.
Well, after my roan had bucked for
about three hun
dred yards he
started to run.
I gave him the
spurs and the
quirt. The boys
followed me up,
hollering, “Stay
with him, kid!’"
Over the prairie
we went like the
wind for about
five miles, when
the horses
slowed down to
a walk. Mine
was lathered
with sweat. I
turned
him
around and rode
him back and
set him on his
hindquarters before the boss.
“Young man,” he said, “as long as I
have a bunch of cattle you can punch
cows for me.”
You can talk about your grand and
glorious feelings. . . .
I stayed with Mr. Williams for a
month, collected my wages and went to
Jacksboro, where I ran into Burro
Brown, division manager for the Ben
Picklin Stage Line. “You are just the
man I am looking for,” said Burro.
“Bill Hotchkiss turned the stage over
last night and hurt some of the passen
gers. I had to let him out.” So I be
gan driving stage again, between Jacks
boro and Fort Concho. A trooper of the
Tenth (colored) Cavalry always rode
with me as a protection against Indians
or highwaymen.
I never met any highwaymen or hos
tile Indians during this or any other
tour at stage driving, excepting only
once. That was an Indian attack on
the Ben Picklin line, but it did not
amount to anything. About ten Indians
rode down on us and began shooting.
They only wanted our horses, however,
so of course they did not shoot the
leaders as they generally did the first
thing in a raid. They did not shoot at
me either, or at any of the passengers,
because that would not have stopped
the horses. They simply tried to upset
The AMERICAN LEGION Monthly
�US by shooting the spokes out of the were seated at an adjoining table play
wheels. They did shoot enough of them ing seven up for the drinks. Presently ’
out to ifiake us wobble a bit, but after they invited the lonesome sheep herder
the trooper and some of the passengers to join in. “Dad blame my ram’s horn,”
had picked three or four of the maraud said the stranger, “I don’t care if I do.”
ers off of their horses they gave it up The mild game proceeded and by and
by one of the tin horns remarked, “Say,
for a bad job and galloped away.
Ben Picklin, who owned the stage line, Jack, I sure hold a whacking poker hand
was a great character. After a hundred here. Look at that layout, will you?”
The cards continued to run so poker
close shaves with death in the West he
died in the New Willard Hotel in Wash wise that it seemed a shame to waste
ington from the effects of swallowing a such hands on seven up. Did the stranger
ever play poker? “Wall, now, dad blame
fish bone.
On one of my trips to Concho a man my trotters I do sometimes in a friendly
got on the seat with me. He smelled way, say ten cent ante, or even a little
so bad they probably would not have higher if the keerds run just right, and
let him ride inside.- You would have just to fool time I’ll risk this here five
taken him for a sheep man forty rods dollar bill.”
“All right, you boys start the game,”
off against a high wind. There was
something about his unshaven face said one of- the tin horns, “while I go
which was faintly familiar. I knew a out and rustle a five.”
He went out to tip off Charley and
lot of sheep men but I could not place
this fellow. I studied him out of the Frank, the king bees of the San Angelo
corner of my eye. -We had that habit sports.
in those days. It was best to size up a
Pretty soon Charley and Frank saunt
stranger, and try to calculate what to ered in. Montezuma’s make-up was per
expect of him in case any shooting start fect. He had smeared himself with
ed. Every Western gunman was a char sheep dust from head to foot, and had
acter reader, more or less, and started rubbed it in his hair. His long, dexter
reading a stranger as soon as he saw ous fingers were grimy with it, and, as
him. It was instinctive. A man’s eyes he had privately exhibited to me, he car
told you most, but you could get a good ried a bag in each coat pocket to render
deal "from watching the workings of his the flavor of his person more convinc
mouth and his tone of voice. Many a ing. By and by Charley and Frank sat
man went up to Wild Bill Hickok de down and another tin horn dropped out.
termined to kill him, but revised his That made three professionals against
plans after one look into those steely the supposed sheep man. A crowd be
gan to gather to see the sucker trimmed.
gray eyes.
I finally placed my passenger. “Well.
The bets mounted and pretty soon
Montezuma,” I said. “When did you there sometimes would be as much as a
take up sheep raising?”
hundred dollars in a pot. The sheep
However greatly the gambler may man would win now and then, but on
have been surprised at the penetration the whole he was going down hill. As
of his disguise, he merely asked politely he afterwards told me, he spent five or
where I had seen him before. I told six hours studying every factor of the
him I had sat in a game with hiin just situation. Frank and Charley had in
after the arrival of the first railroad troduced a pack of “readers”—a marked
deck, that is. But the sheep herder
train at Denison.
“I guess I neglected a little formal- held his cards so clumsily in the palm of
ity,” he said. “Here is a hundred dol- his hand that he obscured these mark
have a little piece of business in ings from his opponents. Montezuma
lars. I------prospect at San Angelo and don’t want kept his broad hat pulled well over his
eyes, to conceal his countenance, and
you to give me away.”
He told me he was after two profes above all the penetrating glances by
sional gamblers named Frank and which he took in every detail of every
Charley. I said it was all right with me play. When Montezuma had every
and that I didn’t need his hundred dol thing figured out to his^satisfaction his
long finger nails began to-get in their
lars now.
At San Angelo my sheep herder head cunning work of nicking the aces, kings,
ed for Bill Veck’s saloon. Mr. Veck queens, jacks and ten spots. These pri
started the city of San Angelo with an vate marks of the sheep man were not
army hospital tent, a barrel of whiskey visible to the eye, but were placed so
and a stock of clothing and tobacco. that Montezuma could read them by
He put up a sign which read, “General touch as he dealt. He knew every card
Merchandise, Pizen and Terbaccer.” By’ above a ten spot held by his fellow playthis time, however, he had a fancy sa■ ers. Those below ten did not figure in
loon, gambling house and billiard hall.. his calculations. While all this was go
Montezuma sat down at a table. ‘‘Mr. ing on he had kept up a running fire of
Barkeeper,” he said, “will you kindly bucolic tomfoolery which had the spec
bring me a drink of pretty good whis tators rolling in laughter.
“Wall, now, podner, being as I ain’t
key?” To pay for the same he pulled
out a roll as large as your arm. He busted, you remind me of the lambs a
asked for a deck of cards and began buttin’ the old ewe’s bag to let down her
playing solitaire. The news spread that milk, and by the old ram’s horn._ I’ll
there was a flush sheep man at Bill just nachully call you, milk or no milk.”
The game lasted two days and nights.
Veck’s fooling with a pack of cards.
It was not long before three lesser Army officers from Fort Concho, across
lights of the local sporting fraternity the river, and (Continued on pag,e 82)
$^.50
each
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�Home^Studv
COURSES
•
(Continued jrom page 8i)
:[ THAT LEAD TO BUSINESS C4/?f£^F] j
sports from Ben Picklin, a stage station
down the line, came to watch it. The
sheep man’s luck seemed a miracle.
Finally Frank and Charley were touch
ing Bill Veck for a thousand dollars a
throw to keep in the game. The game
ended when Bill refused to pass any
more money across the bar. The sheep
herder rose, groggy with fatigue. He
tossed a hundred dollars on the bar and
said if that was not enough to buy
drinks for the house to call on him for
more.
Two or three days later I was in Bill
Veck’s again, and Charley and Frank
were there discussing the recent experi
ence. “I can’t make it out,” said
Charley.
“Why, the damn fellow
smelled like a sheep. Did you notice
under his finger nails? And he didn’t
have a pair of socks on his feet.”
“Did you ever hear of a fellow named
Montezuma?” I asked.
Charley faced me abruptly. “Was
that fellow Montezuma?”
“His Royal Nibs himself,” said I. “I
brought him in on my buckboard.”
“By the great Scott, why didn’t you
pass the tip?”
“Charley,” said I, “it was you,
Frank and Montezuma—all three of you
oldtime experts, as I happen to know.
Why should an outsider meddle in?”
Charley and Frank shrugged their
shoulders. They had lost $25,000 apiece.
Live and learn.
Speaking of character reading as a
means of self protection, it must be
borne in mind, of course, that it simply
was an auxiliary
to the basic ass e t of handi
ness with a gun.
Character
study, as an
academic pur
suit, could be
carried too far.
They tell a
story of a resi
dent of Dead
wood called
T h r e e-Finger
Pete.
“How did
you lose them digits, Three Finger?”
“Well, you know me.
Kind of
thoughtful like.
Always careful to
study things out.”
“Yes, but what has that to do with
them fingers?”
“Well, once I studied a leetle too
long.”
Handiness with a gun meant quick and
sure shooting. These qualifications were
one. It made little difference how sure
a shot a man was if the other fellow
shot first, or how quick he was if he
missed his mark. Nearly all shooting
was from the hip. There seldom was
time to bring the piece on level with the
eye. All good shots “fanned the ham
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82
mer,” as the saying was. This was the
quickest way to shoot, but it was diffi
cult, and accuracy required endless prac
tice. Fanning the hammer consisted
simply of raising the hammer with the
thumb and letting it go. Triggers were
never used. The first thing a man did
when he got a new gun was to take the
mechanism apart and file the “dog” so
the hammer would not stay cocked. Ben
Thompson, a San Antonio gambler and
killer, could fan the hammer so fast that
the bullets would follow each other like
shots from a modern automatic.
Ben was as quick on the draw as any
man I ever saw in action except Wild
Bill Hickok, who generally is credited
as the quickest of them all, and I think
he is entitled to the distinction. Bill
killed only in self defense, or as a peace
officer, and he would give the worst des
perado his chance to draw. Ben gave
his victims no show. He was a cruel,
cold-blooded killer like Tom Horne or
Billy the Kid, and like Billy the Kid I
fancy he was a coward at heart. A man’s
nerve cannot be judged by the notches
on his gun. Billy the Kid killed twenty
men before he was twenty-one years
old and Sheriff Pat Garrett stopped his
career. It was easier to shoot a man in
the back than to walk up to him and
face him as Hickok used to do. I can
not understand the aura of romance
which surrounds a rat like Billy the Kid,
whom, if it is of any interest, I knew as
a tow-headed boy in Silver City, New
Mexico. I used to buy him candy be
fore he was old enough to chew tobacco.
Tom Horne
was a packer
and scout with
me on the Ge
ronimo c a m p a ig n in the
eighties. Then
he hired out to
some cattlemen
to take care of
nesters — s e t tiers — who
wanted to plow
up the ranges
and who de
clined to take a
friendly hint and pull out. Whenever
he killed one of them he put a rock
under his head. That was Tom Horne’s
brand. Finally he killed a cattleman’s
son by mistake and was hanged in Chey
enne for that piece of carelessness with
firearms.
But to illustrate how fast Ben Thomp
son could draw and shoot.
Ben had a falling out with Jack Har
ris, a San Antonio saloon keeper, and
started to Jack’s place to make trouble.
Jack got wind of it and was waiting be
hind the bar with a sawed-off shot gun.
As Ben passed the front of the saloon
he happened to glance through a chink
in a Venetian screen that was just inThe AMERICAN LEGION Monthly
�side the door and saw Jack with his gun. 1death, of course. Williams had been in
to remain across the street. All
Ben whipped out his pistol. His thumb structed
i
flicked the hammer twice, a neat hole Bill had had time to take in was the
was made in the screen and Jack figure of a man with two guns in his
doubled up on the floor with two shots hands, tearing through the door. He
in his heart. Those two shots could not naturally concluded it to be a friend of
have been fired more than a half a sec the cowboy he had just slain.
Wild Bill spent the rest of the night
ond apart.
A short time after that Ben and King pacing up and down the middle of the
Fisher, a killer from Laredo, started for main street looking for Texas cow men.
Harris’s to kill the gambler who ran But we were all in camp, where we took
the tables for the late proprietor. But pains to remain until the drive was re
this got out, too, and a delegation of sumed to Kansas City.
A favorite practice shot of Wild Bill’s
peace officers was waiting for them. The
two gunmen mounted the stairs which was to stand between two telegraph poles Mr.J.A.Stransky
led to the gambling rooms and as they and spread his guns from the hips sim
opened the door, officers blew the tops ultaneously, in opposite directions, hit
of their heads off from ambush. W^hen ting both poles.
I saw him use that shooting principle
Ben fell he had both of his guns in his
hands. He had drawn them instinctive on two men in Abilene. The night be
ly in the fraction of a second of life fore he had won a little money playing
which was left to him after he had been cards, and although Bill was as square
hit. That is the most remarkable draw as a die, two of the losers claimed he
I can recall, except that which is cred had cheated and that they were going to
ited to Wild Bill Hickok when he died get him. The next day Bill was walking
around town as usual. He found the
at the hands of Jack McCall.
I am surprised to notice that writers two card players standing on the rail
place Wild Bill’s killings at only forty road station platform. Bill was across
Now vou can cut your gasoline cost as low ns
odd. Offhand I should say that he the street, seventy or seventy-five feet 9c a gallon. An amazing new invention makes
practically
car give twice its regular mile
killed twice that many men. I have away. He just stood there, waiting for age to the any
gallon. Many run from 37 to 67
seen him kill eight or ten in the course the others to make the first move. The miles and up to 61 milts on a gallon. This won
derful invention is the work of Mr, J. A. fatran.
of my intermittent meetings with him two men could not stand to be faced sky
of Pukwana, South Dakota. Already it is
down that way, so as if on a given sig being used by over a million satisfied car own
from the year 1868 to 1876.
ers—on all makes and models of cars. And now
In ’68 I was on a cattle drive from nal they started to pull at the same mo the inventor will send you a sample at his own
Texas to the Kansas City market. We ment. Bill’s guns were in his hands in risk. Read his offer below.
stopped at Abilene for a few days to let a second. There was one report, but
Earn $250 to $500 A Month
the stock graze. Bill was city marshal both men dropped, mortally wounded.
The Stransky Vaporizer is one of the biggest
Like
any
other
experienced
gunman.
Bill
of Abilene and Mike Williams was his
inventions of the century—an invention almost
as revolutionary as the invention of the auto
deputy. The main centers of recreation always shot for the stomach.
itself—and it is making fortunes for agents and
Wild Bill pacified three of the worst distributors. You can easily earn astonishing
were the Alamo and Novelty Saloons,
profits in full or spare time—many are
which were across the street from each killing stations in the West—Abilene, bi-»
earning $260 to $600 a month.
Here’s how this amazing new invention works.
other. The cowboys had been getting Hays City and Dodge City, Kansas. The
carburetor is adjusted to make starting
drunk and making themselves a good men he killed formed but a fraction pf Your
easy—it gives a rich mixture to start a cold
deal of a nuisance. Bill spoke about it the number of lives he saved by dis engine. But once your engine gets heated up,
mixture is far too rich, resulting in faulty
to the boss, who promised to keep his couraging the practice of hornicide as the
explosion. Half the gasoline is drawn intci the
in a raw state and, instead of explod
men in hand. Everything was all right an every-day occupation. Bill killed cylinders
tag. it burns. This causes a heavy deposit of
until the next evening when a puncher only as an emergency measure. When a carbon.
But with this startling little device in your
named Bill Cole got liquored up and word of warning failed to break up a
car all this is changed. As soon as the engine
fired a shot into the sidewalk in front row he used to crack the disturbers over warms
up. this device auto
the head with the butt of his revolvers. matically
begins to admit a
of the Alamo.
much larger volume of air.
He
did
this
to
a
little
sawed-off
Irish
Hickok and Williams were across the
thoroughly vaporizing all
street in the Novelty. Bill started over man in Mike Coffee’s place in Hays City the gasoline, giving it fully
more power — break
to see what the shooting was about, tell and the Irishman planned revenge. He 50%
ing it up so that it. ex
ing his deputy to stay where he was., waited for Bill in an alley outside. plodes instead of burning I
Bill entered the Alamo through the back; When Bill passed the alley the Irishman
Introductory
door and asked Dunbar, the proprietor,, stepped out, shoved a gun against the
The results of one
hour’s work—17 men
marshal’s stomach and began to curse
Sample Offer
who did the shooting.
gave me orders for
the Vaporizers. —■ Jhim.
Bill
calmly
glanced
over
the
man
’
s
“I did the shooting!” yelled Cole,
To introduce this new in
W. Cronk.
vention
in
your
community,
shoulder
and
said
in
an
importuning
$120 IN ONE DAY
blazing away at Hickok. The shot
Mr. J. A. Stransky, the in
I took forty orders in
tone, “Give the man a chance for his ventor, will send a sample one
day and wasn't
grazed his side.
out long. My Ford
at his own risk. Write at
life.
Don
’
t
stick
a
knife
in
his
back.
”
runs better than it
With a movement which no eye could
once for his proposition.
ever did. — J- M.
The price is so low that all
follow Bill’s hands dropped to his sides, The Irishman turned to meet the sup your
James.
neighbors will want
IN 3 HOURS
there was one report and the cow punch posed attack from behind and Bill shot to order through you, giv I $48
went out Saturday
ing
you
a
generous
profit.
him
dead.
about
three hours and
er fell with two bullets through his belly.
secured 16 orders.—
the request blank for
The moral of this incident was, when Send
J. A. Williams.
full details of our amazing
At that moment another figure dashed
offer.
through the front door with a gun m you draw a gun use it.
Wild
Bill
Hickok
’
s
name
was
a
mis
J. A. STRANSKY MANUFACTURING CO.
each hand. Without an instant’s hesi
tation Bill switched the muzzles of his nomer. His real name was James But M-180 Stransky Bldg., Pukwana, So. Dakota.
guns in that direction, fanned the harn- ler Hickok and there was nothing wild
mers and the newcomer dropped. Bill or boisterous about him. He was as I J. A. STRANSKY MFC. CO.
glanced over the form of the dead cow mild-mannered and soft-spoken as you I M-180 Stransky Bldg., Pukwana, So. Dakota.
boy to see who else he had killed. He please, and always scrupulously well I Please send me full details of your special
gave a quick cry. Mike Williams, his dressed. The conventional get-up of a I introductory offer.
deputy, lay on the floor. Bill lifted western dandy—ornamented buckskin
Name
Mike’s body up and laid it out on a coat, and the like—was not for Bill.
card table, crying like a child, “I’ve His clothes were on an eastern pattern,
A-ddress
and in the height of fashion. He was
killed my best friend!”
Slate.
six
feet,
two
(Continued
on
page
84)
City.
Hickok was blameless in Williams’s
Q^aGALLONz
83
OCTOBER, 1926
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(Continued from page 8j)
inches tall, and his long, golden hair
was the only mark of the plains about
him. He had the handsomest head of
hair I ever saw on a man. It was as
fine as corn silk. Some of us used to
call him Golden-Haired Bill, and I
know he liked it. I think Buffalo Bill
secretly envied Wild Bill his hair, but
the two men were great friends. In the
West long hair was not a mark of dandy
ism especially. Scouts let their locks
grow as a protection against the sun,
and to show that they weren’t afraid of
the Indians. Indians had a contempt
for short-haired men, thinking they
clipped their heads to make their scalps
more difficult to lift.
I never saw Wild Bill take a drink.
Incidentally I never saw Jim Bridger
take one either—a fact
which I mention because a
motion picture called “The
Covered Wagon” has de
picted him to thousands of
Americans as a little, shriv
eled up sot. James Bridger,
scout, trader and plains
man, was six feet tall and
a Virginia gentleman.
Wild Bill Hickok got his
name from a remark he
made about his fight with
the McCanles gang during
the Civil War. Bill was a
Union cavalry scout, and
McCanles was a horse
thief and general desper
ado. Ten of the gang sur
rounded Bill when he was
calling on a widow in a
cabin in southern Nebraska. Bill had
only one revolver. In the cabin there
was a rifle and a knife. Bill used them
both. The details of the fight are not
known, but Bill beat off the gang, kill
ing most of them—all ten, according to
some accounts. Bill himself received
more than twenty wounds. Asked how
he did it Bill said, “I’ll swear I don’t
know. I kind of went wild.” From
then on he was Wild Bill.
Wild Bill’s end came at Deadwood in
1876. He was playing cards, sitting
with his back to a door—something he
never had been known to do before.
Jack McCall opened the door, and, un
noticed by anyone, shot Bill through the
head. Bill collapsed on the table, dead
on the instant, but when they picked
him up it is said that he had both of
his guns in his hands. That draw is
more remarkable than that of Ben
Thompson, in Texas. Ben was shot
without warning, but he was looking for
trouble at the time, and his mind was
on his guns. Bill was among friends,
feeling so secure that he had neglected
his usual precaution of sitting with his
back to a wall. Bill Hickok’s guns were
an extension of his subconscious self.
There was something almost preterna
tural about it, which explains why he
lived as long as he did.
Plainsmen did not work in those fancy
rigs they wore when they had their pic
tures taken, or, in later years, when they
began to be lured into the show business.
Frank Bennett, who scouted for us
during the Loco outbreak in New Mexi
co in 1882, dressed a good deal like an
Indian—not as a measure of disguise,
but because that was the most com
fortable way to go. He wore a loose
fitting calico shirt, and a breech-clout,
or G string, as we called it, about his
loins. On his feet were Apache mocas
sins, a sort of boot which could be pulled
up to the knee. He carried extra soles,
and when one wore out he sat down
and stitched on another. Around his
waist was a cartridge belt, and a butcher
knife and scabbard fastened onto it.
About his head was wound
a white band—a scout’s
mark of identification. He
carried a rifle and went on
foot.
All of the other famous
scouts I knew—California
Joe, Bill Cody, Buffalo Bil
ly Comstock, Jack Craw
ford, Ben Clark, Big Bat
Pourier, Bat Garnier, Billy
Hunter, Jim Longwell and
a dozen more—d r e s s e d
about like the ordinary
plainsman; a calico shirt,
corduroy or worsted pants,
skin cap or broad hat and
boots. They went mount
ed—not on mustangs or
chargers as all fiction and
some histories have it, but
on the good old Missouri mule, one of
which would outlast four horses.
A wonderful esprit de corps existed
among scouts. They considered them
selves the elite of a command, as their
successors, the aviators, do now. When
off duty they were nearly always great
on show. There never was a greater
dandy than Bill Cody. When the old
West passed he found a congenial at
mosphere in the circus. General Sheri
dan and Elmer Judson, who wrote dime
novels under the name of Ned Buntline,
made Buffalo Bill known to fame. But
for two incidents his name, which has
become a trademark of the West, prob
ably would not have been as well known
today as those of perhaps twenty other
frontier characters any old timer could
call to mind.
When Duke Alexis of Russia toured
the West in 1871, General Sheridan se
lected Cody to be the visitor’s guide and
bodyguard. Later on when Mr. Judson
was touring the West he picked out
Buffalo Bill and Wild Bill Hickok as
the two Westerners who were most like
ly to charm the East, and who would
consent to go East and go on the stage.
He took them East and put them on
exhibition, and began making them the
heroes of his blood-and-thunder stories.
Buffalo Bill liked the life and stuck with
The AMERICAN LEGION Monthly
�it, but it was too thin brew for Wild
Bill. Cody got his colonel’s title years
later in the Nebraska National Guard.
In the course of fifty-seven years of
association with the Army, in service
which was almost continuous, most of
my campaigning has been against In
dians. Contrary to the general impres
sion which is conveyed by history, I
consider the red men as a thoroughly
honorable race.
The Indian is not treacherous by na
ture. I never knew an Indian to break
a promise. A white man was as safe in
a hostile Indian camp under a flag of
truce as he would have been in his
home. It is to be regretted that Indians
who came to us under a flag were not
always treated with like courtesy.
Of all the tribes, the fiercest and most
remarkably led were the Chiricahua
Apaches of Geronimo’s band. They held
out and fought after all of their broth
ers in arms had been subdued. The
Apache was a fighter by instinct, but he
would not shoot a man in the back. Who
ever heard of a white man being finicky
about shooting an Indian in the back?
I hope you will pardon a personal in
cident.
In March of 1886 a detachment of
scouts finally tracked Geronimo down in
the barren mountains of Sonora, Mexi
co. We had crossed the line by permis
sion of the Mexican Government. Cap
tain Emmett Crawford, Third Cavalry—
one of the finest soldiers I ever knew—
was in command. I had charge of the
pack train. The chase was pressed for
weeks, with scarcely an hour’s respite,
in the most difficult country to get
about in that can be imagined. Captain
Crawford was shot in the head during
one of the skirmishes. I carried him on
a travois for six days before he died, and
five days after, and buried him at Nacori, Sonora, Mexico.
Finally the Chiricahua Apaches, who
had fought for thirty years, found them
selves at the end of their rope. Geroni
mo began overtures for surrender, and
it was arranged that both parties—the
United States scouts and the hostile
Apaches—should repair to the Canyon de
Los Embudos, and General Crook should
come down from Fort Bowie, in Arizona,
to arrange with Geronimo the terms of
capitulation.
We were encamped in this tropical
valley, and Geronimo and a few of his
men were in our camp awaiting the ar
rival of General Crook. Attached to
our command was an Indian scout
named Dutchy, with whom I was not on
very friendly terms. Dutchy went to
Geronimo with a story, the details of
which are neither here nor there.
Geronimo lost his head and decided to
kill me.
I was standing in front of the cook
fire whittling a stick, when I happened
to look up and see Geronimo and two
followers approaching. All three had
rifles. I felt with my elbow for my re
volver, and found that it had slipped
rather far back on my hip. I did not
want to be seen adjusting it, as Geroni
mo would have had a perfect right to
have taken that for a hostile move and
commenced firing.
So I kept on whittling and with my el
bow began to nudge my gun into posi
tion. Geronimo continued to approach,
circling to my left rear, but I did not
turn around. I knew he would not
shoot unless I faced him and he knew I
knew it. Finally Geronimo stopped
about ten feet to my left and slammed
the butt of his rifle on the ground, in
an endeavor to startle me into turning
around. I had worked my gun around
in position for a quick draw. But I
kept on whittling, as if nothing had hap
pened, though Geronimo knew perfectly
well that I was aware of his presence.
A white man might possibly have been
in doubt, but an Indian, never.
Geronimo stood there for a moment
and with a grunt of dissatisfaction
turned and stalked away. If I had
turned to face him there would have
been trouble, which to say the least
would have been an odd prelude to a
peace conference.
Later, directly after his surrender to
General Crook, Geronimo came to me.
“Mule captain,” he said, “you pret
ty good white man. All the same Chiricahua.”
What he intended to convey was a
compliment which I have never been
ashamed of.
It Tlikes T'Zeo to -JiSCiike a I^olo I^layer
(Continued from page 47)
jC'
with civilian teams very cleaMy .^show Lawrence Waterbury used tjJ^Iay a little
what discipline and practice and organir.^ bay pony called StumpyyWhen he twist■fed Stumpy around pn'a space not much
zation will do in building up a team.
In the cartoon referred to, Mr. Ben larger--than the ifoverbial dime it is
nett is mounted on a farcical pony, but quite likelyj^at his stirrup iron touched
gr.OHiIa, Stumpy being so small and
there is a good deal of truth in the idea the gr£«rtd,
as there is in all good cartoons. Take c^feening over at siltl^ an angle,
The method of the J----'
divisions of the
the case of T. A. Havemeyer, Jr., at the
old Country Club of Westchester, . Mr. game has been changed sinceThQse early
Havemeyer is a very tall man. It is'a days. At the beginning there use'd ty be
regret that he has given up polo, for he fifteen periods of fifteen minutes each,,
was a fine performer, and one has a very with players changing their ponies as
vivid recollection of the way in which often as they liked between goals. Now
he used to play with his feet out of the they play eight periods, or chukkers as
stirrup irons dangling alongside his pony. they-are called, (Continued on page 86)
OCTOBER. 1926
'^Death to the ^raitorr
ClcKk—Clack—Clack came the sound of the
watH^man’s Slick. Something held Anne’s
heart '^ill. Then came his voice, "Thr-e-e-e
o’clock in the morning, and a traitot has been
caught! Cod bless the King—and death to
all traitors!” Anne kneisi it was Daiid.
"Dear Cod------ " But let the inspired
pen of Cufwood tell you isihat happened—■
you will be enthralled by—
Oliver
Curwood’s
jAECintf
FIRST HISTORICAL NOVEL
Hunter
A romance ofOld Quebei)
and the bed of its kind
since (looper wrote
Deerslayer”
j
Illustrated by Arthur E. Becher
I
J
Price $2.00
t
Wherever Books Are Sold
f 119 West 40 th Street. New York
Publishers
85
�It Takes Two to zIkCake a Tolo Tidy er
(Continued from page 8j)
help wanted
each of seven and one-half minutes and
if the player changes his pony during
the playing period he does it at his own
risk. In the very beginning the ball
used to be put in the middle of the
field and two selected players from
either team used to charge for it. This
has been changed and now the ball is
thrown in from the center of the field
between the two teams lined up.
The layout of the grounds and the
method of play have changed not at all
Don’t be satisfied with ordinary low-paid |bbs
so far as the elemental things are con
that get you nowhere—that you can lose TSt
am., cerned, and these are the things which
strikes, lockouts and layoffs.
If you are arK.«
get interest the public most.
American citizen, 18 years or older you can fc-a Government Civil Service position.
Pay is
from $1900 to $2700 to start; work is steady,
^.4 It would take an infinite amount of
hours easy, vacations with pay, and plenty of
space to write of all the heroines of the
chances for quick raises to better paid positions.
Let me train you to pass the U. S. Civil Serv
pola grounds. There would be more
ice Examination with high rating so you will be
heroines than heroes, because on the list
eligible for one of the first Customs, Internal
Revenue, Departmental Immigration, Postmaster,
of the greatest the ladies predominate.
Post Office and Rural Branches. Ex-service men
get the preference. Hundreds of successful stu
The parf'fchat all fine ponies play in the
dents. I was a Secretary and Secretary Exam- ’
game canniit. be estimated. It is easy
iner for eight years.
Write for 48 page free
STOP
Worrying About
lS)urJobjsfrFutin«
,f
enough for anyone to maMe the casual
remark that ponies ar^fat least fifty
percent of the game. Ahey are more
than that, because jf you can’t get
to the ball you can’^hit it, and if you
are fighting a ponyAou have little left
for the work in haild. There have been
many ponies wM were almost perfec
tion. Perhaps the greatest of them all
was Harry Whitney’s Cottontail.
Then ther^ is Mr. Sanford’s mare
Beatrice, on#^of the greatest ponies ever
to play th^ game. She is a great big
rangy majit of the most placid disposi
tion. Aad her story very rightly be
longs i^the pages of an American Le
gion q^gazine. For she went through
the v^T as an officer’s charger and after
the ^ar she has been going on her high
way; a most perfect animal, ready at all
tiipes to give her best, to take bumps—
^d never does her great heart falter.
book. Tells all. Send postal now to Arthur R.
Patterson, Prin.
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(Continu^ from page SoJ
here olfered
case in which
re deficeiv^d is
.V. ^ne,
Compaay B, loist Infantry 26th D^rision, reported killed on
ober 24
ilkinson of,
25, .ipiS. Thomas A.
Ly^, Massachusetts, fo erly sergeant
major of the ist Batt on, loist Infantry, writes:
“In answer to your quest for infor
mation regarding th^ location of the
grave of Second Lie|ltenant Ralph W.
Lane, would SRy thatjhe is buried in rear
of the Molleville fqfmhouse in the Ar
gonne. I was w^ Lieutenant Lane
when he was kilW. I took his watch
and overseas csipl which were all that
was left of his byongings, and returned
them to his fat^r in Danvers, Massa
chusetts.
/
nother
A- nite .information was
that of .Lieutenant Ralph
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86
"DEUNIONS of the war-time outfits
increase in number each year. The
old gangs want to get together and tell
each other who won the war. A number
of the reunions this year will be held in
conjunction with the National Conven
tion of the Legion in Philadelphia, Oc-
tober iith-i5th, as the following list
shows:
8th Co., 5th Inf. O. T. S., Camp Lee—
Former members interested in reunion during
Legion National Convention in Philadelphia,
Oct. 11-15, address Milton M. Parker, care U.
S. Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C.
24th Co., 5th Bn., O. T. S., Camp Lee—
Former members interested in reunion during
Legion National Convention in Philadelphia,
Oct. 11-15, address E. C. Bollinger, 318 N.
Fourth St., Apollo, Pa.
29th Div.—Former members attending Le.- gion National Convention in Philadelphia, Oct.
"^I-IS, are invited to reunion banquet of Co.
104th Eng. Assn., in Camden, N. J., Oct.
1^ Address Clifford J. Shemeiey, 926 Spruce
St^Camden.
V^. Corps.—All former members attending
Legi(^ National Convention in Philadelphia
are inl^ited to attend smoker at Vet. School,
Univer^y of Pennsylvania, Oct. 12, 8 p. m.
Co. C.’^;305th Inf., 77th Div.—To complete
roster, wWte Fred L. Gunther, Room 745, 42
Broadway,'^ew York City.
23d Eng^eers—Reunion at Philadelphia
during LegiOMconvention, Oct. 11-15. Address
Dr. John A. Varrell, 212 West Gay St., West
Chester, Pa. \
808th Pioneer Inf.—Reunion of officers,
Hotel McAlpin, New York City, Oct. 16. Ad
dress Ralph Abinglon, Standard Accident Ina.
Co.. 110 William S\, New York.
Yeomen (F)—Reunion of all girls who
served in Naval Reserve Force at Philadelphia,
during Legion Convention, Oct. 11-15.
Ad
dress Margaret R. Wellbank, 2548 W. Diamond
St., Philadelphia.
Second Div.—Reunion at Philadelphia dur
ing Legion convention, Oct. 11-15. Registra
tion booth will be opened artd reunion details
announced during convention sessions.
Base Hosp. 61—Former menibers interested
in proposed reunion at Philadelphia during
Legion convention, Oct. 11-15, address Mar
garet F. Johnston, 224 Bloomfield Ave., Pas
saic. N. J.
Headquarters will be with New
Jersey delegation at Philadelphia.
Base Hosp. Unit, Camp Lee. Va,—Re
union at Philadelphia during Legion National
Convention, Oct. 11-15.
Address Henry M.
Baker, 160 N. 60th St.. Philadelphia.
Ordnajjce
Det.,
Sandy
Hook
Proving
Ground—Men formerly of this outfit interest^
in reunion at Philadelphia during Legion Na
tional Convention write J. W. Kreuzer, New
Richland, Minn.
U. S. Army Ambulance Association—An
nual reunion in Philadelphia during Legion
National Convention.
Address Wilbur P.
Hunter, 5315 Chestnut St., Philadelphia.
The Company Clerk
The AMERICAN LEGION AfonfW
�War Bonnet creek
Map; Page 68
Text; Page 59
Map: Page 61
Text: Page 64
Notes: Pa^e 68
Notes: Page 69
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�'
■ BUFFALO BILL AND YELLOW HAND FIGHT
t
The Duel Actually Occurred. But Has Been Greatly
Exaggerated. By Some Writers
(By Don Russell)
Re printed,
from the American Military History
Few figures in American history have been built by publicity into such
heroic proportions as that of William F. Cody, who as Buffalo Bill became
the prototype of the great American Wild West. Equally few figures, on the
other hand, have been the objects of such determined attack upon the part
of those professionally iconoclastic writers whose pose it is to judge a man’s
worth in inverse projx)rtion to his prominence. By some of his admirers it
has been claimed that Buffalo Bill killed as many Indians as any other white
man; yet certain critics have maintained, chiefly, perhaps, through jealously,
that he never killed an Indian in his life. The fact is that while neither of these
extremes can be substantiated, it is impossible to determine at what point
between them lies the whole truth. However, from the colorful tapestry of
heroism adroitly fabricated by Cody’s press-agents it is possible to single out
at least this one event which possessed perhaps even more of the elements of
drama on the day it occurred than it has possessed in its garish retellings in
the dime novel and on the stage.
The duel of Buffalo Bill and Yellow Hand is one of the great American
legends and in common with the other Cody hero tales it is periodically
attacked as being pure myth. Indeed, investigation does readily show that the
duel idea has been greatly exaggerated. Nevertheless there seems to be
ample evidence that he did kill an Indian that day, and, in all probability, took
his scalp as well. The incident presents a curious, and perhaps a not entirely
coincidental parallel to the deeds Cody had been portraying on the stage for
more than three years previous to that time. It presents also the first real
evidence of his unquestionably great talents for showmanship.
Let us glance for a moment at Cody’s background. In 1868, at only twentytwo years of age, he was already a buffalo-hunter and guide of considerable
repute. In that year he came to the attention of General Sheridan by an
heroic ride of three hundred and fifty miles through hostile Indian country in
less than sixty hours. “Such an exhibition of endurance and courage,” said
General Sheridan in his memoirs, “was more than enough to convince me that
his services would be extremely valuable in the campaign, so I retained him
at Fort Hays until the battalion of the Fifth Cavalry arrived, and then made
him chief of scouts for that regiment.” That position was retained by Buffalo
Bill until the Fifth was moved to Arizona in 1871. During the following
year he engaged in a variety of occupations, the last of which was to affect his
entire career. A short time before this he had met Ned Buntline, prolific
writer of dime novels. Buntline was the first to see the possibilities in Cody as
“Buffalo Bill” and late in 1872 persuaded him to go on the stage. While his
ability as an actor may be somewhat questionable, the realism of the perform
ance kept the shows a success until the spring of 1876, when the death of his
son appears to have caused Cody to lose much of his zest for theatrical life.
It appears possible that he had already received offers to return to the army
as a scout, and, at all events, in a few weeks he closed his show at Wilming-
3
�56
AMERICAN
MILITARY HISTORY
ton, Delaware, and took a midnight train for the West. Having heard that the
Fifth Cavalry had taken the field, he joined that regiment at Cheyenne four
days later.
The broad outlines of the Sioux War of 1876 are fairly well known. The
Indians, under Chiefs Crazy Horse and Gall, had gone on the warpath, and
three columns of regular troops commanded by Generals Gibbon, Terry and
Crook, were to converge on the Sioux country during the early summer.
Terry’s column, including General Custer’s Seventh Cavalry, left Fort Abra
ham Lincoln, Dakota Territory, May 17, later joining Gibbon on the Yellow
stone. Crook left Fort Fetterman May 26.
Early in June eight troops of the Fifth Cavalry were assembled from vari
ous posts in Kansas, and on June 22, under command of its lieutenant colonel.
Brevet Major General Eugene A. Carr, the Fifth was sent out to watch the
trails leading northward from the Red Cloud and the Spotted Tail reserva
tions with the purpose of preventing these Indians from joining Sitting Bull’s
assembly. At this time it was not known to Carr that Crook had fought the
Sioux on the Rosebud June 17, and had fallen back to Goose Creek, for no
news had come to the Fifth Cavalry of the movements of the other columns.
The destruction of Custer with five troops of his regiment on the Little Big
Horn came June 25, just three days after the Fifth Cavalry took the field.
On the same day as Custer’s defeat the Fifth Cavalry struck the trail it
sought along the valley of the Mini Pusa, South Fork of the Cheyenne
^iver.* Its new colonel, Wesley Merritt, who had been made a brevet major
general for distinguished services in the Civil War joined it there on July 1,
the very day of his commission—just how he accomplished this very consider
able feat is nowhere explained. He sent out scouting parties in various direc
tions, and on July 3, troops I and K were successful in sighting a small band
of Indians but were unable to catch up with them even after a full day’s
chase. This contact, however, had advertised, the presence of the regiment to
the Indians and the trap was sprung. Merritt ordered a retreat to the head of
Sage ^reek, which he reached July 6, and sent couriers in to Fort Laramie
for further instructions. The next day news of the Custer disaster finally
arrived.
The regiment remained in camp awaiting orders until July 10, when it was
ordered to return to Fort Laramie, stock fully with supplies, and then march
by way of Fort Fetterman to join General Crook. At the same time, from
Camp Robinson, came news that the Southern Cheyennejk at the Red Cloud
and Spotted Tail Agencies were preparing to take the warpath. However, the
regiment marched toward Fort Laramie until July 14, while Major T. H.
Stanton, a paymaster and personal representative of Lieutenant General
Phillip H. Sheridan in the field, was sent in to Camp Robinson to investigate
the rumors of trouble there.
The Fifth Cavalry, as encamped on RawhidejCreek that night, had present
/Regimental^JLeadquarters and Companies A, B, D, G, I, K and M. With the
command rode a small group of scouts including Cody, as chief, Tait, Jona-
�Ned Buntline, Cody and Texas Jack as "Scouts of the Prairie”
in Buntline’s play of that name.
�BLACK
�AMERICAN
MILITARY
HISTORY
59
thon White, better-known as “Buffalo Chips,” and Baptiste Garnier, a
French-Indian called “Little Bat.”* Company C had been detached that day to
watch the Niobrara crossing of the trail between Forts Laramie and Robin
son.* At noon next day Major Stanton returned with the report that some
eight hundred Southern CheyenneX would leave the Red Cloud Agency early
July 16, the following morning.
General Merritt, it will be recalled, had orders to join Crook at once, but
the regiment for nearly a month had been anticipating the very danger that it
now confronted. His decision to meet the problem at hand was made imme
diately. To have marched directly on Camp Robinson and the agency would
doubtless have resulted in driving out the Indians. He determined instead to
cut the trail in advance of the Cheyenne^; to lay another ambush for them.
This stratagem made necessary a march around the two sides of a triangle,
instead of across its hypotenuse. The distance, eighty-five miles, was made in
thirty-one hours. The column started out at 1:30
July 15, and its goal,
the point at which the trail crossed War Bonnet JZreek. was reached soon
after 8 ^M. the next evening.* This was the first of Merritt’s celebrated
“lightning marches” with the Fifth.
One of the remarkable feats of this march was the performance of the
wagon train commanded by Lieutenant W. P. Hall, the regimental quarter
master, later Ari jutant General of the >\rmy. Merritt had instructed Hall to
make the best time he could, not expecting that the wagons could keep up
with the troops. At 10
on the first night the regiment halted at Running
Water after a march of thirty-five miles, and only two hours later the wagon
train rolled in. When the troopers were aroused at 3 XM. they found break
fast awaiting them before their start at dawn on the final fifty-mile dash.
Before daybreak on the morning of July 17, after the Fifth had been bi
vouacked for the night on the banks of the War Bonnet, Lieutenant Charles
King, of Company K, was detailed to establish an outpost towards the south
east, the direction from which the Cheyenne^ were expected.^ The position
taken by Lieutenant King as soon as the first streaks of daylight began to
appear is described by him as having been a little conical mound at the foot of
a wave of prairie which descended gradually from the southeast while to the
rear rose the line of bluffs which marked the tortuous course of the stream.
He goes on to state that from the southward not even an Indian eye could tell
that close under those bluffs seven veteran companies of cavalry were crouch
ing, ready for a spring. King was accompanied by Corporal Wilkinson, who
was, at 4.30
the first to sight Indians along the ridge lying to the
southeast. During the next half-hour a half-dozen parties were seen in that
direction, at two or three miles distance. These Indians very apparently were
concentrating their attention upon something to the westward, making no
attempt at concealment from the direction in which the cavalry regiment lay
in ambush.
Merritt had been notified immediately, and he arrived at 5:15AC?(’f. With
him were General Carr and two or three staff officers, including Lieutenant
�60
AMERICAN
MILITARY
HISTORY
William C. Forbush, adjutant of the regiment and Lieutenant J. Haydon
Pardee of the 23rd Infantry, an aide-de-camp. It seems important to identify
clearly as many as possible of those present at this stage, because of numer
ous self-styled eye-witnesses who have since appeared. The picket was entirely
from Company K; Sergeant Schreiber was sergeant of the guard. Among
several other officers who came forward to look over the ground, later rejoin
ing their troops, was Captain Samuel S. Sumner, commanding Company D.
The presence of Cody, who had just ridden in from a scout, was, of course,
required.
Not far away was another eye-witness of the entire action. Chris Madsen,
a trooper of Company A, assigned, in his capacity as signalman, to be a con
necting link between the pickets and headquarters had spent the night, with
signal flag and torch ready, on the top of a neighboring butte. About day
break, according to an account which he has recently published, Cody came
in from a scouting trip, “directly to my post and told me to notify the com
mand that he had been close enough to the Indian camp to see them preparing
to move. However, he hastened to camp, and before the signalman [there]
had time to make his report, he [Cody] was at Merritt’s headquarters, and
made his report personally.’’* It must have been within a few minutes after
this incident that the Indians first came within sight of the outpost.
Soon the previously noted preoccupation of the Indians was explained by
the appearance, a little to the westward, of the white tops of army Wagons.
Lieutenant Hall, by travelling all night, had nearly caught up with the regi
ment. This alone could have caused no perturbation, for Hall had two com
panies of infantry concealed in the wagons, and there seems no doubt that this
train guard would have given the Indians an unpleasant surprise had they
made an attack. Meanwhile, the main body of cavalry who had been having
coffee, were immediately ordered by Merritt to saddle up and wait in a close
mass under the bluffs.
Cody, who had remained at the observation point, was the first to notice
an unusual amount of activity among the Cheyenne^. This soon was accounted
for by a careful search along the Black Hills trail where two couriers were
seen to be approaching in advance of the wagon train. Later it was learned
that they were Troopers Anderson and Keith of Company C, which, it will
be recalled, had been sent to the Niobrara crossing of the Camp Robinson
trail, bringing dispatches to Merritt, having ridden some twenty-five miles
farther than the regiment during its “lightning march.”*
A group of perhaps seven Indians was advancing down the ravine, intent
upon cutting off the two couriers. In order to reach them the Cheyennef had
to pass close under the hill from which King was watching. Buffalo Bill first
recognized and seized this fortuitou.s opportunity.
“By jove! General, now’s our chance,” he exclaimed. “Let our party mount
here, and we can cut those fellows off
“Up with you then,” ordered Merritt. “Stay where you are. King. Watch
�L,!
�62
AMERICAN
MILITARY
HISTORY
them until they are close under you; then give the word. Come down, every
other man of you.”
King thus was left alone on his hilltop to give the signal for the rescue.
Cody, since he had conceived the plan, was given the honour of leading the
party, which consisted, besides himself, of the two scouts, Tait and White, and
five or six private troopers. Adjutant Forbush and Lieutenant Pardee were
crouched out of sight on the slope, ready to pass along the signal, while
Sergeant Schreiber and Corporal Wilkinson remained near-by.
His audience was small, even though it burned with the enthusiasm of inti
mate concern; yet Buffalo Bill never had been granted by the artifice of the
stage a more spectacular setting for deeds of heroism than the chance of actual
warfare furnished him at that moment. This happy chance was by no means
left unfriended by Bill’s experience of the theatre, however, for he was glori
ously dressed for the part. While the rest of the regiment was in its working
clothes of buckskin or blue flannel, Buffalo Bill shone forth in one of his stage
costumes—a brilliant Mexican vaquero outfit of black velvet slashed with
scarlet and trimmed with silver buttons and lace, just the sort of thing which
he had been persuading Eastern audiences was the regular garb of the welldressed scout of the prairies. He was destined to legitimise his myth that day.
Cody’s resplendence was fittingly matched by that of his opponents, the
Cheyenne)}. They approached, with the sun flashing from polished armlets
and lance heads, with gaily painted rawhide shields, and with the wind
streaming their long war bonnets out behind them. Intent on getting the scalps
of the two couriers, they failed to observe peering over the hillcrest, the head
of King and his binoculars; the only things possibly visible to them in that
still-peaceful landscape.
“All ready, general ?”
“All ready. King. Give the word when you like.”
King waited until he could hear the panting of the ponies, the Cheyennef
being less than a hundred yards away.
“Now, lads, in with you.”
Cody, with a cheer, led forth his little band against the Indians’ flank.
Merritt, Wilkinson, and others ran up the slope to King’s vantage-point, there
to watch the action. For a moment both parties were out of view. Two shots
were heard. Suddenly Corporal Wilkenson pulled at the general’s sleeve ex
citedly, pointing. There a single Indian, following the original party, had
halted, trying to make out what was going on.
“Shall I fire?” Wilkinson asked. Merritt assented, and at the shot the
Indian swung down in his saddle, sending an answering shot whistling past
the general’s ear, fired. King believed, from under the horse’s neck. Many
years later Wilkinson expressed the opinion that he, not Cody, had shot
Yellow Hand. King, however, has stated that this was the only shot fired by
Wilkinson in the action, and that it was a miss.
Just as these shots were fired. King saw the main body of the Indians
rushing down the ravine, and appearing by scores all along the ridge. Upon
�AMERICAN
MILITARY
HISTORY
63
his shout of warning, Merritt quickly ordered the first company to be sent
up and sprang to his saddle, followed by his staff officers. That first company
was K, King’s troop, commanded by Captain Julius W. Mason, and King
rushed back to mount his horse and join his company. The horse had broken
away, and King was perhaps forty-five seconds in running him down, but
despite these difficulties he mounted in time to join Company K as it dashed
by, and it was only a moment later that he charged with them past Cody,
standing over the body of the Indian chief he had killed, waving the handsome
war bonnet and shouting.
The actions of the men on the hill seem clear enough. What happened there
on the prairie, in the swirling dust and in the tense excitement of the fight is
not so easily apparent. Nevertheless, basing our conclusions on the accounts of
King and of two soldiers who were in the charge with Buffalo Bill, we can,
to some degree, reconstruct the action. Cody and the lone Cheyenne doubtless
saw each other at about the same moment. It seems certain at least that they
fired simultaneously, Cody’s shot piercing the Indian’s leg and his pony’s
heart. The scout was not hit but at almost the same instant his horse stepped
into a gopher hole and threw him. He got up, recovered his rifle, and fired
again, killing the Indian who was lying wounded on the ground.* It seems
reasonable to assume that they were then only a short distance apart, perhaps
not over fifty feet. Cody appears to have run forward, seen that the Cheyenne
really was dead and, for the benefit of the oncoming troopers, raised the
Indian’s war bonnet into the air with—as he always told the story—the cry
“The first scalp for Custer!” The soldiers responded with cheers as they
galloped past.
Whether or not Cody’s own words gave him the idea, it seems clear that he
shortly thereafter drew his knife and scalped the Indian. King has positively
stated that Cody could not, as it was claimed later, have taken the scalp in the
short space of time that had elapsed before the cavalrymen rode past. Never
theless, the signalman, Madsen, still at his post on the butte, saw the scalp
being taken. Later, in passing close to the dead Cheyenne, he confirmed this
to himself. A Sergeant Hamilton, of Summer’s company, stopping near the
body to adjust his saddle, also saw that the scalp was gone.*
The Indian was identified as Hay-o-wei, a young Cheyenne leader. His
name was translated at the time by “Little Bat,” the half-breed scout, as
meaning yellow hand, but since then other authorities have stated that it
actually meant yellow hair, no doubt referring to some scalp he had taken,
probably that of a white woman.
As Company K topped the ridge, the Indians fired a scattering volley, but
when they saw the gray horse troop, B, under Captain Robert H. Montgom
ery, about sixty yards to the right rear, and I, Brevet Lieutenant Colonel
Sanford C. Kellogg’s company, coming front into line at the gallop at about
the same distance to the left rear, they wheeled and scattered. The troops
advanced cautiously in open order to the ridge, but after it was gained they
�64
AMERICAN
MILITARY HISTORY
saw the CheyenneM unmistakably fleeing in all directions. The regiment pur
sued them for thirty-five miles back to the reservation, but were unable to
catch up with any of them. At the agency it was impossible to distinguish
which Indians had been on the warpath, attempting to reach Sitting Bull, and
which had remained friendly, so no steps were taken to punish the party. As a
result of this action on the War Bonnet the Southern Cheyennes took the war
path no more that summer. From Camp Robinson Merritt marched his regi
ment on to Fort Fetterman, by way of Fort Laramie, as ordered, but his
arrival was about a week later than had been expected and quite naturally
General Crook was not much pleased. However, he appears to have taken no
action in the matter and perhaps for this reason Merritt never made a formal
report of the fight.®
It would be somewhat boresome and of small value to give here very many
examples of the exaggerated and conflicting yarns that grew out of this event,
even could our space permit such a discussion. It might be well, however, to
trace some of their earlier developments. When Cody reached the Red Cloud
Agency he wrote a letter to his wife containing an account of the fight. Of
all his stories of the incident—and there were many—this was, perhaps, the
one of the most genuine worth. “We have come in here for rations,” he
wrote. “We have had a fight. I killed Yellow Hand, a Cheyenne chief in a
single-handed fight. You will no doubt hear of it through the papers. I am
going as soon as I reach Fort Laramie the place we are heading for now [to]
send the war bonnet, shield, bridle, whip, arms and his scalp to Kerngood to
put up in his window. I will write Kerngood to bring it up to the house so
you can show it to the neighbors . . . My health is not very good. I have
worked myself to death. Although I have shot at lots of Indians I have only
one scalp I can call my own; that fellow I fought single-handed in sight of
our command and the cheer that went up when he fell was deafening . . .'
He does not yet describe the encounter as a duel, but his account does con
firm the fact that he took the scalp. The letter also indicates that Cody already
had an eye to publicity, for the story, however slightly, is beginning to grow.
On his arrival at Fort Laramie on July 21, Cody found a wire from James
Gordon Bennett asking for an account of the fight. He asked King to write this
for him and King composed what he later referred to as “a brief telegraphic
story, say one-eighth of a column.”^ He read it over to Cody who suggested
no changes at the time, though King recalled the scout’s remarking “It’s fine,
only----- ”, and then saying no more. King, oddly enough, did not read the
printed account until 1929, which was, perhaps, as well, for the New York
Herald expanded the story to nearly a column, and, it would seem, made a
few alterations. Under the subhead “Cody Kills Yellow Hand” this contem
porary account tells how Buffalo Bill and the little party from the outpost
“sprung from their horses and met the daring charge with a volley. Yellow
Hand, a young Cheyenne brave, came foremost, singling out Bill as a foeman
worthy of his steel. Cody coolly knelt, and taking deliberate aim, sent his
bullet through the chief’s leg and into his horse’s head. Down went the two,
�BUFFALO BILL
WESLEY MERRITT
In the uniform of a Major General.
CHARLES KING
A photograph taken later at a Brigadier General.
�66
AMERICAN
MILITARY
HISTORY
and, before his friends could reach him, a second shot from Bill’s rifle laid
the redskin low.”^ Although the group had been made to dismount and to
receive the charge on foot, the story was still within the facts. Cody’s fall
from his horse might account for the error.
King wrote his first real account of the fight, in which the events are fairly
portrayed, some four years after this. Meanwhile, however, Cody’s friend and
press agent, John Burke, was far from idle. As one of Buffalo Bill’s biog
raphers has ably written: “From that day the publicity of Buffalo Bill began
to display real genius. Burke ceased to be an ordinary press agent and began
to mold a gigantic figure. Bill Cody ceased to be a genuine scout who was
incidentally appearing in melodrama. He became a professional player, whose
every movement must be directed by a sho A’man’s hand and whose past career
must be overhauled to make a showman’s tradition.”*
One example of the story in its most elaborate and apocryphal state will
be sufficient. It was, of course, ostensibly written by Cody himself.**
“The chief was riding his horse back and forth in front of his men, as if
to banter me, and I concluded to accept the challenge. I galloped toward| him
for fifty yards and he advanced towardji me about the same distance, both of
us riding at full speed, and then, when we were only thirty yards apart, I
raised my rifle and fired; his horse fell to the ground, having been killed by my
bullet. Almost at the same instant my own horse went down, he having
stepped into a gopher hole. The fall did not hurt me much, and I instantly
sprang to my feet. The Fndian had also recovered himself, and we were now
both on foot, and not more than twenty paces apart. We fired at each other
simultaneously. My usual luck did not desert me on this occasion, for his
bullet missed me, while mine struck him in the breast: He reeled and fell but
before he had fairly touched the ground I was upon him, knife in hand, and
had driven the keen-edged weapon to its hilt in his heart. Jerking his war
bonnet off I scientifically scalped him in about five seconds.
“The whole affair from beginning to end occupied but little time, and the
Indians, seeing that I was some little distance from my company, now came
charging down upon me from a hill, in hopes of cutting me off. General
Merritt had witnessed the duel, and realizing the danger I was in, ordered
Colonel Mason with Company K to hurry to my rescue. The order came none
too soon, for had it been given one minute later I would have had not less
than two hundred Indians upon me. A.s the soldiers came up I swung the
Indian chieftain’s top-knot and bonnet in the air and shouted: “ ‘The first
scalp for Custer.’ ”•
Quite aside from its interest as a Buffalo Bill hero tale, the fight has
military importance. It is one of the few cases where a large war party of
Indians was successfully ambushed by troops, and seems the more remarkable
in consideration of the fact that the same organization had failed in a similar
effort less than two weeks before. That the trap was sprung too early, in
order to save the lives of two white men, reduced the casualties among the
Indians to one, but it did not undermine the ultimate result of keeping some
�DEATH OF YELEOW HAND — CODY’S FIRST SCALP FOB CUSTER.
The fictitious illustration which appeared
for many years in all the Wild West programs.
Reproduced with permission from a program in the possession of William Stone. Esq.
�68
AMERICAN
MILITARY
HISTORY
800 Southern Cheyenne warriors out of the hostile camp of Sitting Bull, nor
did it prevent saving the new settlements in the Black Hills from their raids.
Had the braves of this party broken through, it is probable that many more
Indians from the Red Cloud and Spotted Tail reservations would have fol
lowed them to war.
The formation adopted by Merritt, a cavalry charge in line with flanks
refused, seems peculiarly well adapted to the situation. It gave the Indians
no opportunity to escape to the flanks: their only possible move was rapid
retreat to the rear, and had it been practicable to carry out the original plan
it is almost certain that they would have been completely surrounded.
Notes
1. There is another South Fork of the Cheyenne, south of the Mini Pusa.
2. White’s surname is given as “Johathon” on his headstone at Slim Buttes battlefield,
where he was killed. King calls him “James” and he is referred to as “Charley” and
“Frank” in other accounts. He was devoted to Cody and copied him in every way
possible, because of which he was jokingly called “Buffalo Chips.” He accepted the
nickname as a compliment.
3. The Niobrara was also called Running Water.
4. The name of this creek has caused much confusion. The “record of events” sections
on muster rolls of the regiment generally refer to it as “Indian Creek,” although Com
pany I has “War Bonnet Creek.” It was also called “Hat Creek” and this is the
accepted modern designation. All three names appear on some maps as branches of the
same stream. I have used “War Bonnet,” for that designation seems to be the most
desirable historically. The site of the fight has been identified and marked by a group
of men headed by Brig. Gen. W. C. Brown, retired, and General King, mentioned
below. Among the most active of this group was Mr. Al Rundquist, upon whose maps
of the locality the sketches used with this article are based.
5. This is the same officer who, as Captain Charles King, wrote Campaigning with
Crook, (Milwaukee, 1880). It is from this work that his eye-witness account is taken.
King’s first account was written for the Milwaukee Journal in 1880, and was published
as the pamphlet mentioned above that same year. It was published in book form ten
years later. His final conclusions are embodied in an article by the present author, “My
Friend, Buffalo Bill,” Cavalry Journal, Sept.-Oct., 1932. King wrote some sixty mili
tary novels, of which The Colonel's Daughter, at least, should be remembered. He
became a brigadier general of volunteers in the war with Spain, commanded a
brigade in the Philippine Insurrection and served later as major general, Wisconsin
National Guard.
6. Daily Oklahoman, November 4, 1934.
7. These couriers were identified by Frederick Post, a former sergeant of their com
pany, in a letter to King dated May 2, 1929.
8. The direct quotations are taken without change from Campaigning with Crook. Essen
tially they agree with those given in the New York Herald account of July 23, 1876.
King in recent years stated that they were written exactly as they were spoken.
9. That Cody shot and killed the Cheyenne seems amply proven. One of the troopers of
Company D was James B. Frew. In his diary, published in part by Winners of the
West (April 30, 1936), appears the entry: “July 17, 1876. Indians reported by the
pickets. Command ordered to secrete in the ravines, but two couriers arriving from
agency being in danger Ciody fired on them, killing the chief. Yellow Hand. The rest
tried to rescue him but we charged, killing six. Followed them into the agency 40
miles.” While this account overstates the number of casualties, it confirms the shooting.
�AMERICAN
MILITARY
HISTORY
69
10. However, the skirmish is recorded in the records of the companies and some of these
accounts are not without interest. Company A reported: “Early on the morning of
July 17, a party of seven Indians was discovered trying to cut off two couriers with
dispatches for the command. The Regimental Commander immediately dispatched a
party in pursuit which succeeded in killing one Indian.” Company I’s record reads:
“Returned 73 miles by Sage Creek to War Bonnet Creek to assist in preventing cer
tain Cheyenne Indians from leaving Red Cloud Agency, which Indians, numbering
several hundred, were turned back, July 17, two or three of them being killed.” Most
of the other returns mention only one Indian killed. Company B mentions “one (1)
Indian and pony killed.” Indian sources also agree that Yellow Hair was the only
casualty.
11. The Kerngood referred to was Moses Kerngood, who owned a clothing store in
Rochester, N. Y. According to an account in the Baltimore Sun of December 21, 1936,
his daughter, Mrs. Harry O, Schloss, of Baltimore, now has this letter together with
other relics of the fight—but not the scalp. Mrs. Cody, according to Courtney Riley
Cooper, who wrote The Last of the Great Scouts in collaboration with her, says she
told of opening the box referred to, and of fainting when she saw the scalp. Cody
never denied it, and Dexter Fellowes, his press agent for many years, tells, in a recent
book, of seeing it on one occasion.
12. These facts were related by King in a letter to the author, March 20, 1929. King stated
that the account was not entirely as he wrote it, which can readily be appreciated. He
objected specifically to that phrase, possibly garbled in transmission, which gave the
impression that Wilkinson had killed an Indian from the hilltop.
13. New York Herald, July 23, 1876, with date line. Fort Laramie, July 22.
14. Richard J. Walsh, The Making of Buffalo Bill, p. 202.
15. All of Cody’s “autobiographies” were ghost-written, as were his public speeches. In
private conversation he is said to have been much more accurate, frequently denying
the statements of his press agents.
16. Walsh, supra. The biography from which Mr. Walsh quotes is not known to me.
A comparison with a nearly identical account in Buffalo Bill’s Life Story (New York,
1920) will illustrate the remarkably curious variations that occur between all. of these
books. In True Tales from the Plains, published in 1908, Cody’s own account is not
made to vary far from the facts.
“It was in this engagement that fate allotted to me the duty to meet personally and
successfully the war-chief. Yellow Hand. A matter of detail that I well remember,
the chief yelled to me to “Come on! Come on! White Long Hair” (“Cooa! cooal
Pe-Ha-He-Has-Ka” in Cheyenne). We both fired simultaneously, my first bullet going
through the chief’s leg and entering the body of his horse. His bullet glanced on my
saddle, and my horse stumbled in a prairie-dog hole, but I landed on my feet. Kneeling
quickly, I put a bullet through the head of his horse, coming on at speed. Thus we
were both afoot and in close proximity.”
Here Cody’s story ends and the reader is now given what purports to be the complete
New York Herald article with a quotation from Campaigning ICith Crook added. But
the newspaper article has itself been altered. The first shot now goes “into his
horse” and not “into his horse’s head” although the second shot still “laid the redskin
low.” Furthermore, in the midst of the quotation from King the following apocry
phal sentence is added: “After a hand-to-hand struggle, Cody wins, and the young
chief. Yellow Hand, drops lifeless in his tracks after a hot fight.” Such are the ways
of press agents! As for the “Cooa! Pe-Ha-He-Has-Ka” episode. King’s later com
ment is illuminating. It was simply “Bosh 1”
�70
AMERICAN
MILITARY HISTORY
THE HISTORICAL SECTION, ARMY WAR COLLEGE
By Joseph Mills Hanson*
The first definite steps toward the establishment of an historical section of
the General Staff, United States Army, were taken early in January, 1914.
But four years,\almost to the day, elapsed before the project became an
actuality.
\
The general staffs'of the armies of several foreign countries had maintained
historical sections for a number of years prior to 1914. Nevertheless, the need
for such an organization in our military establishment did not find formal
expression until after the delivery of a lecture on the subject, “The Function
of Military History,” by Doctor, later Major, Robert M. Johnston, Professor
of Military History, Harvard University, at the Army War College on Janu
ary 2, 1914. The next day Major General Leonard Wood, then Chief of Staff,
wrote to Colonel John Biddle, Chief of the War College Division, asking for
the recommendation of officers qualified to begin the creation of an historical
section.
As a result of General Wood’s initiative. Colonel Biddle recommended
several officers of recognized competence in modern methods of historical
research. Notable among them were Majors John McA. Palmer, Daniel W.
Ketcham and William D. Connor, and Captains James W. McAndrew, Arthur
L. Conger, Stuart Heintzelman, Oliver L. Spaulding and Henry C. Smither.
A committee, formed in the War College Division, consisting of Majors
Ketcham and Connor and Captain Smither, immediately recommended
that the United States military attaches in France, England, Japan, AustriaHungary and Germany be directed to furnish detailed reports upon the his
torical sections of the general staffs of those countries.
Eventually, valuable reports were received from the several attaches men
tioned, while some of the officers who had been proposed as organizers for the
historical section were afforded opportunities to lecture at the Army War
College. But nothing further was done toward placing such a section upon a
functioning basis until January 2, 1918.
On that day General Tasker H. Bliss, Chief of Staff, made a recommenda
tion to the Secretary of War for the prompt organization of an historical
section. It was approved, and on January 18 the Chief of the War College
Division submitted to the Chief of Staff a memorandum favoring an historical
section patterned upon the European model, which had been described to the
American Historical Association by Colonel Azan, of the French Army.
Based upon this plan, the War College Division proposed the organization of
an American historical section to embrace:
“(a) A military history branch divided into:
♦Assistant Historian, National Park Service; lately Captain, F.A., G-2, G.H.Q., A.E.F.
�30
Soldiers were-^firing through the open gate and from other vantage points outside the wall.
The battle became a siege
"Butch” Cassidy
he
coolest, cleverest and most
outlaw of the age.”
Tdangerous
Such is the brief characterization
of “Butch” Cassidy in the records of one
of this country’s great detective organiza
tions. Cassidy was head of the Hole-in-theWall gang, sometimes known as the Wild
Bunch and again as the Train Robbers’
Syndicate. For upwards of fifteen years he
and his allies robbed banks, held up trains,
helped themselves at will from cattle herds,
and generally flouted the law in every state
in the Rocky Mountain region. When
cornered, they generally shot their way to
freedom. No less than thirty murders,
mostly of peace officers, are charged against
these outlaws, excluding Cassidy, whose
killings, so far as known, were limited to
those which resulted from a final battle for
life in a foreign land.
Like a small boy with a passion for stirring
up hornets’ nests, “Butch” Cassidy struck
here and there in the West. When he figured
the air was getting dangerously full of
hornets, he transferred his operations in
banditry to South America. There, for
several years, he carried on successfully,
while his former companions in this country
were being run down and killed or captured,
one by one.
Mystery has heretofore surrounded the
closing years of “Butch” Cassidy’s career
in South America. Tt was known that he
levied tribute in true Wild West fashion,
holding up railway shipments of treasure,
Copyright, IQ30, by Arthur Chapman.
•
t.
By Arthur Chapman
Illustrated by Charles Johnson Post
robbing banks, and swooping down on pack
trains that carried mine remittances in the
lonely Andes. Several South American
countries lodged vigorous protests with the
Department of State against this Americano
who was at his old trick of stirring up
hornets’ nests.
Then came word that “Butch” Cassidy
and his pal of the Hole-in-the-Wall days,
Harry Longabaugh, “the Sundance Kid,”
had been killed. Various stories of the
slaying of these bandit leaders came out of
the wild interior of South America, but
authentic details were lacking. Official
Washington was content to know that no
more protests were being received on ac
count of this former cowboy who had organ
ized the most dreaded gang of outlaws since
the days of the James Brothers. So were the
detectives who had unavailingly trailed Cas
sidy over the greater part of two continents.
It is likely that the dramatic circumstances
of “Butch” Cassidy’s death would have
remained much longer in oblivion if it had
not been for inquiries painstakingly pur
sued by men who had known him in South
America, not as a bandit but as a sociable,
trustworthy fellow, who was “on the
square” with those to whom he had taken
a liking. Cassidy, during his years in South
America, had at various times found emprdymd^at the mines or on construction
work. As packmaster and treasure guard
he had filled positions which involved danger
to himself, and, when he felt that confidence
had been reposed in him, he never betrayed
his trust. He made friends, even among
those who knew him to be a bandit. When
it was learned that Cassidy had been killed,
some of these friends went to considerable
trouble to get at the facts. Through Mr.
Percy A. Seibert, now an attorney at San
tiago, Chile, who, as mine manager, had
given employment to Cassidy, the writer
of this article is able to relate the circum
stances of the bandit’s last fight and also
to give some personal details of his life as
told by the outlaw leader himself.
TA/'ITH regard to his family, “Butch”
* ' Cassidy always maintained silence. Ac
cording to the posters which were broadcast,
offering large rewards for his capture, his
real name was George Parker. In the early
’90s, as a mere “kid,” he was a cowboy in
southern Utah. He took part in his first
train holdup, so he told Mr. Seibert, when
he was fifteen years old. A venture in live
stock rustling in those early days must have
been disastrous, for the Wyoming peniten
tiary records show that George Parker,
alias “Butch” Cassidy, was sentenced for
cattle stealing but had served only a part
of his time when he was pardoned—perhaps
on account of his youth.
Southern Utah, in common with Arizona,
New Mexico and Colorado, was ranged by
the Black Jack gang of train robbers. This
�April, 1930
29
fense. By now he was eighty-f(j>ur, but with
a furious energy that never flagged, he manu
factured
munitions, gathered Applies, rode
"jJsuT' breathed Pizarro, as
he stood
the mountains,
tore down /bridges that
besi^ his bloody captain. “What
a vic
spanned the rivers, and strd've fiercely to
tory!”
wake the
/Drunk with the glory and wonder
of it,rebel cavaliers to their danger.
Old Carbajal,
It wasthe
in vain, however, that he begged for
e rebels marched
to Cuzco, and taking
troops
ity withoutinvincibly
a blow, gave themselves
overwith
to which to guard the passes, for
wicked,
abated
Pizarro
felt
high revelry.
Only
Carbajal
had
the
sense
to that it was enough to have
no whit of his
see that Huarina
not the destroyed
end of thethe bridges, and all jibed at the
insolencewas
and
ancient
campaign, unconcern.
but the beginning.
It was ashisan alarmist.
They
All Gasca
the while Gasca, the indomitable
counsel to walked
lay the by
city his
waste so that
churchman, marched against Cuzco with an
would findside,
only ruins
when he came.
begging
of two thousand. At their head—a
repent
“We arehim
lost to
if we
let him penarmy
us behind
his sins,
but he “In the moun
host
walls,” urged
the veteran.
in himself—was Pedro Valdi
diedmake
shouting
via, the conqueror of Chile, and a
tains we can
common cause with the
his favorite
songown good time fighting
man who had learned his
natives, and
choose our
to
fall upon the priest. Stay here, let Gasca
repeat his offer of pardon for all, and you
will not have a man left.”
Pizarro turned a deaf ear to arguments
stricken mass he led his savage troops. Up and cntrr.Ttics. and humming his mourn
impregnable position
in advance of the bat- '
tie. At each man’s
side were three loaded
muskets, and with many a curse he drove
home the order that under no circumstances
must they charge or change their stand.
This done, a series of skiUfijJ feints, finally
induced the enemy infantry to attack, and as
he watched their rush, a grin of sheer enjoy
ment added new seams to Carbajal’s scarred
face.
“Not a shot,” he cautioned, “until I give
the word, and theft aim at their bellies.”
The. first volley, fired pointblank, halted
the charge apd, snatching the extra guns,
Carbajal’s men poured in a second, quickly
followed by a third and fourth. Centeno,
turning from the rout of Pizarro’s cavalry,
saw his own infantry in flight, and raced at
once to repair the damage, but the pikemen
grounding their butts as they knelt, met t
horses with steel points, while the arqu'ebusiers, now' massed at the back, direct^ a
destructive fire full into the struggling jZiass.
Vainly the frantic Centeno whirled/or an
attack on the rear, but Carbajal spun his
men, and again the assault met pikes and
deadly musket fire. Seeing the /\'elter of
death and confusion before him, the ancient
roared the order to advance—‘/'charge and
no quarter”—and into the thick'of the panic
inhuman
n t, dashing out
brains witji his huge mace, and
when ni^t fell, one-half of Centeno’s army
lay dead on the field, and the rest were
flying {6r their lives.
s
trade in theVtalian wars along with Car
bajal. Marchjng forward with the same
furious speed tRpt marked the campaigns of
old Francisco, 'aldivia threw swinging
bridges across flje swift Apurimac, and
�^Pi-il, 1930
Sm^^BuV^^^^^^hipofTo
IV
the Lo
?«rounded X® h‘ k3odsX,^''j^n
™‘kcrs ‘o
W which T
kouse. There
^^cers
K KiV sSiS^
i.s;S
rr^aiX's'hVfsV
i^he last
Harvey made S
o the realm of “htFk Putting vrith ""arr;
^^^bination cat^p''®'’^'^®®-” sworn "JiJJJ^
^hhTen^^
with
ke btXm"^^’ as
& tfe'cSV-S' F"«Sot
‘mk_
brothers
"'g a- JUan of
Iheir
. -o“S
go into hidinff^ nerve,
»e"&'5“.-<®
.
«S
PS''S::K's»t<hv«.r„
ndnti^
^as chiAy
7
torious cattle ^ios^ George” p ’^Panions
^<^^J^^kat wvo^^^^ Who Tad
no-
sosBlOSr
lrin> whereas
^^edding hnm
* f»«eie<| ,,pi^»”<i Wat h»rWaSo.VS
Their <,p_
'ny
of the f!
Geor2®®
^^°iher,SSn
n “cover” fn,-S
,
^'^rilyaccoXble'?'^’^ Porone-third of the ki r
""1 l^ast
agamst tdreri^^'^'gs charged
..
^''■l^^^he-HWl
lhe Lolanf and^-n'^ ^^orge ”
ridy were
. Bntch”Cas
,'?rile rusthngXv^d‘he advantages of '’*®“^oned
hnown as the Ro, ■
''orieat
|®ong the fooTufe^^^'^^ll
^orns at the k J
‘he Big
Powder River
P^tas could be
‘he
hrought to this^^ and
l“:nnds might be v^‘’ ^here
leisure. ThVsettI ‘^k'^nged at
nnstlers themseTve?
^ther
IVr'"'^
thought n, ^^'Ih drawn
memtr vey T^^kers
^^oj
lined the
Sfej-dXXti»
!et after t ,, ’’^n Har-
wge's
’’“‘laws
tha?n ‘"?'lancrKidi,VouJigfeliow’^kXu
k^^F'^n’s tXe X? • ®“®ething of^®r/‘oei-s.
®nllen and^ov,^F"ng to an^extr ^^’^oy
‘rp'^'ng bloodshedX^'^^® kriends aJ^d ’
citements of onti
one of the’
^d*cal differed H‘lawiy. T J .’^he major ex
¥^^ter 0^"°'’"'“"''
a good
h...
Gallant, Enl
n
noh.
°ll’e/®reeuX''®
^‘=hieveme!?ts
up by
Whose
Pride "t^H J^^nst
must
2S’^'‘=pS?,jJ'»
“r
tL'^^
were Be'
Bffl'S‘*i.
“V s
«»cS.'JS
^'''t'< aLt S ?® M fe
^oSdy
turned into
'^ns
defense.
citadel of
"Butch” p
S'^i^hodwitrJttT^^p^’y
t ,k
slow ” ^1’® rustling
larther Wg-a , ,He \vent on
‘he field with th'^ -L^’ked over
•spring larger a ndV"^"^
PnDurin?b“«-PnSg
T Plat Nosed
absence
kogan boys mX
and thl
PooWes in E2n°‘^^kl‘rie
“ountains bXx^ ’ ® ^^oge
,®.ouri River and
‘he Mis
west of the^B^ Canadian
key made tfieir he n ^ands.
^‘kandusky, the m t'^'l'^arters
^‘s region which th^®^'’°Polis of
other cXtU
skeltered
Hailey li^°<>dshed
Cassidy^
“hit
loath to
ia
^^emed tr,
^^nian
s:?“' >Sfe"«w«v
arlm-tWould i,°’^^®'^ise
l^een
Ion (“Pee^.,ris ®nnch.
h^ V'^’^ing^the fir^?^ ‘^’ne
®ade plans to ’mK
had
s aa,
!^?S£iS/ancher
‘*“sof
S® kind, xvas
heavily on his
^P^nstenance
father
®hbors’ herds
Pj^imTatX
‘ke
“ a major
saloon,
,
^ter
^"onUntTih^
tfiQ
I
I
�32
Cassidy and his followers, among whom
were Logan and Longabaugh, waited on the
outskirts of town for Tom’s signal. None
came. Finally, tired of waiting, the gang
swung into the saddle and clattered into town
and up to the bank. While one member of
the gang stood guard over the horses, Cas
sidy and the others entered the bank and
held up the cashier. With $30,000 in loot,
the bank robbers got into their saddles and
started out of town. Armed citizens were
swarming out of stores, and shots were being
fired, but all of the gang escaped—all but
“Peep” O’Day.
t> EFUDDLED by drink and only partially
aroused by the shots, the bandits’ look
out started from the saloon, remembering
that he had important duties to perform. He
tried to mount his pony, but could not get
into the saddle. He was thrown into jail,
accused of being an accessory to the crime,
but a lenient jury let him go. He went back
to cattle rustling, but did even that so badly
that he was convicted and served a long term
in the Wyoming penitentiary.
Cassidy, Longabaugh and Logan were ar
rested in the Little Rockies soon after the
Belle Fourche holdup. They were lodged in
jail at Deadwood, but one morning they
caught the jailer, bound him, and made their
escape, going back to the Hole-in-the-Wall.
From their citadel in the Big Horns the
gang now made a number of successful
sorties. A Union Pacific train was stopped
at Wilcox, Wyo., and the engineer was
compelled to uncouple the baggage and
express cars and run them across the Wilcox
bridge. The bandits, led by Cassidy, pro
ceeded to blow up the express safe with
dynamite, securing about $8,000. “Flat
Nosed George” Curry took part in this
-liOidup, as did Longabaugh, Logan and the
latter’s cousin, Bob Lee, who was captured
some months later at Cripple Creek and sen
tenced to ten years in the Wyoming peni
tentiary.
Making their way northward across the
Laramie range to their retreat in the Big
Horns, the outlaws three days later were
intercepted by a posse under Sheriff Hazen
of Converse County. A battle ensued, the
bandits taking shelter behind rocks and
trees. The fight ended when Harvey Logan
shot and killed Sheriff Hazen. The spirit
of revenge was so strong in Logan that a
few months later he killed John Tyler,
sheriff of Moab, Utah, and Sam Jenkins^
acting deputy, because they had been mem
bers of the posse which trailed the Hole-inthe-Wall gang after the Wilcox train robbery.
Bank holdups and train robberies now
succeeded each other rapidly, and in widely
separated places. “Butch” Cassidy led the
holdup of a bank at Winnemucca, Nev.,
securing about $30,000. This robbery was
The Elks Magazine
staged in daylight, in true Wild Western
fashion.
Again planning a surprise attack at a
distant point, Cassidy and his followers
raided the town of Montpelier, Idaho, and
successfully held up another bank. They
eluded pursuit and divided $32,000 in gold
as a result of this raid.
The Union Pacific was again held up, this
time at Tipton, Wyo. As in the Wilcox
robbery, the engineer was compelled to pull
the express car ahead, after it had been de
tached from the rest of the train. While
this robbery did not net the outlaws as much
as the previous holdup, it alarmed the rail
road officials. The ease with which the gang
was holding up trains and making a “get
away” led to the formation of a special,
outlaw-hunting detachment for the sole
purpose of pursuing the Hole-in-the-Wall
J^EJTSPAPER readers will re■L ’ member the wide publicity
that attended Burt McConnell’s
back-to~the-stone-age experiment
in the Quebec woods a few
months ago. “Blazing the Back
ward Trail,” to appear in an
early issue, will give you a first
hand account of some of the
amazing and gruelling experi
ences of this man, of whom Vilhjalmur Stefansson said, “If there
is any civilized man able to bury
himself in the wilderness, with
out a single accoutrement of civ
ilization, and come out healthy
and better than ever before, it is
Burt McConnell.”
train robbers. A corps of gun-fighters was
maintained at Cheyenne, ready for instant
duty. A baggage car, fitted up as an arsenal,
and into which horses could be loaded in
a few minutes, was kept in readiness to carry
this bandit-hunting force to the scene of any
holdup along the line.
A FTER every holdup the gang would scat* terforawhile. Sometimes they wouldgo
to the Southwest and cooperate with Black
Jack. In this way the combined gangs of
outlaws became known as the Train Robbers’
Syndicate. A system of hideouts was estab
lished from the Hole-in-the-Wall to the
Henry Mountains and the Blue Mountains
of Utah. Ranchmen all along the Rockies
were forced to supply fresh mounts if any
members of the gang found themselves hard
pressed. Furtheimore it is known that
some ranchmen were compelled to act as
bankers. Rather than carry large quantities
of stolen gold, after a division of loot,
“Butch” Cassidy and other members of
the gang would often leave a sack of money
with a, ranchman, with the understanding
that it was to be given up when called for.
No one among these unwilling custodians
failed to “deliver” on demand, as it was
understood that death would be the penalty
for “throwing down” the Wild Bunch.
During one of these periods of frenzied
but unavailing search
on the part of the
authorities, “Butch”
Cassidy and Harry
Longabaugh rode up
to a ranch in south
western Wyoming and
__________ asked for something
to eat. Western hospitality would not admit
of anyone being turned away, so the aged
ranch woman, who was alone on the place
began preparing a meal.
’
“Butch” Cassidy, strolling around to the
back of the cabin, noticed a few chickens
running about in a wire enclosure. The
ranch woman ran out at the sound of a shot.
One of her precious chickens had fallen,
decapitated. Another shot, and another
headless chicken.
The woman berated Cassidy soundly, but
he fired twice more, and each time a chicken’s
head was shot off. It was wonderful marks
manship, which the ranch woman was in
no mood to appreciate.
“We don’t want bacon to-day,” said
Butch” with a grin. “Will this pay for
chicken all around?”
To the ranch woman’s amazement her
rough looking visitor put his hand in his
pocket and drew it forth filled with gold
pieces. Counting out four of them, he
dropped them into the apron of the aston
ished woman—twenty dollars for each
chicken that had been killed I The money
was part of the proceeds of a bank robbery
which the W’ild Bunch had just staged.
Harvey Logan, Cassidy’s dreaded lieu
tenant, had none of his chief’s good-nature
and easy-going ways. Logan was still
nursing his hatred for Winters, whom he
considered responsible for the killing of
John Logan. So, between the holdups which
were now being rapidly carried on by the
gang, Harvey Logan slipped away to the
Little Rockies and shot down Winters,
without giving him a chance to fight. Logan
made his escape, after assassinating Winters,
and rejoined his outlaw companions.
cha,racteristic cunning, the Hole** in-the-Wall leader struck at another
railroad. The Great Northern Express was
held up, near Wagner, Mont. In this holdup
a brakeman was wounded. The robbers de
molished the safe in the express car, secur
ing $65,000 in unsigned currency, which was
being shipped to the First National Bank at
Helena.
“Butch” Cassidy recognized the danger
in circulating this unsigned currency. It
was inevitable that any forged signatures
would be quickly traced and would give the
authorities a clew as to the whereabouts of
members of the gang. Another cause of
uneasiness was the general circulation of
a photograph, for which the leading members
of the gang had posed in jest. The picture
was taken at Fort Worth, Texas, where
several of the gang had gathered, following
the Winnemucca holdup. In the course of
a friendly scuffle, one of the felt hats belong
ing to a member of the gang had been de
stroyed. This led to retaliation, and the
“rough house” became general, not a hat
being left intact. All the outlaws adjourned
tO" a hat store, and one of them, as a joke,
tried on a derby. Then came the suggestion
that they all buy “iron hats” and have a
group photograph taken. This idea was
carried out, but it was not long before the pic
ture was in the hands of the authorities.
This photograph was the indirect means of
the trailing down of Carver and gave much
trouble to the gang generally.
Other things were causing Cassidy un
easiness. The Black Jack gang had sud
denly been broken up, depriving the Hole-inthe-Wall outlaws of support in the South
west. Black Jack Ketchum, trying the dar
ing experiment of holding up Colorado and
Southern trains three times at the same spot,
met disaster near Folsom, N. M. Black
Jack ran afoul of a plucky conductor who
shot the bandit’s arm off in Itip mnrtp nf
�83
April, 1930
■MWw
a duel in the dark, A posse engaged the
rest of the gang in a desperate battle.
Sheriff Parr, of Walsenburg, Colo., was killed
but the outlaws, suffered heavily. Sam
Ketchum, Black Jack’s brother, was killed,
several other outlaws were captured, and
the gang was no more.
Realizing that the net was closing in,
“Butch” Cassidy went to South America,
-Longabaugli joiuiiig-Jiim in Buenos Aires.,
With Longabaugh was a woman known as
Etta Place. So far as known she is the only
woman who ever played a part in any of the
activities of the Hole-in-the-Wall gang.
Not having any liking for possible conflict
with the police in a big city, the bandits
left Buenos Aires and went to Chubut, in
Southern Argentine. With the booty ac
quired from their last holdup in the States,
they bought a fertile ranch and proceeded
to raise and purchase cattle, which they
drove over into Chile and sold at a good
profit.
Unfortunately for this venture in “going
straight,” so Cassidy afterward informed
Mr. Seibert, a former deputy sheriff from
one of the Western states had located in
the same region, and had started ranching.
He recognized Cassidy and Longabaugh, and
no doubt with the intention of collecting the
large rewards that were offered for their
capture, informed the authorities.
Cassidy and Longabaugh had sources of
information in the United States, and they
were “tipped off” by cable that detectives
were on the way to Argentine. Cassidy lost
no time in going to Chile, where he had in
fluential acquaintances, and sold the Argen
tine ranch to Chilean investors. Then he
returned to Southern Argentine and took
up anew a career of banditry which soon had
South America aghast.
At the outset, several banks were held up
in Wild Western fashion. “Butch” Cassidy
would get the “lay of the land,” and, when
his plans were perfected, the bank would be
held up and the bandits would be well on
their way to some rendezvous in the wilder
ness before effective pursuit could be
organized.
One of Cassidy’s cleverest strokes in elud
ing pursuit was to organize a relay of saddle
horses, stationed several mUes from the
scene
Afte^^caping with
The Hole-in-the-Wall gang. Standing, left to right. Bill
Carver and Harvey Logan, Sitting, Harry Longnbaugh,
f';
known as the “Sundance Kid
”; Ben Kilpatrick, “the tall
Texan,” and “Butch” Cassidy. This photograph, posed in
jest, was the cause o f much trouble to the outlaws
their loot, the bandits would ride at top One experience
speed for the place where this relay was seems to have
stationed. By the time they reached the been enough for
horse relaj\ their mounts would be ex the so-called Dey,
hausted. So woukr the hofseT of their pur -who arrived at
suers. Leaping to the saddles on their Oruru, Bolivia, in
fresh mounts, the bandits would have no May, 1906, soon
after the South
difficulty in finally shaking off pursuit.
ern Argentine
TN THEIR first bank holdup in Southern bank holdup. Dr.
Argentine, Etta Place, the woman who Lovelace, of Tex
had gone to South America withLongabaugh, as, and Mr. Seibert happened to be in the
played an actual part. In this holdup. hotel when Dey arrived. The newcomer
Cassidy and Longabaugh also had the as was a handsome, athletic young fellow, of
sistance of an outlaw from the States, who striking personal appearance—apparently a
went under the name of Dey. The Argen typical Western ranchman. He did not
tine police and populace had organized know much Spanish, and Mr. Seibert as
pursuit in an extraordinarily short time. sisted him in arranging for a room. In the
In fact Cassidy afterward said that in all his course of conversation Dey brought out a
experience he had never been so closely small handbag which seemed to be filled
trailed. Apparently it was going to be im with pounds sterling in gold. In answer to
possible for the bandits to reach the relay some jesting remark about the value of
of horses before they were overtaken. Tell his handbag, Dey replied:
“The Lord has treated me very generously
ing the others to go on, Cassidy stopped his
horse and dismounted. Longabaugh and lately.”
The next day the stranger was not in the
Dey followed instructions, while Cassidy
waited until the posse came up. He winged hotel, and it was feared that he might have
one man as a warning, and then shot two been robbed and killed. Inquiries were made
horses. Not considering it possible that one at hotels, lodging houses and the police
man would make such a determined stand station, but at noon Dey turned up with the
against them, and believing that the bandits remark that he had been seeing the night life
had come up with reinforcements, the posse of Oruru. Dr. Lovelace was going to La
halted. Then, at another warning shot from Paz, Bolivia, by the fast Concord stage line
Cassidy, the entire force turned and took which was then owned by the enterprising
the back trail. Cassidy rejoined his com Scotchman, James K. Hutcheon, and the
panions, who had come up with the horse stranger went along. He then left for Peru,
relay, which had been guarded by the wo but was back in La Paz a few months later,
man. Mounted on fresh horses, all four after which he gave it out that he was leav
escaped. Cassidy went to Buenos Aires, ing for the States. It was not learned for a
Longabaugh and the woman went to considerable time afterward that the
stranger was “wanted” for a share in the
Antofagasta, Chile, and Dey to Bolivia.
While South America contained many Southern Argentine bank holdup.
Cassidy and Longabaugh made it a prac
soldiers of fortune, who were ready for almost
any hazardous and shady job, apparently tice to secure employment, far from the
Cassidy and Longabaugh found it difficult scene of their latest holdup, while they
to organize as they had done in the States. looked over the field and studied the possi
At any rate, none of their South American bilities for another robbery. They were of
f '’'‘f^S^ontinued on page 60)
lieutenants stayed with them very long.
�The Elks Magazine
34
/
E DXT < I R I A L
PATRIOTISM AND WORLD PEACE
Country should also recognize the great human
rela'tionship and all it implies. That is the
of the world” are no loriger the mere high
true^ and most exalted patriotism.
sounding phrases of a -tireaming poet. The /
Mefi may differ sharply as to the best methods
bard is nearer to becoming a prophet today than / to pursue in seeking to establish permanent
he has ever been ^nce first he penned his im/
world pe^ce, which is a sine qua non of true human
mortal lines; for world peace lies closer to the
brotherhood; but all agree that it is something
hearts of men than ever before in all history.
not only fip be hoped for, but ardently striven
There are more serious minded people, apd a
for, with an abiding confidence. Elks will recog
larger number of influential organizations, actively
nize this truly patriotic purpose as born of the
engaged upon, the promotion of that objective
realization of'the great truth that is inscribed
than ever before. And the nations of the world
above the portal of our stately Memorial Building
are now contemplating that happy condition as at
in Chicago, and 'which is so strikingly portrayed
last reasonably practical of attainment.
in its wonderful frieze: “The triumphs of peace
This is not only because the horrors and sacri
endure; the triumbjis of war perish.”
fices and dire losses of the World War have
NOT A bNE MAN JOB
shocked men into the realization of the pro
TT HAS often been sajd that the “running” of a
hibitive cost of modern warfare. It is largely
* subordinate Lodge is k “one man job.” The idea
because the different peoples of the world have
suggested is that the Exalted Ruler, by virtue of
come to know each other better''and to understand
his office and authority, ks that one man. This
each other better. They have become world
is not the fact; and it i^^ quite unfair, to that
minded. They no longer think exclusively in
official and the whole membership alike, for such
terms of selfish nationalism. They recognize a
an impression to be entertained. No single
mutuality of interest in all problems affecting
person, in any of the offices, Van effectively con
any nation’s welfare.
duct the activities of any Lodte, however small,
And this in turn is but the expression of the
without the sincere cooperation\and assistance cf
changed attitude of the individual. He is no
his official associates and of theXlay members as
longer provincial. He recognizes that his neighbor
well. Every Past Exalted Ruler, can testify to
is not only the acqu^ntance who lives in the same
this fact ffom his own experience. \
block, nor the fellpw citizen of the same City,
But it is trpe, and it is an important fact to be
State or County, but every one within the range
realized, that H^e Exalted Ruler is tfi'e one officer
of his helpfulnes^and his influence.
to whom the Lodge looks for real leadership. In
Patriotism is/no less pure, no less sincere.
the final analysis th^t is the peculiar qualification
But it is more/mtelligent. It is more unselfish.
which his election ptesupposes. And if, he fails
11 regards national obligations as no less important
properly to assume that leadership and earnestly
to be observed than national rights are to be
and intelligently to guide and supervise the
maintained./ And organizations such as ours
affairs of the Lodge, there isX general break-down
have played no small part in bringing this about.
of the whole administrative ifiachinery; and the
The spi/it of true fraternity is essentially allLodge merely drifts. It is this that is really meant
embracing. The brotherhood of man means
by speaking of it as a one man job.
something to a real Elk. It is not merely an
The newly elected Exalted Rulers should have
empty Expression. And while his Americanism
a very sincere pride in their elevation to the chief
is as rnuch a matter of pride as ever, and his love
official station. A high compliment is implied
of Cofintry as much a part of his very life, yet that
which is naturally gratifying. But there should
pride and that love prompt the desire that his
The “parliament of man” an'if the “federation
t
�59
April, 1930
“Well, lissen here, Tom,” he said emphati
cally. “Just forget about that fool horse from
now on, will you? You’re in all the papers as
theTaxi-Hero-Foils-Gem-Bandits-Boy, see? Half
the town’s waitin’ to get a look at you, an to
print yer pitcher, an’ to give you anything frorn
an old fireman’s hat to a brand-new cab, see?
Do you get me?”
Tom puzzled it for some moments, while the
two regarded him with deep-seated concern. At
length he smiled up at them. “Sure, L get you.
But I guess—I—won’t be needing—another—
cab—now.”
/
“Ah, go on,” scoffed Paddy heartily. Why,
you’ll be patched up an’ rollin’ out of this,place
inside of three weeks.”
>/
“Dot’s right,” affirmed Leo earnestly. 'Ana
wait, Tom, till you see what Nick’s got up^omkis
cash register. A big pitcher of you, nut
up, cut from a newspaper! He shores it tq
everybody, too—^like you was Herr yresident,or Jack Dempsey.”
J
Tom Campbell grinned at the id^ and gave
the reddened Kroitz paw a pat.
/
“I—know—I’ll be—out, boys.y But Ina
through—hacking, I—guess.”
“Why?” demanded Paddy, ^smay settling
on his hard little Irish face.
y
For answer, Tom turned his head toward the
slim white figure in the far c/rner.
“Miss—Batten?”
■
The nurse came over. A grave, lovely girl
with the brightest of copper hair and dark eyes
that made the Messrs Lynch and Kroitz sigh
and indulge in furtive nudges.
“I’d—like—that—lettaf, please. Miss.
“Again?” She smiled, ‘-‘you’re wearing it
out, you know.”
«
From a stack of mail on the bed table, she
selected a large gray sheet. They passed it to
Paddy, who eyed it ^Suspiciously. “Read it—
out—loud.”
f
Then Tom closedjhis eye's, as though to blot
out from his mind &y othet detail save that of
the image which the words should evoke. Paddy
frowned importantly, cleared his throat, and
tilted the letter sd that the lite afternoon sun
light, dim and diffused, slanted across it:
“Beechwood Hall,
“Wesfchester County.'/
“Dear Mr. Campbell:
J
“We are hoping—my mother and I—that
this word will not prove to be ope more oPthe
many disappointments which -fre have met
with among the Campbells during thp past
fifteen years.
.
\
Z
“To be brief, we are hoping tlfet you may
prove to be the Tom Campbell who Cnanaged
my father’s horses so successfully V so long,
and who earned the warmest afiectidn of three
small children who are now grown _np^ but who
still remember you, and to whose clmdren, in
turn, you have become a sort of legenchiry hero
of every quality that is fine in hqtsemaifehlp.
“We were disconsolate—I recall it\well
when you left so abruptly after that unfortunate
quarrel with my father. So much so, in\fact,
that he relented and made every effort to Idpate
you, both through ‘Persophls’ in the ntospapers, and through various agencies, opt
without success. Since then, we have run do\^v
numberless Campbells, but alvzays to no avail
“It is due to the story pf your courageous and
splendid action of yesterday that I am writing
this. I must congratulate you, from my heart,
whether you are the man we hope you are, or
not. If you happen Jo be the Tom Carnpbell
who so endeared himself to three small children
long ago, and have dny desire to leave the city
and renew the friendship of the eldest—who is
now owner of the Hall—I am sure that we could
make you more thhn happy in the association.
If the idea appeals to you, will you not com
municate with me?
“Believe me to 'be,
“Sincerely yours,
“William M. Stedman, 2nd.”
“Well,” said Paddy, after an impressive
silence. “Well, if that ain’t the nuts I’ll eat my
shirt, buttons an’ all!”
“Yah,” echoed Leo Kroitz, the practical.
“You better write dot feller quick, Tom, eh?”
Tom Campbell’s thin unshaven face slowly
wreathed itself in a grin of undiluted happiness.
“Write me eye!” he said, in a faint, scornful
voice. “I made the Doc wire him—soon’s I
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�60
The Elks Magazine
"Butch Cassidy”
{Continued from page
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Not too many questions were asked about a
man’s past, as long as he did his work well, but
if it became too generally talked about that the
hardy Americanos were bandits, it was a case of
moving on to another job. In this way Cassidy
and Longabaugh familiarized themselves with a
considerable part of South America, just as they
had done in the Western United States.
Longabaugh, sometime in 1906, met Roy
Letson, who was in Argentina on a special mis
sion, buying pack mules for the Bolivian Gov
ernment Railway construction work. Letson
employed Longabaugh as a muleteer in Bolivia.
“The Sundance Kid” remained at his work for
several months and then drifted to the Con
cordia tin mines, where he took employment.
Longabaugh was with the Concordia Mines
Company only a short time when Cassidy ap
pear^ and made application to Rolla Glass,
who at that time was manager, and requested
employment. At that time Mr. Glass needed
a man to carry the payroll remittances and to
purchase the necessary livestock for camp
sustenance and transportation of material. He
put Cassidy to work and found him an excellent,
trustworthy employee. He was a good bargainer
and always rendered a strict account of funds
turned over to him. Often the remittance he
carried ran into six figures, and yet the bandit,
who had on many occasions risked his life to rob
a bank or train of much less, never betrayed the
trust reposed in him.
where they were, but had no desire to attack
them in their stronghold. In fact Cassidy sub
sequently said on one occasion he met the sheriff
on a very narrow trail. The sheriff, who knew
Cassidy, greeted him cordially but continued
on his route without attempting to make an
arrest. While camped at Sacambaya the out
laws visited the camp of some American miners
near the Indian village of Capinata. All knew
the identity of the visitors, and were aware that
large rewards for their capture were outstanding,
but no effort was made to apprehend them.
During his career in South America, which
exteiided over a period of more than eight years,
Cassidy performed some acts which stamped him
as a man of most unusual character. He once
went to the Huanuni mines in Bolivia, which be
longed to the Scotch firm of Penny & Duncan.
The object of his visit was to gain information
regarding the payroll remittance and ultimately
to hold it up. As was customary with this Scotch
firm, they received Cassidy with every attention,
and invited him to cocktails and whisky and soda.
Cassidy informed them that he was a prospector
and had met with hard luck and would like to
have work for awhile. They immediately em
ployed him, and put him in charge of their watch
men. Cassidy eventually left, and the holdup
was never attempted. On being asked later
why he had not gone through with his plan to
hold up the camp Cassidy replied that he did
not have the heart to rob anyone who had treated
him so well.
Other outlaws were operating in Bolivia, and
UVENTUALLY it became known that Cassidy Cassidy heard, in the latter part of 1907, that
and Longabaugh were the outlaws who were a plot was afoot to kidnap Mr. Penny and hold
doing so much toward upsetting the cordial re him for ransom. Cassidy immediately ap
lations between various South American coun proached a friend of Mr. Penny and gave him
tries and the United States. This knowledge warning. Then he even went so far as to look
came about through a little indiscretion on the up a trustworthy guard for Mr. Penny. The
part of Longabaugh. One night, when drunk selection was Fred Sanford, an American cow
in the Bolivian town of Uyuni, Longabaugh boy who had taken mules to South Africa and
dropped some boastful remarks to another who had joined the British Army during the
American about the holdups that he and Cassidy Boer War. When the would-be kidnappers
had staged in Argi^ina----- ---------------------------learned that Sanford had fortified'Mr. Penny’s
Cassidy, not desiring to bring ill-repute to the house
’
’ charge of his guarclj-nf^'
'—
and’ was in
Concordia outfit, settled his and Longabaugh’s abandoned their scheme.
accounts with the company stores, and both
On one occasion Cassidy learned that an Amer
withdrew. A short time after they had left the ican was planning to assassinate the manager of
Concordia Mine, Cassidy and Longabaugh held the Concordia mines. He immediately mounted
up what they thought was the remittance coach hi.s mule and rode two nights and one day to give
of the San Domingo Mine, in Peru. The com the manager warning.
pany had taken the precaution of sending a
In conversation with Mr. Seibert, “Butch”
dummy coach ahead of the remittance coach, Cassidy explained why he did not abandon the
and the bandits “lost out” in a holdup which life of banditry which he had taken up.
would have gained them many thousands in gold
“It can’t be done,” said “Butch.” “There’s
if they had been successful.
no use trying to hide out and go straight.
Returning to Bolivia, Cassidy and Longa There’s always an informer around to bring the
baugh held up the Bolivia Railway pay train law on you. After you’ve started, you have to
at the station of Eucalyptus. In this holdup keep going, that’s all. The safest way is to keep
they were aided by another American who went moving all the time and spring a holdup in some
under the name of MacVey. When they held new place. In that way you keep the other
up the train there was a regiment of Bolivian fellows guessing.”
cavalry close at hand, but the Colonel command
All over the pampas of Bolivia, Cassidy seemed
ing would not allow his troops to pursue the to have the friendship of the Indians and half
bandits. It is said he knew Cassidy and had breeds. As soon as he arrived at an Indian vil
taken a liking to him.
lage he would be playing with the small children,
In the Eucalyptus holdup, after the engineer and he usually had candies or other sweets in
had been compelled to detach the express car his pockets to give them. Because of this friend
and run it a considerable distance ahead of the liness the natives looked upon him as a sort of
rest of the train, the cashier was compelled to Robin Hood, and, when he was hard pressed by
open the safe and transfer the contents to a sack the authorities, Cassidy could always find a
held by the bandits. Deposited in the safe were “hideout” among the native population.
a considerable number of packages and envelopes
“When Cassidy worked for me at the Con
marked with the names of different individuals. cordia mines, where I was manager in 1908,”
The bandits asked what these packages con said Mr. Seibert, “on coming into the sitting
tained. On being told that they consisted of room he would invariably take a seat on a small
watches, money, jewelry and other personal sofa which was placed between two windows.
effects of different company employees engaged This seat gave him a survey of three doors and
in construction work, the packages were returned one window. He always seemed to be cool and
to the safe. It is said this is one of the reasons calculating, and protected his back very well.
why employees of the company did not take part Although he always went armed with a frontier
in pursuing the bandits, after the holdup. One model forty-four Colt, this weapon was usually
.'\merican and an Italian did pursue them for stuck in his trouser belt in such a way as to be
several days, but at a considerable distance. inconspicuous. I never saw him under the in
After they got into the rough topography of the fluence of whisky except once, and then he
Andes, within one or two days’ ride of the seemed to be very much ashamed of himself
bandits’ stronghold, the pursuit was abandoned. because he could not walk straight.
Cassidy and Longabaugh, after the Eucalyptus
“When our camp was visited by two embryo
holdup, proceeded to the eastern slope of the American bandits on horseback, horses being
Andes and the headwaters of one of the branches very rare in the high altitudes of Bolivia, Cas
of the Amazon. Here, at the old, abandoned sidy promptly approached them and told them
Jesuit mission of Sacambaya, they awaited de to get out of camp. He informed them that he
velopments. It is said the authorities knew did not want them or any other would-be bandits
�'*^The Elks Ma^
Antlers
'row page 44)
trict Deputy Grand Exalted Ruler Er,
Navin, of New York, Southeast; Wi
Phillips, President of the New York St
Association; and Philip Clancy, Secretar
Association, were among the distil
members of the Order present as guests.
Savannah, Ga., Elks Greet Disti
Deputy in New Lodge Room
The new Lodge room of Savannah, Ga
No. 183, was the scene of the welcome *
recently to District Deputy Grand
Ruler Charles E. Traynor, of Georgia,
upon the occasion of his official visitatic
The Lodge orchestra, organized only
time ago, provided music for the ev
earned applause from the unusually lar^
her of members of the Order present.
Veterans of Ottawa, 111., Lodge
Meet District Deputy
District Deputy Grand Exalted Ruler
Zwanzig, of Illinois, East Central, was thi
guest recently of Ottawa, Ill., Lodge, ?
his home Lodge, on Past Exalted Rulers
There were seventeen Past Exalted R
the special dinner which was held bef
business session. Judge Edgar Eldrid
senior living Past Exalted Ruler, wa;
master. District Deputy Zwanzig atten
initiation ceremonies which took place a
banquet.
Distinguished Visitors at Session
Of New York, N. Y., Lodge,
At a recent session held by New York,
Lodge, No. I, a number of distinguished v
was present. They included Past Grand E
Ruler Murray Flulbert; Frank ij. McA
Grand Esteemed Loyal Knight; Rev. Dr
Gran^Chaplain£AVilliam T. Bf_
'mmnDero^^WBRHmTlie Order Com
of the Grand Lodge; Robert S. Barrett,
man, and D. Curtis Gano, member of the
Association Committee of the Grand Lodg
District Deputy Navin Visits Broc
And Freeport, N. Y., Lodges
District Deputy Grand Exalted Ruler I
E. Navin, New York, Southeast, paid >
visits recently to Freeport, N. Y., Lodg
1253, and Brooklyn Lodge, No. 22. At
port Lodge the District Deputy was &
into the Lodge room by twelve of it
Exalted Rulers and was introduced
members present by his predecessor, Pj
trict Deputy Grand Exalted Ruler Peter
Beck. On his official visit to Brooklyn
District Deputy Navin was greeted h
Past Exalted Rulers of Brooklyn Lor
other Lodges throughout the District,
his staff were entertained at a dinner belt
the regular meeting.
Roy R. White, Secretary of Evar
Ina., Lodge, Dies
Roy R. White, for fifteen years Seer
Evansville, Ind., Lodge, No. ii6, and
years Tiler of the Indiana State Elks j
tion, died recently of pneumonia. Fune
vices, held at his brother’s home, were coi
by the members of Evansville Lodge.
Exalted Rulers ot the Lodge were honora_
bearers. Mr. White became a member
Order in July, 1906, and, while he wa.
tary of the Lodge, gained a nation-wide
tion for his courteous treatment of visitin
He was the perpetual Chairman of the <
baseball-day program. Mr. White is s
by his widow and a brother.
I
I
District Deputy Whitlock Visits
Asheville, N. G., Lodge
.\sheville, N. C., Lodge, No. 1401, 1
■ received an official call from District ,
Grand Exalted Ruler Paul W. Whitli
^^Korth Carolina, West.
District I
6/
April, 1930
to cause people to get the impression that our
camp was a rendezvous for outlaws. These un
welcome visitors informed Cassidy that they
realized they had not done right in coming into
camp mounted on horses, but, as they had to
have food, there was no alternative for them. I
afterwards learned that Cassidy gave them one
hundred dollars, with a warning never to appear
in camp again.
“One night at the Concordia mines, my pre
decessor, Mr. Glass, and I had on the office table
several hundred pounds sterling in gold, which
we were counting out to pay our gold payroll
men, when Cassidy came in. He jokingly re
marked that it was the easiest money he had
ever seen, but we continued our work and he
finally asked us if we would give him the gold
in exchange for paper currency. We told him
we would gladly accommodate him, but we would
have to fulfill our obligation to certain of our
men and pay them in actual gold. Cassidy then
volunteered to see these men and get their con
sent to the exchange. This he did within an
hour or two, and when he came back we made
the exchange, much as w'e disliked being parties
to such a transaction.”
While Cassidy and Longabaugh worked at the
Concordia mines, Mr. Seibert had a chance to
study both bandits. I.ongabaugh was inclined
to be distant, even sullen, and it was difficult to
strike up a friendship with him. On the con
trary, Cassidy was an exceptionally pleasant
and even cultured and charming man. He used
good language and was never vulgar. Women
who met him, without knowing anything of his
history, invariably liked him.
Cassidy talked freely to Mr. Seibert about his
career in the States. Harvey Logan, he said,
was the bravest, coolest and most able man he
had ever known. Cassidy said that he had used
every effort to induce Logan to quit the United
States and join him in South America. Cassidy
pointed out to Logan that the officers of the law
in the States were becoming so familiar with
their practices that it was certain to be a matter
of only a short time before all the members of
the gang were killed or captured.
'^EX'r tU Harvey Logan, Cassidy said, the
bravest and coolest man he ever met was an
express messenger on a train winch the gang had
held up in Wyoming, near Rawlins. Longabaugh
was watching the passengers, while Cassidy
was seeing to robbing the express car. Cassidy
said he called many times to the messenger, to
induce him to come out, but he refused. Then
Cassidy, after giving him due warning, threw in
sticks of dynamite, one after another, until the
car was almost blown to pieces. Finally the
messenger appeared at the door and Cassidy
warned him to come out unarmed. The mes
senger replied that he had no revolver, but Cas
sidy said:
“Any man who can stand as much dynamite
as you have, has got nerve enough to shoot.”
This shrewd surmise proved to be correct,
for when Cassidy searched the messenger a sixshooter was found on him. When the gun was
taken from him the messenger expected that the
threat would be carried out and he would be
shot, but he never flinched. Cassidy said that
when he looked the messenger in the face he
came to the conclusion that anyone of such
loyalty and courage was too good a man to be
killed.
In Bolivia, Cassidy was known as James
Maxwell, Santiago Maxwell, and Lowe. On one
occasion when he and Longabaugh, accompanied
by another American, made a trip to Santa
Cruz, Bolivia, they went to the sheriff’s office
to request lodging. To their amusement, here
they found posters offering large rewards for
Cassidy and Longabaugh. Cassidy jokingly
told the sheriff that he would keep his eyes open
for those men, and it he got in touch with them
he would communicate with the official and di
vide the rewards. The American who had ac
companied the bandits said that the descrip
tions on the posters were good, but at the time
Cassidy was wearing a rather heavy beard which
was a good disguise, and Longabaugh had be
come much stouter. It was apparent that the
sheriff did not even suspect the identity of his
guests.
In the meantime, while “Butch” Cassidy and
“the Sundance Kid” were terrorizing South
America, Cassidy’s prophecy to Harvey Logan
{Contimied on page 62)
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Name----------------------
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�April, 1930
The Elks Magazine
Butch Cassidy”
(Continued from page 61)
about the fate in store for the Hole-in-the-Wall
gang was being worked out to the letter. The
unsigned bank notes which had been taken in
the Great Northern train robbery were bringing
trouble in their wake. Camilla Hanks tried to
pass some of the notes at Nashville, Tenn.,
without even signing them. He fought his way
through a cordon of police, and escaped, only to
be killed at San Antonio by a sheriff’s posse.
Ben Kilpatrick, “the tall Texan,” laughing,
handsome, debonair, whose boast it was that he
would never be taken alive was captured at San
Antonio, due to these unsigned bank notes.
Kilpatrick escaped, and, with an unknown pal,
held up a Southern Pacific train. A nervy ex
press messenger caught Kilpatrick momentarily
off his guard, while the bandit was trying to
make him open the safe. Seizing a heavy ice
pick, the messenger brought it down on Kil
patrick’s skull, killing him instantly. Then the
express messenger finished the job by shooting
the other bandit when he came to see what was
causing Kilpatrick’s delay.
Bill Carver, one of the most reckless spirits
of the Wild Bunch, was killed by a sheriff at
Sonora, Texas, while resisting arrest on a charge
of murder; Bill McGinnis, who had operated
with both branches of the Train Robbers’ Syndi
cate, was captured in the final battle with Black
Jack’s forces, and went to the New Mexico
penitentiary; Dave Atkins fled to South Africa,
and Bill Cruzan, who had taken part in the Tip ton
robbery, also disappeared. Some said he w'as
killed by Harvey Logan on suspicion of being
“yellow.” Even “Flat Nosed George,” the
Fagin of this Western school of crime, who
could not keep his tumultuous “boys” within
the reasonable bounds of cattle rustling, was
killed near Thompson, Utah, while resisting
arrest.
Another error, besides the circulation of the
troublesome unsigned currency, arose to plague
the- members of the gang who were still holding
forth in this country. Flushed with success,
after the Winnemucca bank holdup, the mem
bers of the Wild Bunch had met at Fort Worth,
Texas. In the course of a friendly scuffle, in
which all joined, the battered felt hats which
they wore were destroyed. Seeing some derby
hats in a window, it was agreed that all should
purchase this form of headgear and then have
a group photograph taken in the “iron hats.”
This picture, the result of a jest, fell into the
hands of the authorities, and was widely circu
lated on two continents. It had much to do
with establishing the identity of the bandits,
as they were hunted down, one by one.
It’s different
Jy comfortthat it has
ent to the
know that
foundation
ith each
directly in
11 weight of
of the foot
o cramped
leg muscles
: the end of
such comt the same
moderately
occasions.
llustrations
t types of
iso
true of
Write
7kton, Mass.
'Cities.
Street.
(EMB)
failed. Then the other train robbers tried to
help him on one of their mounts.
“ It’s no use, boys—Tm done. Go on without
me, ” the wounded robber was heard to say.
As his companions left at a gallop, the bandit
sank behind a rock and opened fire on the
sheriff’s posse. It was just a bluff to save his
pals, but it worked. The posse worked forward
slowly, keeping up a heavy fire. There came the
sound of a single revolver shot from behind the
rock, and then silence. Advancing cautiously,
the sheriff found the train robber dead behind
the rock. He had shot himself when he saw that
the game was up. Sheriffs and detectives all
over the country breathed easier when it was
learned later that the so-called Tap Duncan
was really Harvey Logan.
Logan was killed June 7, 1904. At that time
“Butch” Cassidy and “the Sundance Kid”
were at the height of their career in South
America. To this day no one knows the extent
of the loot they secured from remittance hold
ups and the robbery of banks and trains, nor
how much of this unlawful gain they had
“cached” in their various hiding places along
the Andes and on the pampas. That these
proceeds were large, there is no doubt. The very
ease with which they were winning betrayed
Cassidy and Longabaugh into a final act of
carelessness—one of those minor slips which
have spelled finis for many outlaws.
The payroll remittance of the Aramayo mines,
near Quechisla, in Southern Bolivia, was held
up early in 1909. A few weeks after this holdup
two heavily armed Americanos, on jaded mules,
rode into the patio of the police station at the
Indian village of San Vicente, Bolivia, and
demanded something to eat.
It was not an unusual demand, for the police
station was also an inn, and there was no place
else in the village where wayfarers could find
food and shelter.
After making it known that they intended to
pass the night at the station, the strangers
stripped their saddles, blankets and rifles from
their mules. They piled their equipment in a
room at one side of the little courtyard which
was soon to become a shambles. Then they sat
at a table in a room across the patio and called
for a speedy serving of food and liquor.
One of the men was “Butch” Cassidy, and
the other was Harry Longabaugh. After the
Aramayo mines remittance holdup, the bandits
had proceeded to Tupiza, where they took employment with a transportation outfit. Learning
that they had been identified as the perpetrators of the Aramayo holdup, they hurriedly
departed for Uyuni, Bolivia.
The constable in charge of the station at
,T'HE chief efforts of the authorities were centered on the capture of Harvey Logan, the tiger San Vicente happened to catch sight of one of
of the Hole-in-the-Wall gang. Posters, offering the strangers’ mules, then rolling in the dust
heavy rewards for him, dead or alive, stared at of the courtyard to relieve his saddle-galled
Logan from every town and hamlet in the West. back. He recognized the animal as having
He turned South, and narrowly' escaped capture belonged to a friend of his—a muleteer who was
at Nashville, Tenn. The unsigned currency helping transport the Aramayo mines’ remit
again! It was like a signpost, calling attention tance when the holdup took place.
to his whereabouts. Still, when a man needed
How did these Americanos across the court
money, he had to take a desperate chance. Logan yard come into possession of that mule? They
passed out some more bills in a Knoxville saloon. were rough looking fellows, with stubbly beards
Police soon stood at the front door and back. Lo and battered clothes. Maybe they had some
gan shot and dangerously wounded two policemen thing to do with the holdup. If they were
and a bartender and escaped by jumping thirty bandits, they were careless, as their rifles were
feet into a railroad cut. Two days later he was leaning against the adobe wall in the room
caught, owing to injuries he received in making which held their saddles. It would be easy to
the leap. He w’as given ten sentences, aggregat capture these hungry gentry and inquire into
ing 130 years. While awaiting removal to the matters. There was a company of Bolivian
penitentiary', Logan caught the warden of the cavalry just outside of town. The constable
Knox County jail in a noose made of broom wire. would send an Indian messenger to the captain.
Drawing the jailer to his cell, Logan took the Then the Americanos would have to explain
keys from his pocket and escaped.
how they came into possession of that mule.
After that it was back to the West, with the
On receipt of the message, the Bolivian
intention, of taking up the old trade of train captain brought up his command and quietly
robbery. But Cassidys and Longabaughs were surrounded the station. Then the captain
not to be found everywhere. The old-time himself walked into the room where Cassidy
finesse was lacking in the first holdup, on the and Longabaugh were eating and drinking.
Denver & Rio Grande, at Parachute, Colorado.
“Surrender, senors,” came the demand from
The traii^ywas held up by three robbers, who had the brave captain.
been loitering in the vicinity for some time.
The outlaws leaped to their feet. Longabaugh
One of them gave the name of Tap Duncan.
was drunk, but Cassidy, always a canny drinker,
After the holdup a posse was quickly on the was in complete command of his senses.
trail so quickly that the robbers soon founc?“ The captain had drawn his revolver when he
themselves at bay in a mountain gulch.
' ^tered the room. Before he could fire, Casbandit who called himself Te
dy had shot from the hip. The caj
wounded. He tried to get "jj
s><ad and Cassidy and Longabaugh
themselves where they could command a view
of the patio.
A sergeant and a picked body of cavalrymen
rushed through the gate, calling upon the out
laws to surrender. Kevolvers blazed from door
;and window, and men began to stagger and fall
in the courtyard. The first to die was the ser
!geant who had sought to rescue his captain.
Cassidy and Longabaugh were firing rapidly,
‘ and with deadly effect. Those of the detach
' ment who remained on their feet were firing in
'return. Bullets sank into the thick adobe walls
'or whistled through the window and door.
Other
soldiers began firing, from behind the
'
shelter of the courtyard wall.
“Keep me covered, Butch,” called Longa
baugh. “TH get our rifles.”
Shooting as he went, Longabaugh lurched into
the courtyard. If he could only reach the rifles
and ammunition which they had so thought
lessly laid aside, the fight would be something
which the outlaws would welcome.
1
J
|
I
!
j
I
'
■pLOOD was settling in little pools about the
courtyard. The sergeant and most of hi: file
of soldiers were stretched out, dead. A few
wounded were trying to crawl to safety. The
mules had broken their halters and galloped
out of the yard, among them the animal which
had been the indirect cause of the battle.
Soldiers were firing through the open gate
and from all other vantage points outside the
wall. Longabaugh got halfway across the
courtyard and fell, desperately wounded, but
not before he had effectively emptied his sixshooter.
When Cassidy saw his partner fall, he rushed
into the courtyard. Bullets rained about him
as he ran to Longabaugh’s side. Some of the
shots found their mark, but Cassidy, though
wounded, managed to pick up Ix)ngabaugh
and stagger back to the house with his heavy
burden.
Cassidy saw that Longabaugh was mortally
wounded. Furthermore it was going to be im
possible to carry on the battle much longer unless
the rifles and ammunition could be reached.
Cassidy made several attempts to cross the
courtyard. At each atKTi-qic be WiS" wouudeu
and driven back.
The battle now settled into a siege. Night
came on, and men fired at the red flashes from
weapons. There were spaces of increasing
length between Cassidy’s shots. He had only
a few cartridges left. Longabaugh’s cartridge
belt was empty. So was the dead BoUvian
captain’s.
The soldiers, about 9 or 10 o’clock in the
evening, heard two shots fired in the bulletriddled station. Then no more shots came.
Perhaps it was a ruse to lure them into the
patio within range of those deadly revolvers.
The soldiers kept on firing all through the night
and during the next morning.
About noon an officer and a detachment of
soldiers rushed through the patio and into the
station. They found Longabaugh and Cassidy
dead. Cassidy had fired a bullet into Longa
baugh’s head, and had used his last cartridge
to kill himself.
In the pack saddles of the bandits was found
intact the money that had been taken in the
Aramayo mines’ remittance holdup, besides a
large sum in pounds sterling, gold, which had
been taken in the holdup of the Bolivian Rail
way. Also in the equipment of the bandits was
found a considerable quantity of antiseptic drugs,
field glasses, and a beautiful Tiffany watch which
Cassidy was known to have bought in New York
when en route for Buenos Aires.
“Butch” Cassidy had survived the longest of
all the restless young cowboys who had fore
gathered at “Flat Nose George’s” ranch and
voted cattle stealing “too slow.” But, whether
retribution came early or late, the bandit trail
had brought disaster to all the youths who had
chosen to follow it.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes
Subject
The topic of the resource
Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper
Casper (Wyo.) -- History
Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.)
Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History
Description
An account of the resource
The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Letterbox 1-A
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Alfred J. Mokler
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a>
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
1926
1930
1940
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Alfred J. Mokler Papers
Description
An account of the resource
Among several items, this letterbox contains information on grain futures with a view from the Chicago Board of Trade, a handwritten account of early Natrona County Pioneers, an article by Don Russell on Buffalo Bill, and an article by Arthur Chapman titled "Butch" Cassidy.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Format
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PDF
Language
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ENG
Access Rights
Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies.
The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from their use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Buffalo Bill, 1846-1917
Casper (Wyo.) -- History
Cassidy, Butch
Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.)
Relation
A related resource
American Legion Monthly (October, 1926)
American Legion Monthly (October, 1926)
The Elks Magazine (April, 1930)
-
https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/633c9046bcc72c9d86d2e69ac3441749.pdf
45d74892b970746839bc3289b95b84f1
PDF Text
Text
Sunday was named for the sun, that gives light and heat to all and makes
life possible on the earth. Monday is the day of the moon, queen of the
night, as the sun is king of the day, Tuesday was named for Tiw, the younger
brother of Thor, chief war god of the Norsemen. Wednesday was the day of
Woden, supreme among the Anglo-Saxon divinities. Thursday takes its name
from Thor, the thunderer, corresponding to Jupiter of the Romans, who hurled
the lightning bolt and ruled over the sky. Friday was Friga’s day, Friga, or
Freva, being the gentle goddess of love among the Norsemen. It became unlucky
after the crucifixion of Jesus.
Saturday v/as named in honor of Saturn, one
of the old Roman gods, who presided over seed-sowing, and was supposed to
provide mankind with plenty of food to eat and water to drink. Thus are
the English names accounted for. But let us
used by people who speak other languages:
now examine a few of the names
Sunday in Spanish is domingo,and
in Italian domenica, both meaning Lord's Day. Monday in French is lundi, de
rived from the Latin word for the moon. Tuesday in French is mardi, from
Itoirs, referring back to Tiw, who was one of the war gods. Wednesday in French
is mercredi, named for Mercury, the god of news. It was said that Woden
knew-everything that happened; so this is simply a change from Norse to
Roman. Thursday in French is jeudi, named for Jupiter, who corresponded
to
Thor. Friday in French is vendredi, named for Venus, the Roman goddess of
love, corresponding to Friga among the Norsemen. Saturday in Italian is
3abate, corresponding to the Hebrew sabbath, or day of rest.
�13. 1.939
's Freshmen Class In Powell High School
❖
Tribune Publishes One
Of Very Rare Pictures
Of Earl Durand
He Received His Schooling At
Powell, Where He Was
A Bright Student.
Earl Durand, of whom much has
been said and written of late in
every state in the country, is here
shown with his schoolmates as 15year-old freshmen.
This picture was taken in 1928—
11 years ago—to be used in the pub
lication of a high school annual.
Durand is found in the rear of the
picture—the tallest boy with the
bushy hair, standing with a group
of other boys in the back row on
the left hand side. The boy direct
ly under the asterisk is the 15-yearold Durand, then a bright student
in his class. That spring his name
was found on the honor roll.
Earl Durand quit school durinsr
this first year in high school, and
thus had little opportunity of par
ticipating in any extra-curricular
I activities, such as athletics.
I This class to which Earl Durand
belonged was the high school grad
uating class of 1931.
�MATEO TE^EE> CR-
DEVIL’S TOWER
Indian legend Says It Grew to the Heavens and
Transfij'le’d Seven Indian Maidens as the Paleisades
*
'it
The Devils Tcwer, an extraordinary mass of igneous rock, is one of the
most conspicuous features in the Bear Lodge section of the Black Hills region
of Wyoming. The tower rises 600 fett above a rounded ridge of sedimentary
rocks, which itself rises 600 feet above the Belle Fourche ^ver. Its sides
V'
V
"X
are fluted by great columns which stand nearly perpendicular except near the
top, where they round in, and near the base, where they flare out. The base
emerges into a talus of broken columns lying on a platform of buff sandstone.
The whole presents a never-to-be-forgotten spectacle.
y
The great columns composing the tower are mostly pentagonal in shape but
some are four or six sided. Each column is about^5feet in diameter, and the
whole bunched together like a bundle of matches. In places severatl columns
unite in their upper portion to form a large fluted column. In the lower quarter
or third of the tower the columns bend outward and merge rapidly into massive
rock which toward the base shows little trace of columnar structure. This
structure is due to jointing that develops in igneous ro.cks as they cool. The
diameter at the base of the tower is about 1,700 feet.
3toewas useful to the aborigines as a landmark from which to
direct their courses across the plains. The Indian legend of its origin has
it that one day three Sioux maidens while out gathering wild flowers were beset
by three bears. The maidens took refuge upon a large rock, which the bears were
|
also able to climb because they had long sharp claws. The gods, seeing the
<
maidens about to be devoured, caused the rock to grow up out of the ground. As
Jthe rock grew the maidens climbed, but the bears fl^ilowed. At last, becoming
ft
exhausted, the bears could climb no
farther and fell to their death on the
J
rocks below. The maidens then took
the flowers they had gathered end made
J
L-i" «
into a
a rope
rope with
with which
which they
they safe
safely lowered themselves to the ground below.
9
I ZX y*^them into
i: ■■'L—'■""'■''■(fx The columnar structure is supposed toI have been caused by the marks of the
*
bears* claws. The Indians also say that during thunderstorms the''Thunder God^
,
beat his mighty drum on the top of the tower, thus cassing thunder.
legend would have us believe that seven Indian maidens wer^ ln~tne party when the
bears tried to catch them, but after the maidens had climbed to the top of the rocT^
it grew so tall that it reached the heavens, where the maidens were transfigured
forever as Paleiades, or the "Seven Sisters," which are in the neck of the constellation Taurus. The Indian name for the tower is Mateo Tepee, or Meto-ti meaning
bear, or_be_i^r lodge."*
Tue
loneersor civllrrati on later oil fised tH© towel*' as a~landtnark
in their exploration of the ^jreat Northwest. Still later the military leaders
in the Sioux and Crow Indian’country during the Indian^ wars of the last
century directed their marches by the aid of this ever-present tower, for it is
visible in some directions for nearly a hundred miles
< The area including ths tower, 1,152.91 acres in extent, was made a national
monument by presidential proclamation dated September 24, 1906.x
^The
is reached by a side trip of(^7jmiles from the Custer
Battlefield ;Si^way and Black and Yellow Trail, two signed highways, which
follow practically the same route thro^h northeastern Wyoming. The former
is a direct route to Glacier National^rk, the /fatter to Yellowstone National
,/^ark. Moorcroft, ^S^miles dlstsmt, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy^yjfeil—
road, is the nearest railroad point. The nearest settlement is Carlile.
aod- pnr©^ ^ri^jg water "are provided-at ’ the
monument for the tourist
t-'Access to the tower at all times has been made possible through the
construction by the National Park Service of a bridge across the Belle Fourche
�TkM hiatorioal baokground of the DotII’b Tower datoe back ae ftur ae 1742,
wlwB thp Freoflb treppere roaraed the plains aod used thia natural eurloalty aa
a laadaafk* fhr on a elear day It could ho ao«o fmr nearly 100 ralles in mny
dlrootleni. Later It guided the early pleaeere and the nllltary expeditions.
Oeeoral Seott deaorlbea It <|aite fully in his records. Buffihlo« bear and deer
abounded in thoae days and would weather th© storms of winter In the lee of this
nighty rook*
y W
There is -very little known of the Indian life of the iatiedlate vlelnli^*
though the Sioux and Crow| hunted and camped near the tower at tiasa. Traces of
eld.eaaya er rillagea hare been found along the Belle Fourche river and Its
tribtttarlea, and evoa today eld relics are ^ekad
To the Indian it was a
place of deep ryst«py snd'^big aedlolne. Rustors still persist of hidden oaves beaeath tiie tuhser idiere anMent ecuneils net. Several legendSy,Iinvo be«n handed
de«« frott s»o gsneratlcsi to another.'^'
On July 4» 1898,
■.■.ea ot
ledgers made the first asoent, aftw more than a
nifrh the-alil uf
anltt li
j ffo built
a leddrr^y between the oolunns on the south sido of the tomn*. heavy wooden
pegs were carried up the rooky slt^ to the alacat perpandioular wll, iriiere
they were driven in a craok mdiioh extended about SOO feet up the fhoe. Fren there
on up the elirh was uade over a oj^ushled and broksn eomer. Oa the day a^paftsted.
Rodgers proved to the thousanda aseoabled that thC/^ower oould le sealed^ and
planted ’’Old Glory* on the tdfihest point to nark the aohiev^en^ FiOka-etitl
ta>ke prl«ia
«>
©oat hhaw thmr wteioMaad jIA-
rti*.
years lat«r Mrs. Rodgers snde the ascent wlt}>
out incidentjOnd fron ^tsn on the climb was nads kyt=dhfaeijOTnii m rwrty*^ others
T-fe is
to aay ham 11014
to uij
xsoord was
all found that
the ascent waa aawb eaaier than the descent, cn top they were surprised to find
cactus, cedar, sagebrush and graaaea growing.
�It would seem that the orip-jnal name of this extraordinary
early-day landmark
suffered a change in its name by modern "historians," somewhat similar
to other land
marks arei historical events in Wyoming have been changed to please the fahcy of the
more esthetic and modern writers.
<From Princeton, New Jersey, on May 10, 1920, Major General H. L. Scott, retired,
wrote to the president of the Historical Society of Wyoming, as follows: "l j^ave just
run across some notes I made among the Kiowa, or Comanche, Indians of Oklahoma inany years
ago, which may^of interest to the people of Wyoming.Mn relating the myths and traditions
of his people I See-o-Plenty Camp Fireplaces told me one which undoubtedly relates to the
Bear Lodge Rock near Sundance, Wyoming, which 1 inclose herewith. The Kiowa and the Kiowa-
Apache certainly occupied the Black Hills country before the Cheyenne or Dakota. In a let
ter from Illinois in 1862, LaSalle tells of their being south of the Pawnee—they made
peace with the Cheyenne, or Arapahoe in 1840—so it must be a long while since the Kiowa
lived in the Black Hills. Mallory, on the strength of Long Dog's winter circuit, states
the Dakota did not discover the Black Hills until the time of our revolution (1776) but
they saw the Black Hills long before that, for we read in Margry that LaVerendrye met
Geris de la Pleche Collee o-Sioux des Prairies within sight of the Black Hills in 1743.
The Kio’iva say they never knew the Dakota until they came down to the Arkansas in quite
modern times, so the myth of the seven star
girls has quite^respectable antiquity.
'"''I used to hunt in the Bear Lodge or Upper Belle Fourche and have killed deer and
antelope about that rock
I felt outraged that Colonel Dodge should so violate prece
dent or explorers’ ethics as to change the name in 1876 to Devil's Tower, a name with
out taste, meaning, or historical precedent—which received its vogue because there were
no white people in the countrjr when Warren and Kaynolds made their reports but were com
ing when Dodge wrote his work, which was much"'eught after by the newcomers. I had the name
Bear Lodge put back on the maps of the Department of Dakota with headquarters in Saint
Paul in those days, and I am now writing to ask you to inform the people of Wyoming of
the beautiful Kiowa legend about one of the most remarkable rocks in America and in the
hope that good taste and historical precedent will appeal to the people of Wyoming to give
its most remarkable rock its own aboriginal name,".
L
�In 1897, I See-o-Plenty Fireplaces, the Kiowa chief, said the Dakota Indians called
this old landmark Meto-ti, meaning Grizzly Bear's Lodge. He said there used to be an uni-
usual
number of bears in that country. Captain W. F. Reynolds, in his report of explora
tion of 1859-60, mentions it as follows; "Far in the distance up the valley of the Chey
enne the eye noted the singular peak of Bear Lodge rising like an enormous tower.Cap
tain G. K. Warren, afterwards General Warren, of Five Forks, Virginia, first recorded its
name on the map of his exploration in 1855, from which, with that of Reynolds, the basic
of the Eleventh infantry
map of this section is made up.’it remained for Colonel Dodge/to change the name, without
General Warren.
warran"^ Ahe Belle Fourche river runs at its base, which is called the Bear Lodge river
by the Dakota Indiansj to its junction^with the Mini-sha-sha, or ^ed Water, considered
the main stream, and carries the name Red Water to its junction with the Cheyenne. We have
taken the name from some French trapper. The Upper Belle Fourche sh^d be called the Bear
Lodge, to the mouth of the Red Water. The Bear Lodge Rook can he. seen from a distance
only up and down the trough of the Belle Fourche valley, because it is masked in the other
two directions by the Bear Lodge mountains and the Little Missouri Buttes, all higher.
I have seen it ninety miles away, looking up the trough of the Belle Fourche valley from
the Shortpine Hills down the Little Missouri river below Saneville."
During the first part of %tober, 1941, Devil's Tower came into greater promi
nence when a young man named George Hopkins dropped onto the monument with a.parachute from an airplane. He was comp^elled to remain on the tower
i
f a'jid ftle
nights before he could be rescued by two Alpinists J0Birwho came from the east. They
ascended the rock after five hours of hard climbing. After resting for an hou^^-^
required nearly four hours for the three men to descend AsMMBBBSaik to the li
of the tower.
Tourist travel to the Devil's Tour National monument, exclusive of the nearly
7,000 sky-gazing spectators who watched the seveh-day rescue of Daredevil Hopkins in
i-r, reached an all-time high in 1941. Newell Joyner, the monument custodian, re
vealed that 32,960 persons paid the 50-cent’^-&sit to visit the geological wonder. Ad
ding to the 7,000 Hopkins spectators to the number of paid visitors brings the total
to nearly 40,000. Collection of,the 50-cent fee for entrance to the monument area was
discontinued for theAyear on October 1, 1941, the day Hopkins bailed out of a J^apid
City airplane and parachuted to the table-like top of the tower. He was rescued in
the evening of October 7. Also not included in the official figures of the visitors
to the tower vrere approximately 2,700 persons admitted without charge for the annual
Accuracy, of Factual Material.
must be u
uestioned.
The authentto-rty of fac
iThenever an>edltor doubts
al material in the Guide
accuXacy of a statement
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes
Subject
The topic of the resource
Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper
Casper (Wyo.) -- History
Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.)
Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History
Description
An account of the resource
The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
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Title
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Letterbox 1-B
Creator
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Alfred J. Mokler
Rights
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a>
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Tribune Herald
Date Created
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1939
Is Part Of
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Alfred J. Mokler Papers, NCA 01.v.1992.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections.
Description
An account of the resource
Letterbox 1-B contains a short essay titled "The Days of the Week," a Tribune-Herald article titled "Earl Durand's Freshman Class in Powell High School," and a manuscript copy of an essay titled "Fable of Mateo Tepee, or the Devil's Tower."
Type
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text
Format
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PDF
Language
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ENG
Access Rights
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The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from their use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository.
Publisher
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Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center)
Relation
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Alfred J. Mokler Papers
-
https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/13491f942de6160eb9832f6de4e43088.pdf
5e4d9e44becc983ccdafc98e522cc48d
PDF Text
Text
Good Fortune Does Hot Always Mean Success
The generally accepted definition for success is good fortune, prosperity,^^8omething
that makes a popular hit. The word is usually associated with raonitary values.
If a pro
fessional man receives a large income for his services he is considered a success. WhetWher
a business man is a success or not
depends upon his annual balance sheet. In other words
the popular mind thinks of success in terms of economic and social values. Those whose
names are registered in "Who’s Who" are regarded as a success because a reputation merited
them a place in that volume. We all know, however, that it is quite possible to acquire a
reputation without achieveing
not reflect this popular
success. Perhaps there is another idea of success which does
notion. Every man who is capable of doing something is a success
if he expresses to the best of his ability the talent which he possesses. The world's
greatest Teacher illustrated this in the form of a parable. Talents were distributed for
investment purposes and later a reckoning was demanded. The one who received many talents
received the same reward as did the one of lesser number; but the one who refused to use the
one talent he had was condemned. True success always reflects moral rather than material
vdlues. Honesty, integrity and thoroughness as well as loyalty are among the traits of char
acter upon which real success depends. Shakespeare said: "Didst thou never hear thgi^s^sS^s
ill got had ever bad success?" -In many small communities a physician^is faithful in his
daily practice and enjoys the confidence of his patients^, That man may be a greater success
than his colleague who is located in a large city with a much larger practice.'^Just so with
the banker, lawyer, and all other professional people. The business man in a small community
may be more of a success than the head of a large industry in a big city. "Genius is an inIt must be toiled for.
spiration, but a perspiration," said Thomas A. Edison. So with success./it is not an inci
dent of mere chance. Not so much a matter of opportunity as of perseverance. We cannot com
mand success but we can deserve it by doing to the best of our ability the thing for which
we are best adapted. In these days of artificial values we need to redefine success.
,1
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes
Subject
The topic of the resource
Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper
Casper (Wyo.) -- History
Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.)
Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History
Description
An account of the resource
The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
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Title
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Letterbox 1-C
Creator
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Alfred J. Mokler
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<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a>
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Alfred J. Mokler Papers, NCA 01.v.1992.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections.
Description
An account of the resource
This Letterbox contains a short essay titled "Good Fortune Does Not Always Mean Success."
Type
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text
Format
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PDF
Language
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ENG
Access Rights
Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies.
The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from their use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center)
Relation
A related resource
Alfred J. Mokler Papers
-
https://caspercollege.cvlcollections.org/files/original/c91403fe7aa715be76590a357fc535a9.pdf
301bd4db5cecc78987ff19639c6e2f2c
PDF Text
Text
The geology of Northwestern looming is exceedingly interesting, as it tells the
story of the formation of the mountains and scenic wonders of the country. There are
beautiful mountain ranges and peaks now, becayse forces in the earth formed great
upliftspf the rocks end great fractures, and there are deep, ineteresting canyons
because the streams and rivers cut and entrlnched their channels into the uplifted
z
Many years ago, in what geologists call Pajeozoic time, Northwestern looming
and much of the adjoining states was an ocean, in which fine grained sediments,
mostly limestones, were deposited gradually but to a great thickness. Later condi
tions changed somewhat, and muds and sends filled the area, part of which became
flats and flooded plains. Some of these sediments were red, and formed the bright
red shales and sandstones that are so prominent in places. The deposition of sedi
ments, partially marine and partially non-marine, continued for many geologic ages
end one set of bods was laid down after another with almost no evidence of break or
disturbance. Then at the close of the so-called Cretaceous time much later, there was.
a radical change. The surface of the earth had been loaded with a thickness of perhaps
ie,CXX) to 20,000 feet of beds, that gradually settled as the weight increased. This
finally upset the equilibrium, and a period of folding and wrinkling started, A greet
pressure or thrust was exerted frcan the west toward the east and formed a series of
tremendous folds, anticlines, and synclines, jst as a sheet of paper wrinkles with
lateral pressure. Some of the anticlines were compressed so tightly that the rocks
broke and sheared, and great masses pushed over on the breaks or fault^planes to
form thrust faults. The Teton mountains were formed by such a fault and pushed the
granite and other rocks up to
tremendous heights. This folding and faulting surely
was not sudden in any one greet catastrophe, but was slow, intermittene movement that
lasted many, many years.
As they were going up, the strata were continually attacked
by the forces of erosion, water, WiHd, and changes in temperature and wore cut down.
This great period of miuntain folding formed all the present ranges end the major
basins. The Tetons arose along a major fault, the Gros Ventre end Wind River moun-
�on
tains are large anticlines, with low dips XS the northest flank and deeper dips on
the Bouthwest, and the Salt River and VStyoming ranges were made by a complex series
of big faults and close, sharp folds. The Green River basin is a great s^cline, or
depression where the foimations are very slightly folded, and are nearly horizontal
Jackson Hole is a somewhat more complex basin, with some smaller folds, with much of
the softer sedimentary rocks eroded away.
■
“After the major folding and faulting ture. The most interesting one now is
were oyer, the streams and glaciers start- H the La Barge oil field, partly in Sublette
ed carving the earth into its present shape. fy and partly in Lincoln county. Seeps of
It is difficult to realize that the Snake and t’ oil were found as early as 1905 on this
Hoback rivers have themselves cut the faulted and complex structure, leases were
gorges through which they flow but it is
takenai^ some wells drilled. Oil in comtrue. The harder, more resistant rocks
have lasted to form the mountains and i mercial quantities was not developed, alridges and the softer formations eroded
though several small wells of a very high
away to form valleys and basins.
gravity oil were drilled in at Dry Piney.
“During the glacial period, in fairly
In 1923, Mr. Newlon completed a small,
recent time, there were many mountain , shallow, oil well in the LaBarge field, and
' glaciers, particularly in the Teton and ’ ■ in 1924 the Wyotah (Scoville) Oil eomWind River mountains. These helped to [ pany finished another. The success of
carve the mountains into steep cliffs and ; these operators attracted the large oil
narrow U-shaped valleys and carried boul g companies, that had been afraid to prosders and coarse sediments into the valleys. p pect at LaBarge because of the unusual
Some of this material dammed the moun- I j and uncertain structure of the field. Optain streams and formed beautiful lakes, I erations have steadily gathered momensuch as Jackson, Jenny and Green River I j turn, until now there are about 30 com
lakes.
pleted oil wells with a daily potential pro“ While there was great volcanic activ- R duction of perhaps 1500 barrels. As so
j ity in Yellowstone Park, adjoining to the
often happens in the oil business or any
north, there was not much in Sublette and ' ' form of pioneering, the early prospectors
Teton counties. In the eastern part of ,
____ „____
. -.1 who had the courage
of their convictions
Teton county and in the northern end of U] have been rewarded by success, and have
the Wind River mountains there are old i j had the
,, satisfaction of saying, “I told
lava flows, sills and beds of volcanic ma- ■ J you so ’ to the more conservative oil comterials.
panics and their geologists. LaBarge is
i
one of the important fields in AVyoming j,
“Few visitors to this beautiful country
now and has added much to the potential i
have studied geology and can understand
r
the fascinating story that is so plainly I wealth of the western part of the state.
“Other wells are being drilled in af
written in the rock formations, of their F
search for new oil fields and many geolohistory and how they reached their pres
gists are studying the structure of the
ent positions. If all who love the moun
country
for new locations to drill. No
tains and the scenery would study some
one knows whether more oil will be found,
-1 of this science, they could see much more
K but with one field, the chances are excel- 1.
and love it more.
lent for others.
“Sublette and Teton counties have been
“There are valuable deposits of co
■ agricultural and scenic counties with an < and perhaps other minerals locked in the 2
R almost negligible mineral production, but H mountains of Sublette and Teton counties
there are mineral resources that should
that some day will be opened and brought
become valuable and important in the fuout for man’s use.”
'
This information was gleaned from an article written by John G. BertrBm<S
ist for the Midwest Refining company, and published in the July-August number of the
, Midwest Review, pabliaih^ in Casper, by the Midwest Refining company.
�In the Jackson Hole country, about four miles east from the village of Kelley,
and eastward from the highway is an unusual scar on the mountainside, which has been
given the name of "The Gros Ventre Slide.” A tour may be made from the highway to ob
tain a closer view of the unusual slide which occurred on June 23, 1925. Although it
has been only
*
years since this great landslip happened, details concerning it,
and of subsequent tragical effects, have become more or less dim in the minds of people
living in Tfl^oming. To perpetuate
this most interesting event, we are pleased to here
with republish the interesting account;
When nature dams a rushing mountain river in a few minutes time, forms a beauti
ful lake several miles long in a few days, end then two years later tears away much
of the same dam and releases the- impounded water in a mad flood that kills and de
stroys, men can realize the power of thejj^ forces that work around us all of the time.
That is the story of the Gros Ventre landslide, where the erosion of the mountain
side suddenly filled a beautiful valley with rock and debris, and later the erosion
of the stream carried away a part
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes
Subject
The topic of the resource
Local authors -- Wyoming -- Natrona County -- Casper
Casper (Wyo.) -- History
Frontier and pioneer life -- West (U.S.)
Natrona County (Wyo.) -- History
Description
An account of the resource
The Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are a series of the larger archival collection that are his papers. Both his Letterboxes and his Notebooks available in this digital repository include holograph manuscripts, which is to say, manuscripts written in the author's hand. Much of the material in Mokler's Letterboxes dates to the 1920s and 1930s.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Letterbox 1-D
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Alfred J. Mokler
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/</a>
Is Part Of
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Alfred J. Mokler Papers, NCA 01.v.1992.01 WyCaC US. Casper College Archives and Special Collections.
Description
An account of the resource
This Letterbox contains a paper on Wyoming geology.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Format
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PDF
Language
A language of the resource
ENG
Access Rights
Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies.
The reformatted text and images in the Alfred J. Mokler Letterboxes are for personal, not-for profit use of students, researchers, and the public. Any use must provide attribution to the Casper College Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center). While being the property of Casper College, all text, images and other materials are subject to applicable copyright laws. Commercial use, electronic reproduction, or print publication ot text, images, or other materials is strictly prohibited without written permission. All permissions to publish must be obtained from the rights holder and are not the repository's responsibility for securing. The rights holder may or may not be the repository. Users also agree to hold the repository harmless from legal claims arising from their use of material held by the institution and made accessible in this digital repository.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Goodstein Foundation Library Archives and Special Collections (Western History Center)
Relation
A related resource
Alfred J. Mokler Papers